（浙江专用）2020高考英语二轮复习 专题五 层级三 题型应对策略 第三讲 概要写作教案.doc

第三讲概要写作一、命题特点 概要写作是一种新型的写作模式，既对学生的写作能力有一定的要求，也对学生的阅读能力有一定的要求，能够有效突破传统英语写作的局限性。该题型主要考查考生对大段阅读文字的概括能力，如考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。同时，考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。进行概要写作时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词或句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心。考生要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表达出来。根据考试说明，读后续写和概要写作两种题型交替使用。浙江2016年10月高考和2017年6月高考均为读后续写，下次高考考概要写作的可能性比较大。二、题型特点根据考试说明，概要写作题型的命题形式为：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。概要写作属于限制性写作。它是阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合。所给短文的文体以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。概要写作旨在考查考生的阅读理解能力和概括运用英语语言知识的能力。随着新课改的全面实施，高中英语写作课堂教学模式也需要进行改革，教师不仅要培养学生的英语写作能力，还要提高学生的思维能力和语言应用能力。本文在此基础上引入“概要写作”这种新型课堂模式，并对这种课堂模式的应用步骤做出详细的分析。 (2019浙江卷6月)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。parents everywhere praise their kids. jenn berman author of the a to z guide to raising happy and confident kids, says, “weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” by giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.still, dont go too far in the other direction. not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.so what is the right amount of praise? experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. if praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“ we should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal, ”says donahue, author of parenting without fear: letting go of worry and focusing on what really matters. “one thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. but if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. but whatever it is, praise should be given on a casebycase basis and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it._概要写作要注意每段归纳主题句和关键词，然后通过词汇替换，句式转变等多种方式，改写要点，注意一定要用自己的语言，不可以完全照搬照抄原文；然后，添加衔接词，使得要点之间能够通顺、流畅；最后要注意单词拼写不要出现错误，大小写和标点符号也是关键，还要注意词数的控制，不要少于40词或多于80词。本文的要点可以归纳如下：要点1，如今，父母总是给孩子们太多的赞扬，希望增强他们的自信，但是这可能会产生相反的效果；要点2，然而，父母不表扬他们的孩子同样有损孩子的自信心；要点3，因此，专家认为，父母应该因为努力过程而赞扬孩子，而不是因为事情的结果；要点4，同时，孩子如果做事尽职尽责，确实值得被赞扬。总之，你能给的赞扬程度应取决于他们的努力程度。nowadays, parents tend to offer considerate praise to their children, hoping to boost their confidence, but it may produce the opposite effect. however, no praise from parents also does harm to their selfconfidence. therefore, experts claim that sincere praise should be given for the process not for the result. meanwhile, kids do deserve praise if they strive to do their duty. anyway, the amount of praise you give depends on how hard they work.1本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。2评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。3词数少于40和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。4评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。5拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。6如书写较差以致影响阅读，可将分数降低一个档次。理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。 一、解题步骤1解读文本，提取关键词 概要写作就是浓缩文章的一个过程，首先要解读文本，并且要遵循整体阅读的阅读原则，把握文章的整体结构，然后提取关键词。关键词的提取在概要写作中发挥着重要的作用，因此要尽可能保证其准确性。如果关键词提取把握不准，将会导致一步错即步步错。首先将文章中的衔接词标注出来，并且对文章的整体结构进行梳理。(1)语篇中并不是每一个段落都有主题句，因此不能有依赖主题句而去找主题句的意识，有些段落没有主题句，就应当寻找关键词。(2)即使语篇段落中有主题句，而且主题句很明显，但是主题句的替换难度比关键词的替换难度要大，因此，如果对主题句有过度的依赖，思维方面会受到严重的限制。(3)从主题句中提取出来的关键词，经过还原之后会发现，经常会出现还原后的要点在表述和覆盖上面欠缺完整性。基于此类原因，我们要对语篇关键词和主题句的提取加以重视，从以下两个方面着手：直接提取。有些文本中主题句很明显，而且对于目标和要点也进行了精准的概括，这时候就可以采取直接提取法，从主题句中提取关键词。如北京卷的：the phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. in the 4th century bc., painters followed alexander the great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. when charles dickens visited america in the 19th century, his soldout readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain(抱怨) about his lack of privacy. tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about filmstars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.“the phenomenon of.and websites do.”这一段就将整篇文章的目标要点详细概述出主题句是开头的第一句即“the phenomenon of.for ages.”我们可以直接从这一句中提取关键词，如“for ages”和“tracking celebrities”，除此之外，还要提取语篇当中的衔接词，如“in the 4th century”，“the 1920s and 1930s”等，这些词将下文中的时间信息精准概括起来，利用这些关键词，可以有效还原原文的脉络。间接整合。如果语篇中没有明显的主题句，而且关键词也不集中，在文本结构中比较分散，这个时候，可以筛选段落中的关键词并进行整合。如四川卷中的generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions(互动) such as falling in love or giving birth.but in a previous experiment professor ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.这一部分中有很多重要的关键词，但是没有主题句子，即使有较多的衔接词如“but”，“generally”也并未有多大的作用，这时候就应当进行间接整合，提取这一部分中的关键词，如“is let out”，“social interactions”以及“negative”等。 2扩词成句 扩词成句是概要写作的最基本要求，在这个过程中，我们应用推理对关键词和主题句进行反复的推敲，争取还原的要点与原文的要点守恒，既不多也不少。一般还原包含两个部分，一是简单句，二是复合句。简单句可以利用同义词替换，即在提取关键词之后，对其进行简单的扩充，将关键词变成简单的句子，这样不仅保证表达的要点不变，还使替换后的语篇在句子表达上面更加丰富。对于复合句，在关键词扩充成句的基础上再用一些合适的连接词进行连接，既丰富了句子的表达形式，又保证了句子的结构连贯、完整。 3增添色彩，使语篇更加丰富 提取关键词并对关键词进行扩词组句之后，接下来就要将这些句子自然衔接起来，使文章结构和谐。通过增加连接词、采用连接句以及应用篇章结构等方式，突出文章的要点，使文章读起来流畅。 二、解题流程1细读原文。首先要仔细阅读所给短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。2弄清要求。概要写作是写全文的概要，不是写某一部分的概要，也不是单就某些问题写出要点。3列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4动笔前五定：(1)定体裁：通过阅读原文确定写作体裁。(2)定主题：根据原文中的内容确定文章的主题。(3)定时态：如果材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果材料是现在时，那么基本时态就用现在时。(4)定人称：一般情况下用第三人称写作。特殊情况，如书信可用第一、第二人称。(5)定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。牢记词数要求，使用地道表达。明确写作词数的上下限、采用高级或精简句式浓缩多个信息点于一句中，高度概括所给文章内容。弄清写作任务中的人称和时态，准确、地道地表达，充分展示语言的表现力。(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。基本上就是段落大意。每段一句话概括或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括。(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地罗列一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。以4080词为宜。(6)概要写作中的三忌：忌照抄原文；忌私加观点；忌不符字数。 三、高分技巧四、常用方法1同义替换法i didnt catch any fish owing to the fact that i was not patient.i didnt catch any fish because i was not patient.2正反法you will fail.you will not_succeed3词性转换法patience is very important.patience is of_great_importance4句式变换法语态变换：parents should give children more praise.children should be_given more praise.简单句变复合句：children should be encouraged more.this will help them learn faster.children should be encouraged more, which will help them learn faster.children are given more praise.they will achieve more success.when given more praise, children will achieve more success.5连词衔接法注意使用一些短而精的连词， 如but, and, so, while, however, then, thus, yet, for, therefore, including, instead of等。we should encourage students.we should not scold them.we should encourage students instead of scolding them.巧设加分点， 想办法为作文加分(1)多使用各种连词， 使文章更为连贯。顺接、递进：firstly/secondly/thirdly, besides, in addition, whats more, whats worse, whats more important, moreover, also, finally, last but not least 转折：but, however, nevertheless, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, while原因：because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to 结果：so, therefore, as a result, so that, then, so.that, such.that总结：to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion, in summary, in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking(2)多使用高级词汇、 句式和短语进行变换， 不要重复使用一个句式和短语。同时要注意避免常见错误：不要为了减少句数而不断使用逗号， 可以通过从句、 连词、 非谓语等来减少句数。如：it was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields. 6词序改变法the secret of success was patience.patience was the secret of success.7细节省略法dont always scold and give lots of praise instead.dont scold and give praise instead.8句意理解法shopping on the internet is becoming increasingly popular.more and more people prefer internet shopping.五、写作模板1记叙文概要写作模板点明写作目的类：the writer tells us.(主题)by showing us an example of., who/which.(故事情节)作者经历类：in the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth., which.他人经历类：this passage is mainly about sb.s experience of doing sth.2议论文概要写作模板the article gives the view that.should/shouldnt.(主题).(补充论据)the passage highlights the importance of sth.the author argues that.3说明文概要写作模板现象解释类：this article points out the common phenomenon.(主题), which.(补充解释)利弊对比类：the article compares the disadvantages/benefits of a and b.the passage discusses the impact of sth.on the positive side., but it may also.研究显示类：the study reveals that.the purpose of the report is to show that.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。in schools and at home，most of us have been scolded or even got punished for daydreaming.the majority of people say that by daydreaming we waste our time and energy in something that is nothing less than unproductive things.but many medical studies have showed something different.theyve stressed on the fact that daydreaming works wonders on our imagination power，creativity and situationhandling technique.in fact，many problems can be easily solved if we daydream.the topmost benefit of daydreaming is that your mood gets the right improvement.by separating yourself from the world around you，you tend to enjoy the aloneness in your mind and get peace from daydreaming as you think about something that calms your senses.when you start imagining things while daydreaming，you tend to forget all the stress and tension.instead，you get happiness from it and this happiness changes into a source of energy that helps you work in a good mood.many psychologists have said that people who daydream tend to have a sharper memory.its true that when youre daydreaming，you tend to get carried away to imagining various situations，either real or unreal.you tend to act differently in different situations，trying to satisfy your mind by doing what you want in your dreams.when your mind gets satisfied，youre in a better position to concentrate more on your work.since daydreaming activates the nerves of your brain，you tend to have higher attentiveness and your ability to remember things develop.when you daydream，you automatically imagine yourself as your heart says and therefore，you get to know yourself better.you also start realizing the mistakes youve made in life and you start trying your best to avoid repeating them.such imagination techniques help you to connect yourself with your soul._one possible version：most people regard daydreaming as a waste of time and energy. however，thats not the case.many medical studies have found that daydreaming has a lot of benefits. first of all，daydreaming can improve your mood. whats more，it helps develop your memory. last but not least，daydreaming helps you to know yourself better.概要写作(一) (建议用时：每篇25分钟)a阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。works of literature can be written in a wide variety of forms.these different types or sorts of writing are known as genre(类型)we can classify literary works by what they have in commontheir styles or what they are about，for example.on a simple level，organizing works of literature into genres helps us understand the variety of literary works.prose writing can be divided into two main types: fiction and nonfiction.fiction includes stories that are made up by the author.they are not true in a factual sense but they may be based on scientific，historical or geographic facts.within the broad area of fiction，we can distinguish two main types: realistic fiction and historical fiction.realistic fiction includes stories that are set in the contemporary world and are about people and events that could happen.most bestsellers are of this style.realistic fiction itself has many subdivisions(划分) such as crime fiction，adventure stories and romantic stories.stories set in the past and based on historical facts are historical fiction.some of the characters in the stories are imaginary，while others may be real people from the past.much of this type of fiction centers on wars or political events.nonfiction books are based on facts and include genres such as biography，history，popular science and reference works such as dictionaries._one possible version：different types of literary works can be called genres.(要点1) for example，fiction can be divided into two main types.(要点2) stories in realistic fiction are about events that could happen in the contemporary world，while historical fiction is about stories that are based on historical facts.(要点3)nonfiction books are written according to facts.(要点4)b(2019湖州检测)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。while many of us go to sleep before midnight, some teenagers choose to stay up much later. they are not driven by the burning desire to write a better essay or achieve a higher grade. instead, they are busy playing online games. known as young internet addicts, they have long been a problem in china. a report released by the china youth association for network development showed that there were over 24 million young internet addicts among chinas young urban internet users. the report also said that over 18 million youth had a tendency to develop internet addiction.to deal with the problem of internet addiction among teenagers, the cyberspace administration of china released draft regulations in january which carried out a ban on online gaming. if the regulations are adopted, under18s would be banned from playing online games between midnight and 8 am.as soon as the governments draft law surfaced, it drew great attention from the public. some applauded the law as a way to better protect minors(未成年人), saying that too much overnight gaming is harmful to minors health and believing the period between midnight and 8 am. to be vital to human physical functions.however, others wondered whether it would be practicable if it came into effect, as minors could just borrow their parents ids to register accounts to play online games. the guangming daily suggested that parents should help their teenagers find a balance between the cyber world and the real world.china is by no means the only one trying to fight against teenage gaming addiction. germany introduced a regulation in an attempt to stop minors from playing online games from 10 pm. to 6 am. meanwhile, the uk., the us. and australia have forced a rating system on computer games to make sure that teenagers cannot access“adult”content such as violence, sex or bad language._one possible version：many teenagers in china have become addicted to overnight online games.(要点1) thus, the government released a draft law to solve the longlasting issue.(要点2) some people welcomed the law because it is beneficial to teenagers health, while others doubted whether it would be effective.(要点3) actually, many other countries have also been making laws against the youth online addiction.(要点4)c阅读下面短文， 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。computers have changed the way a business functions to a large extent.in the past，corporate houses rented spaces for running accounting departments.it took months together to figure out profit or loss that a business had made or suffered.however，computers have become the backbone of all businesses now.today，computers are used beyond bookkeeping(记账) purposes too.almost everything that happens in an organization is recorded，worked upon and evaluated with the help of computers.imagining our lives without computers is next to impossible.computers were initially used only in workplaces.however，they soon became a household name，which revolutionized everything from school homework to grocery shopping.when the internet came into being，it caused a great change in the way we functioned.over a period of time，computers enabled working from home，which created a new type of employment.this gave usage of computers，within the confines(界限) of homes，a new part.as technology progressed，simple things such as shopping，booking tickets，buying a new house