跨文化交际 英语专业论文.doc

山东交通学院毕业论文致 谢我要把我的谢意献给我的指导老师，李庆庆老师。他在我的论文写作过程中给我极大的支持和鼓励，并且认真的审阅批改我的稿件，并给我提供了很多宝贵的建议。同时感谢在大学四年里教授我知识的老师们，感谢他们的教导和帮助。感谢我曾翻阅的辅导书以及论文的作者们，没有这些书中的知识，我将很难完成我的论文。最后感谢给我各方面支持并陪伴了我四年的同学好友们，感谢一直爱我，支持我的人们，没有他们我不会有今天的成就。IAcknowledgementsI feel much grateful to my teacher, Mr Li Qingqing, who has read my drafts carefully, offered me some valuable advice and given me support and encouragement throughout the development of the paper.I would like to show my appreciation to all teachers, who taught me the undergraduate courses, for their earnest assistance of all kinds.Here I want to express my thanks to the authors of the books and papers I have referred to. If I have no the relevant information from their books, it is hard for me to finish my paper.Thanks are due to all my classmates and friends, who helped me with the preparation of my thesis in one way or another. Thanks to all the people who always love me and support me. Without them, I would not have achieved so much.摘要随着全球化的不断发展，中美文化交流日益频繁。本论文通过对中美餐桌礼仪的不同的深入研究，更好的了解中西文化差异，促进保护中国传统礼仪的进程，有利于中国礼仪与西方礼仪的有效融合，有利于我国与西方各国的跨文化交流。通过对餐桌上中西文化差异的研究，该研究成果可以有效地运用在中西贸易谈判中。贸易谈判现在已经延伸到餐桌领域，餐桌的礼仪直接关系到中西贸易谈判的成败。本文首先给出了中西文化的一些理论基础，然后分析了中西文化差异的原因，比如经济结构，思维方式等等。然后重点介绍了中西餐桌上的礼仪差异，主要包括餐前、餐中、和用餐后的礼仪。最后总结了该研究论文的意义。关键词： 跨文化交际，文化差异，餐桌礼仪 AbstractWith the development of the globalization, the culture communication between China and Western countries are more frequent. This paper is favor of the melting and communicating of the Chinese and Western culture by studying the differences between Chinese and Western table manners. This studying can be used in the international trade, and the table manners have been an important factor influencing the success or failure of the business. This paper introduces some theoretical basis firstly. Then it analyzes the reasons of generating cultural differences, such as the economic structure, the way of thinking and so on. The paper puts the emphasis on the differences of the Chinese and western table manners, which mainly include the meal preparation, the etiquettes during the meal and after the meal. In the end, this paper makes a conclusion about the meaning of studying the differences between Chinese and Western countries.Key words: intercultural communication，culture differences，table mannersContentsIntroduction21. Theoretical basis31.1 The Understanding of cross-cultural communication41.2 The different courtesy criteria between Chinese and Western culture41.3 The Chinese table manners history51.4 The Western table manners history52. The reasons of generating cultural differences62.1 Different economic structure62.2 Different ways of thinking62.3 Different values72.4 Different characteristics83. The table cultural differences between China and the Western countries83.1 Meal preparation83.1.1 Dressing83.1.2 Seating Arrangements93.1.3 Seating etiquettes93.1.4 Napkins103.2 The etiquette during the meal103.2.1 Serving order103.2.2 The reasons of different table wares in China and Western countries113.2.3 The differences of the placing and using of the tableware in China and the Western countries123.2.4 The way of drinking133.2.5 Atmosphere differences143.3 The etiquettes of leaving the table144. The significance of studying the difference between Chinese and Western cultures15Conclusion16Bibliography17VIntroductionThe table manners are the reflection of a countrys culture. The Chineses table manners are of long standing. With the development of policy of the revolution and open to the outside world, the people should learn some Western countries table manners, which will help the Chinese to know their local conditions and customs to promote the communication between China and Western countries.This paper has four parts totally: The first part is the theoretical basis of the intercultural, including the cross-cultural communication, some different courtesy criteria between China and Western countries, and some table manners history in China and Western countries. The second part is the reasons of generating the cultural differences. There are many reasons for the cultural differences, and this paper just analyzes it from economy, thinking, values, and characteristics. Followed by is the third part, and it is the main part of the whole paper. This part introduces the table cultural differences between Chinese and Western countries. Because it is the table cultural differences, so the author introduces it from the meal preparation, the etiquettes during the meal and the etiquettes leaving the table. The meal preparation includes the dressing, seating arrangements, seating etiquettes and napkins. The etiquettes mainly consist of the serving order, table wares and the atmosphere. The forth part explains the significance of studying the table culture differences. In a word, the trade volume increases rapidly recent years, no matter as a trader or a foreign language learner, this paper will play an important part in the road to success. The author hopes this paper can offer some help to everyone.1. Theoretical basisIn the 21st century, intercultural communication has become an indispensable part in the life. The different areas, different nationalities, different countries lead to the different culture. Table culture is an important factor in intercultural communication. To foreign language learners, it can increase the understanding of the language and increase the success percent in intercultural communication by learning the differences between Chinese and Western table culture and history.1.1 The Understanding of cross-cultural communication Intercultural communication is an interdisciplinary research area developed in the mid-20th century. Intercultural communicative competence is the communicative competence in cross-cultural environments, with a strong cross-cultural awareness to communicate between people from different cultural backgrounds. They are good at identifying cultural differences, excluding cultural interference, and having the communicative capacity. Intercultural communicative competence includes the language communicative competence and makes the language communicative competence as the main content and basic of it. Intercultural communicative competence is the cross-cultural communicative competence and it cant solve the requirements of context differences, but it has the appropriate and effective response capacity for cultural differences and cultural conflicts.1.2 The different courtesy criteria between Chinese and Western cultureChinese culture puts the emphasis on modesty while Western culture pays the attention to decent. Modesty requires people to minimize the praise for themselves, and try to belittle themselves. Western people are glad to embrace praise from each other so avoid to damaging to the other peoples prestige, embracing others praise is polite in their eyes. Therefore, Westerners are very glad to receive other peoples compliments to show that they are not inconsistent with the people. So they cater to the compliment but not refuse it. Most Chinese people accustom to deny the compliment and advocate the “modest”, because they think that it shows the respect for other people to belittle themselves, but it is embarrassment for the westerners. “Polite” in Chinese culture is rooted in the tradition of the Confucians “ceremony”, which stress “belittle themselves to show the respect for other people” and “moderation” encourages the people to be moderated; Western culture is influenced by the tradition of freedom and equality, and it puts the emphasis on the individual and their personal values, which promotes the individuals self-confidence and realistic attitudes. For example, different cultural psychology and polite manner affect the cross-cultural communication between England and China. If some extremely polite words are used in Chinese-English conversation, such as: “Please visit my poor house”, so the English will feel confused and they dont understand the Chineses meaning. Absolutely, the Chinese obey the modest, but it affects the conversation between each other.In China, its not polite to call others names, especially in official occasions or the conversion occurs between two strangers. But the Americans like to call others names directly to show the good friendship between them. The Chinese always like to ask other peoples private questions to show their care for others, but in America, they dont ask peoples age, marital status, salary and religion and so on. They think that the privacy is very important. So when the Chinese have a trade with the Americans, they should avoid to asking them the private questions. In China, its not polite to stare at others, maybe they are listening to you even they are not seeing you. But in America, its very important to have the eye contact when they are talking with each other.1.3 The Chinese table manners history According to the record of the literature, in the Zhou dynasty, the eating etiquette had become a nearly perfect system. Such as the Han nationalitys ordering of the banquet: the host sent out the invitation and then waited for the guests in the gate in the arranged time. Of course the guests would say hello to each other when they were ready to sit in the parlor, then they ate some desserts before the banquet. When all the guests have come, they would sit down one by one. The left was the seat of honor, followed by is the second seat; the last is the third seat. The host would toast with the guests, of course with the elder firstly. Nowadays the traditional banquet etiquette is popular in many areas in China.1.4 The Western table manners history The westerners always like educating their children in the table. From the first day in the table, the children will receive the education from parents about the table manners. The children will learn all the table manners before 4-year-old. The 5-year-old child likes to do some housework, such as putting the tableware, tidying the tableware. Otherwise, most of the parents pay attention to the education of the environmental protection, and let the children know that which tableware has the circulated utilization, and which has not the circulated utilization. They educate the children that rarely using or not using the ready-made food such as the, KFC, zip-top can and son on, which will save the water and electricity.2. The reasons of generating cultural differencesWith more frequent contact between china and western countries, more and more people pay attention to the etiquettes, especially the table manners. The author tries to understand the reasons of generating cultural differences in Chinese and Western table manners. All the people can see that the different economic structure, different ways of thinking, different values, and different characteristics are the main reasons to result in culture differences.2.1 Different economic structure The fundamental difference is the differences between market economy and capitalist economy. The socialist market economy is built on the socialist public economy while the capitalist market economy is built on the private economy. The economic system is the fundamental symbol of the differences between the socialist market economy and the capitalist market economy.2.2 Different ways of thinking The traditional culture of China and the Western countries gave birth to a very different mode of thinking. The Western culture focuses on logic and analysis, and tends to be rational, while the traditional Chinese culture tells one thing on the whole by intuition, and tends sensibility. Therefore, the Chinese pay attention to the intuition, and they think the first impression is very important in interpersonal relationship. Whats more, the first impression often affects the peoples judgment. Compared with Westerners, this mode of thinking is uncertainty. After few years, it will form a mindset way of thinking, so-called stereotype Intercultural communication. Essentially, this preconceived mindset often ignores the unique nature of one thing and tells something with emotion. In the stereotype, some mistakes will have a direct impact on cross-cultural communication, causing miscommunication. For example, the Chinese often think that the Frenchman is romantic; The British men are all of conservative gentlemen; the German is too stringent and demanding; Americans put the emphasis on liberalism; The Japanese think that overtime working is very normal, and so on. The thinking of ignoring the individualism is the stereotype. The extreme stereotypes will become prejudice and have a serious impact on cross-cultural communication.2.3 Different valuesValue is the deepest part in the culture and the core of cross-cultural communication, which dominates peoples beliefs, attitudes and actions. The value is relatively stable in culture, and has little changes over the years. Each culture has its own particular value system to help people distinguish the beauty and ugliness, the good and evil, and the criterions are different. In one culture, it seems a normal matter, while in another culture it may be not completely understood and accepted. The table manner is the microcosm of the values in various countries. Just as the action of “urging people to drink and eat” is cant be understood by the Americans. Chinese express their hospitality, enthusiasm and respect by urging somebody to eat food while the United States likes the idea of respecting for the individual, and they dont advocate urging people to drink and eat. From the individual serving, the Chinese can see that the Americans eat their own food in the tableware, and everyone choose what they want to eat. So its impossible to eat the hosts food in America. Chinese culture respects modest and polite, pursuit of going with the flow, as society has a negative attitude to the people who has the prominent individualism. Collectivism is always in the leading position. It was condemned to pursuit of personality and it is called serious individualism. It is selfish in the traditional values. In contrast, American culture respect individualism, heroism and advocate getting the profit by the ability of oneself. The action of relying others is being despised and is being seen as the laziness, incapable, and lacking of struggle.Another example: the Americans value the time very much and they cant permit to waste time. If they make a schedule, they wont change them only if they have some emergency things. If the Chinese has some businesses to talk with them, the Chinese should make an appointment with the American and had better to call them before reaches there. But in China, the people are often late in some unofficial occasions because they have no much time concept.2.4 Different characteristics Most Chinese are very low-key and like the traditional way to deal with some problems. They like helping the people in the trouble. They are modest and dont like to show their advantages. In China, the young people have to say hello to the elder, while in America, the elder usually say hello to the young people. So the Chinese cant welcome the Americans in the Chinese way to avoid their misunderstanding. The westerners pay attention to the individualism and freedom, they like independent and changing. They like to welcome the challenge and be confident for the future of their life.3. The table cultural differences between China and the Western countriesIn the intercultural communication, the misunderstanding usually occurs because of the culture barriers often lead to the conflicts. Sometimes the kind language will make others embarrassed; some polite action will be defined as vulgar. So its necessary to study the differences between different cultures. In the process of studying, the advantages and disadvantages are clear, which will help the development of languages and cultures.3.1 Meal preparationThe author thinks that the meal preparation includes dressing, seating arrangements, seating etiquette, and napkins.3.1.1 DressingBoth the Westerners and the Chinese are caring for the dressing in the table. But in China, the people can dress casually, such as T-shirt, jeans in a restaurant. Only in some important banquets, the people will wear the formal clothes. In western, its the common knowledge to wear the appropriate and neat clothes. If they go to the gourmet restaurant, the men will wear a neat shirt and shoes, the ladies wear suits and shoes with high heel. If the people are informed to wear formal dress, the men must wear a tie. They cant wear the casual clothes.3.1.2 Seating Arrangements Both Westerners and Chinese like to pay attention to the seating arrangements in the formal banquet. In China, the table is always roundtable. Usually, the seats which the people are facing when they are southern exposure are the seats of honor; the seats in two sides are the base. Usually, the seniors, the mighty people, or the guest of honor sit in the seat of honor. Other guests sit in the partial seats according to the degree of importance. In China, the Confucian culture and ideology are in the position of domination, so the Chinese put the “respect for seniority and man is superior to woman” as the sitting standard. In a word, the left seat is for the respect and right is for the second. On the contrary, the right is for respect, left is for the second in Western countries. In Western countries, the table is usually rectangle, the host and hostess are sitting in the two ends and guests are sitting in both sides. They put the “ladies are first” as sea