冠词常考知识点讲解.doc

冠词常考知识点讲解冠词 刘立群考纲解读1. 名词前不定冠词a,an的选用。2. 不用冠词，即零冠词的特殊用法。3. 定冠词与形容词、分词连用表类指的用法。4. 冠词与姓氏的连用。5. 有无冠词的短语在意义上的区别。6. 冠词与such,so,how,however,what等词连用时的位置关系。7. 冠词在固定搭配中的用法。命题规律1. 五年高考有关冠词的考点分布：考点年份泛指/类指特指专指习惯用法冠词的活用安徽五年高考 10 1 1全国各地高考2009 8 4 3 42010 7 2 6 12011 6 3 3 32012 6 6 4 02013 3 3 2 0合计 31 18 19 92.安徽省近五年高考对共有3次对冠词进行了考察，其中基本用法、习惯用法、活学活用各一次。虽然冠词的考察不是每年都出现，但是仍需考生重视，安徽高考可能将把冠词的基本用法作为重点，而冠词活用及习惯搭配将成为考察难点。3.全国各地近五年高考重点考察冠词的基本用法，如对表泛指特指的考察约占对冠词考察总题量的62%以上，反映了近几年高考“回归基础”的特点。4.全国各地对冠词的习惯用法的考察仍然是近5年高考的考察重点之一。知识概要与突破方法冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）三种.冠词是一种虚词，起限定作用，是最主要最典型的限定词，放在名词（或名词化的形容词分词）前面，说明其所指的人或物.主要特点如下：单数可数名词表示“一个”的概念时用不定冠词a或者是an（a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前）；如果该名词要表达的意思是“这个，那个或这些，那些”时用定冠词the，表示特指.The可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词；若名词不属于上述两种意义则多不用冠词，既零冠词；1. 特指和泛指是冠词的基本用法。做题时首先要求弄清设空后名词是可数名词还是不可数名词，是单数还是复数。注意：复数名词或不可数名词表泛指不加任何冠词，单数名词前需要加冠词。2. 冠词的习惯用法是冠词考察的重点，要求考生熟记与不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词连用的短语或句型。3. 冠词的活用是冠词考察的难点。平时备考时注意以下问题：抽象名词具体化；专有名词普通化；物质名词个体化常考知识点一：冠词的基本用法1.定冠词的基本用法 表示上文提到过的人或事物.如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful. 用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物.如：Close the window, please. 用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前.如：the sun, moon, the earth, the world等. 用于表示方位的名词之前.如：the east, the right. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前.如：the first, the tallest. 用于形容词之前，使其名词化.如：the sick, the wounded. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前.如：the United States. 用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前.如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake. 用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”.如：The Smiths 用于乐器的名词前.如：play the piano; play the violin.发明物.如：The compass was invented in China. 年代名词前.如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 典例印证1 【2013陕西】19. Marco Polo is said to have sailed on _Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in _I thirteenth century. A. the; a B. a; / C. /; the D. the; the【解析】第一空用于专有名词之前用定冠词the；第二空为固定短语，表示在多少世纪“in the th century”，需加定冠词。故答案为D。2.不定冠词的基本用法 泛指一个.如：There is a book on the table. 指人或事物的某一种类.如：His father is a driver. 指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明.如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire. 用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”.如：We have meals three times a day.（我们一天吃三餐.） 表示同样的.如：They are of an age.（他们是同岁.） 表数量，相当于one,但语意较弱.如：There is a pen and two books on the desk. 典例印证2 【2013福建】21. The “Chinese Dream” is _ dream to improve peoples well-being and _ dream of harmony, peace and development.A. the; a B. a; a C. a; the D. the; the【解析】考查冠词。根据句意，中国梦是一个的梦和一个的梦，可知，两空都是泛指，用不定冠词a，答案选B。 典例印证3【2013新课标II卷】13.Four and_ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and_break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar.A. a; a B. the; the C.不填；the D. a;不填【解析】考查冠词。第一空表示“四个半”应用four and a half；短语a break表示“休息一会儿”，故答案选A。3.零冠词的基本用法(即不用冠词的情况) 表示总称的复数名词之前.如：Children love cartoons.（儿童喜欢卡通影片.） 不含普通名词的专有名词前.如：We are studying English. 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时.如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct. 季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词.如：She likes spring most. 呼语前不用冠词.如：What shall I do next, Mother? 三餐饭前不用冠词.如：What did you have for lunch? 节假日前不用冠词.如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day. 球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词.如：She is fond of playing basketball.典例印证4 【2013新课标I卷】31. India attained_ independence in 1947, after_ long struggle.A.不填;aB. the; aC. an;不填D. an; the【解析】第一空“获得独立”，independence为抽象名词，前不加冠词；第二空“在一个长期的斗争之后”，泛指一个，用不定冠词a。故选A。典例印证5 【2012安徽卷】21. Carl is studying food science at college and hopes to open up meat processing factory of his own one day.A. / ； a B. / ；the C. the ; a D. the ; the 【解析】food science是学科，前不用冠词；后面的factory是一个可数名词，用a 表示泛指。常考知识点二：冠词的习惯用法1定冠词的习惯用法与姓氏复数名词连用, 表示某某一家人，或某某夫妇如：The Whites are chatting. 怀特一家人正在聊天. 与形容词或分词连用, 指一类人如：the poor the rich the old the young the wounded the uneducated the injured 用在by + the+名词结构, 表示 “ 以.单位计” 如：The apples are sold by the kilo. 这些苹果按公斤卖The workers are paid by the hour. 这些工人的工资是按小时计算的.hit/ strike/pull/seize/lead/catch+ sb. + by + the + 部位 如：He struck the thief in the eyes/face. I seized her by the hand/hair.用在某些固定结构中： in the morning; in the evening; in the field ; in the country; in the sun; in the distance; on the right; by the way; in the daytime; go to the concert; at the beginning ; all the year round;等等。典例印证6【2012辽宁卷】21. I woke up with bad headache, yet by evening the pain had gone. A. the; the B. the; an C. a; the D. a; an【解析】第一空表示泛指；第二空为固定用法，用定冠词the，故选C项2. 不定冠词的习惯用法不定冠词用于习惯用语的情形很普遍，如：a lot of 许多a little 有点儿a number of 许多as a result 因此 as a rule 通常as a whole 总体上说have a rest 休息have a cold 患感冒have a good time 过得开心in a way 在某种程度上 in a hurry 匆忙in a word 总之at a loss 不知所措 after a while 过了一会儿a preference for对的偏好；at an early age在年纪很小时典例印证7 【2013浙江】15. People develop _ preference for a particular style of learning at _ early age and these preferences affect learning.A. a; an B. a; 不填 C. 不填; the D. the; an【解析】考查不定冠词的习惯用法。短语a preference for对的偏好；at an early age在年纪很小时，故均填不定冠词。3. 零冠词的习惯用法称呼语或表示头衔, 职务的名词作表语, 补语或同位语时, 一般不加冠词We elected him president of our universityLincoln was elected President of the USA典例印证8【2012重庆卷】24.Sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of George. A. /,/ B. the,/ C the the D./, the【解析】句意：Sam被任命为工程部经理取代了George。表示官衔职务的名词作补语和同位语时，前不加冠词。在题干中，“manager”表示职务，作主语补足语，不需要加冠词，而第二个空白处为固定短语“take the place of”，是“代替，取代”之意。因此，正确答案为D选项。by+名词表示交通方式时，名词前不要冠词，名词也不用复数by car by bus by bike by train by air by sea by land as 引导的让步状语从句中, 作表语的名词不带冠词如：Hero as he is,he has some shortcomings. 在一些成对出现的短语中，如：day and night, young and old等，名词前不用冠词 常见的有：arm in arm, hand in hand, day after day, from door to door, from beginning to end, from morning till night等。例如： She did experiment after experiment. 系动词turn后跟单数名词作表语，用零冠词。例如：Has he turned scientist?. man 意为“人类”, word 意为“消息”，space意为“太空”时典例印证9【2013江西】32.Animals are obviously _ lower form of life than _ man.A. a ; / B. the ; theC. a ; theD. / ; /【解析】第一空表示“一种生命的形式”；第二空man表“人类”，不用冠词。故答案选A。在一些固定短语中，如： Out of work/order/control/reach/danger/patience in use/danger/public/relief make room for come to power do good/harm to at noon/dawn/dusk/night/midnight catch fire every few days give birth to 等。常考知识点三：冠词的活用1.抽象名词具体化。抽象名词前一般不用任何冠词，但表示具体意义的“的人或事”时是可数名词，其前用不定冠词如：如a surprise一件预料之外的事，a pity /shame (一件令人遗憾的事), a success(一件成功的事或一个成功的人)，a pleasure(一件快乐的事)，a time(一段时间)。This book is a great success.He is a success as a writer.He is a great help to me.2.物质名词个体化。用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵”如：Thats a green tea. 那是一种绿茶。They were caught in a heavy rain. 他们淋了一场大雨。典例印证10 【2012山东卷】Being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times. A. the; the B. a; a C. a; 不填 D. 不填；a 【解析】a drink 表示一杯饮料；a comfort表示一件令人安慰的事。答案为B。3.专有名词普通化不定冠词用于专有名词前，表示某个时期或具有某种特征的人或物。此时，专有名词常用前置修饰性定语。如：In four minutes he was met by an anxious Miss Cramb.四分钟之后，焦急的克朗姆小姐向他迎来。She is now a different Miss Nancy from what she was when she was my neighbor.她现在已不是与我为邻时的那个南希小姐了。典例印证11 【2010江苏】The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_ people from all walks of life are working hard for_ new Jiangsu.A.不填; a B. 不填;the C. the; a D. the; the 【解析】第一空泛指，不加冠词。第二空，一个新的江苏。答案为A，句意“游客们对江苏有深刻的印象：各行各业的人们正努力建设一个新江苏。”4. 季节, 月份, 星期, 节日, 假日和三餐前冠词的活用中国节日，如：the Mid-Autumn Festival , the Spring Festival前要用冠词； 如果季节、月份