跨文化交际期末复习资料.doc

Components of large C Culture : Social institutions and organizations.Language and other communication systems.Customs, habits and behavioral patterns.Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns.Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development.Culture Onion Dutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers:a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols of a deeper level of culture.b) The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factorsc) The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense culture is anything but nature .Characteristics of Culture1. Culture is transmissible2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture. 3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from ones social environment, not from ones genes.4.Culture is symbolic. 5. Culture is integrated. To keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated. 6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. Its dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation（创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）.7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）. 8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions.Key terms Enculturation（社会文化适应）： Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。Acculturation（文化适应）：Acculturation, or cultural adaptation, refers to an individuals learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture. （文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程）。 Separation and segregation（分离和隔离）：the maintaining ones original culture and not participating in the new culture. （指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化）。Integration (文化整合): It takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their culture integrity. (文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。Assimilation (文化同化)：It is the degree to which an individual relinguishes an original culture for another. When individuals are assimilated into the mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture. (文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度。一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化)。 Marginalization（边缘化）： Marginalization or deculturation refers to losing ones cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. (边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系)。Culture shock（文化冲击，文化休克）It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. （文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历）。Key termsIntercultural competences：refer to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture; in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e. the ability to behave in an appropriate way and to adapt to ones communication and interaction according to the context.(跨文化能力指的是理解和适应目标文化的能力，换句话说，它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。例如，根据具体的交际环境，恰当的得体的行为和对于交际与交往的适应)。 Communicative competence is part of social competence, which is an individual ability, i.e. behavior and skills, to control his or her social environment. (交际能力是社会能力的一部分，是个体的能力，例如行为或者技巧，来控制他或者他的社会环境)。Intercultural communication competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable. (跨文化交际能力涉及到认知的，情感的和行为能力，他们是密不可分的)。Definition of communication1. It comes from the Latin word “communicate”, it means to give or to exchange. Now, the most common meaning of “communication” is to give or exchange information or ideas. 2. Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (the basis of all human contact)3. Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols. 4. Communication is the exchange of messages between peoples for the purpose of achieving common meaning.Components of Communication1. Source 2. Encoding 3. Message 4. Channel 5. Noise 6. Receiver 7. Decoding8. Receiver response 9. Feedback 10. Context. Mode of communicationLinear Model of Communication; Interactive Model of CommunicationVerbal communication: communication done both orally and in written languageNonverbal communication: communication whose messages are not conveyed in words. Characteristics of communication1) Communication is dynamic 2) Communication is interactive 3) Communication is irreversible 4) Communication takes place in both a physical and social contextCommunication is rule-governedSymbols or codes are the basic ingredients of communication. Communication can not be retrievedCommunication takes place in both a physical and a social contextCommunication does not take place in a vaccum. Definition: Intercultural communication1. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people of different cultural backgrounds. 2. Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.Forms of intercultural communication1. Interracial Communication 2. Interethnic Communication (民族间的交际,属同一人种但属不同民族，中国各兄弟民族间的交往）3. Intra-cultural Communication 4. inter-regional communication Features of Intercultural communication1. It is a universal phenomenon. 2. The communication between cultures has a long history. 3. Intercultural communication is a common daily occurrence. An Outline of Chinese Culture Chinese history began with two legendary figuresEmperor Huang(黄帝)and Emperor Yan(炎帝) How Yao and Shun Passed the Thrones to the Worthy and the Capable(尧、舜禅让）How Yu, the Great, Conquered the Flood(大禹治水) 四书：The Four Books, namely, The Great Leaning(大学), The Doctrine of the Mean（中庸）, The Analects of Confucius（论语）, and Mencius（孟子）五经：The Five Classics, namely, The Book of Songs/Odes（诗经）, The Book of History（书经/尚书）, The Book of Changes（易经 I Ching ）, The Book of Rites（礼记）, and The Spring and Autumn Annals（春秋）The Literary Achievements during Ming and Qing Dynasties We boast the representative masterpieces as the four great novels of the Ming Dynasty Outlaws of the Marsh by Shi Naian, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Journey to the West by Wu Chengen and Jin Ping Mei by Xiao Xiaosheng, which shows that novel writing had reached maturity. The Qing Dynasty featured with such works as The Scholars, a satirical novel by Wu Jingzi and Cao Xueqins A Dream of Red Mansions. Pu Songlings collection of short stories about ghosts and fox spirits(demons), Strange Tales from the Carefree Studio, through these tales the author censures(谴责)the evils of the society he lived in. Culture shockDefinition：Culture shock is precipitated (使突然陷入；促成) by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Culture shock also can be defined as “the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when going to live in another country or place and is something all international students will face. The term “culture shock” can be defined in another way as certain needs and requirements that are not being met by foreign culture and society. Culture shock refers to the anxiety experienced when one experiences the loss of their home culture, family and support system and is confronted with the task of understanding a new culture. Four stages for Culture Shock1.euphoria（心欣快症，异常欣快蜜月期）. In this stage, you are excited about living in a different place, and everything seems to be marvelous. You like everything, and everybody seems to be so nice to you. Also, the amusement of life in a new culture seems to have no ending. 2. a downturn（下降趋势，下转） as disillusionment arise. This is called the Frustration Stage/ Crisis /Hostility Stage. You begin to notice that not everything is as good as you had originally thought it was. You become tired of many things about the new culture. Moreover, people dont treat you like a guest anymore. Everything that seemed to be so wonderful at first is now awful, and everything makes you feel distressed and tired. You may encounter many problems in transportation, shopping, or interpersonal communication. You may feel that people may no longer care about your problem, and they dont like foreigners. You may start to complain and reject the host culture. Physical symptoms including aches and pains in limbs, headaches, fatigue and lack of energy, loss of appetite, inability to get a good nights sleep/insomnia, stomach upsets, and frequent colds or flu. Regression: You spend much of your time speaking your own language, watching video from your home country, and eating food from home. You may remember only the good thing about your home country3. Adjustment/Recovery. The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. A new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. One may start to feel a certain psychological balance. You may not feel as lost and starts to have a feeling of direction. The individual is more familiar with the environment and wants to belong. You start feeling more positive, and you try to develop comprehension of everything you dont understand. The whole situation starts to become more favorable; you recover from the symptoms of the first two stages, and you adjust yourself to the new norms, values, and even beliefs and traditions of the new country. You begin to see that even though the distinction of the culture is different from your own, it has elements that you can learn to appreciate. 4. integration After you went through a series of emotional ups and downs, that is to say you have experienced the previous three distinct stages of emotional change, you have reached a point where you actually feel good because you have learned enough to understand the new culture. You can understand and accept the things that initially made you feel uncomfortable or strange. This lessens much of the stress. Now you feel comfortable and have adjusted to the new culture. You find your new cultural identity.How to Deal with Cultural Shock? 1. Be aware of the symptoms 2. Develop friendships with people around you3. Have a sense of humor 4. Ask questions about social customs5. Take a course or read a book on inter-cultural communication 6. Develop positive attitude (open-minded)7. Spare time for relaxation 8. Go to the outside and try to look for something you are interested inOrigins of surnames:看名字是根据什么原因取的a) The totems worshiped by ancestors: In primitive society, people took many natural phenomena or animals as the totems; 云、水、龙、熊、牛、马、骆、鹿、羊、鱼b) The country/state established by or manor(封地) conferred to the ancestors. 秦、楚、齐、鲁、吴、宋、郑、卫、陈、晋、燕. In manors, people used the manor name as their surname:范、荀、隋、赵、韩、魏、上官、屈.c) Ones ancestors title of nobility：王、侯. d) Ones ancestors official post:司马、司徒、司空、上官、尉、帅.e) The name of the ancestors residential place:西门、东门、东方、南宫、池、江、西廓.f) Ancestors occupation:陶、士、巫、师、商、乐.g) The transliteration of the surname(double-surname)from minority nationality:呼延、宇文、慕容、长孙、尉迟、独孤.h) Some surname of minority nationality become a typical Han surname:爱新觉罗金、罗、艾、洪.implication and cultural notions in namesan ambition, a will, morality（操守）： achievement:refinement(脱俗): distinguishedness(出众): longevity(长寿)Some cultural notions contained in names a) ancestry-worshipping(崇祖) notion b) Confucianism-worshipping（崇儒）c) Success-seeking (建功立业) notion: d) Virtue advocating notion: e) Luck notion:f) Jade-loving(崇玉) notion: g) Notion of longing for officialStyle(字) Style, as an addition to the name, is taken at the age of 20. Style can meet the need of ethics of respecting seniors. In ancient times, King/emperor could address his subjects by their names, the senior do the inferior. Reversely, the inferior had to address the senior by their styles. People of the same generation（平辈) also address each other by styles. Assumed name (号) Assumed name is an interesting phenomenon. Before Tang Dynasty, only some scholars (文人雅士)。 Up to the middle of Northern Song Dynasty, assumed names boomed, attributed to 欧阳修、苏轼、王安石。Name and style(字)were given by ones senior(尊长)，but they cant reflect ones characteristics, interests ambitions(志趣)，experience etc. in his adulthood. An assumed name can do that.About English names1)About surnameThe origins of surnames are as follows:Place of identity : Some names indicate where the person came from, e.g., Norman , Moor, Hall, Chesterfield , and Wood.Occupation: Cook, Clark, Taylor, Smith, Turner(车削工）,Butler（配膳师）, Thatcher（盖屋顶者）, Chandler（蜡烛/肥皂制造商), and CooperFamily relationships: Surnames were also coined from first names to indicate family relationships, as Robertson ,Donaldson, MacDonald, OPatrick, Watkins, ThomasEthnic identity: English names: the name plus “son”, as Robertson, Donaldson, Scottish names : “Mac”, or “Mc” added before the name, as MacDonald ; Irish names : “O” placed before the name ,as OPatrick.Personal characteristic: Long, Little, Young, Moody, Fox, Brown, Rich, and Newman Culture and Taboos 1)Social taboos:A) In English-speaking countries, if you want to visit somebody, you should make an appointment in advance. The unexpected visit was/is not acceptable. B )People in English-speaking countries are expected to avoid talking shop C) In English-speaking country, Christians regard suicide as sin, so suicide is not an appropriate topic. D) In social communication, Westerners avoid talking about privacy which includes age, income, wealth, marriage, love affairs. E) Chinese care about some faults, bad habits, just as an old Chinese saying goes “When you beat somebody, avoid hitting him in the face, when you speak, dont rake up (重提不愉快之事，翻旧账)others faults” In English-speaking communities, there are some social taboos: (1) It is unlucky to have a black cat cross the road in front of you. (2) The bride should not see the husband on the morning before the wedding. (3) The killing of crickets in the house will bring bad luck. (4) To pass under a ladder brings bad luck. (从梯子下面走过会带来厄运。)(5) Lighting three cigarettes from one match brings bad luck to the third person.(6) To break a mirror brings seven years bad luck. (打碎镜子会带来7年厄运。)(7) Opening an umbrella in the house is bad luck. (在屋中撑伞会倒霉。)2) Taboo in public situations.“ First come, first served(先来后到)”; Sneezing is a normal physiological reaction /phenomenon. 3) taboos about diet The Chinese almost eat any animal and even the internal organs of animals. But people from English-speaking counties dont like fat, and the skin, feet head and internal organs, some animals meat such as dogs meat, snake s meat. They dislike garlic and vinegar and strange soups. When the mouth is full of food, one should not utter(中国人“食不言，咽不语”.). Chinese shouldnt rap the empty bowls with chopsticks for thats what a beggar does. During the dinner, the diners should not belch(打嗝), loosen the belt and go to the toilet. At a Cantonese dinner, the diners should not eat chicken head, wings and tail, but leave them to the seniors in the family. For the Spring Festival dinner, there must be a dish of fish implying “年年有余”. “鱼”and “余” are homophonic characters in Chinese. For some local wedding dinner, the fish head, tail and fish bones are not allowed to be eaten, because people hope that the new couple will remain a devoted couple to the end of their lives (白头偕老),a complete couple(有头有尾). In some places, the cooked fish in a dish is not allowed to be turned over or it may imply the ship will capsize(翻船). Its a taboo for fishermen. Tea water is Chineses favorite drink, northern Chinese like jasmine tea (茉莉花茶/花茶),the southern Chinese prefer green tea or black tea. For those who know about sado (茶道，tea culture), they wont like to mix other things like milk, sugar with tea, but would enjoy the pure tea. The tea made the previous day wont be drunk next day (隔夜茶), its harmful to health. Chinese care about the way of drinking tea: to sip tea (呷茗)not drink unrestrainedly(牛饮). Its believed in the West and the East, that tea can predict something, though its somewhat superstitions if the tea stalks in a cup float/stand upright (erect), the tea drinker will be pleased for its a omen that a distinguished guest is coming. The British people think, if someone happened to (无意中) cover (covered accidentally) a tea-pot, it predicts an unexpected visitor will arrive. If two women share the tea in the same pot, that means one of them or someone from either family will give birth to a child by the end of the year. It hints an unexpected guest is to come. When the stalk is hard, the comer is male, if the stalk is soft, it will be a female visitor.In Japan,for no reason can you insert chopsticks vertically into the food. Because this is an inauspicious sign. Moreover,it is thought to be an impolite behavior when you suck the end of a chopstick.Everyone, whether you are Muslim or non-Muslim, should take off your shoes when entering into the mosque. Visitors should follow the Muslim style of dress: men shou