2013年高考英语备考_阅读理解命题规律与解析.doc

2013年高考英语阅读理解备考指南高考阅读理解注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化，不仅主题广泛、科学实用，而且生动有趣。阅读理解涵盖了人物故事、名人传记、前沿科技、环境保护、地理现象和历史文化等话题。高考阅读理解命题趋势注重体裁的多样化从体裁方面看，高考阅读理解尽量追求体裁的多样化。总的说来，一般分为以下四种：记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文。近9年高考阅读理解对体裁的考查呈这样的趋势：说明文一般占31%左右;记叙文占23%左右;应用文占13%左右;议论文占16%左右，夹叙夹议占17%。(详见下图7)考查最多的是说明文，特别是介绍国外新科技、新发明的文章，一直是高考考查的热点，这也符合学习外语的根本目的。议论文的考查往往是难度最大、最有区分度的体裁，考生失误较多的题目往往出现在议论文，因此大家对议论文也应该给予足够的重视。展现题材的丰富性高考阅读理解注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化，不仅主题广泛、科学实用，而且生动有趣。阅读理解涵盖了人物故事、名人传记、前沿科技、环境保护、地理现象和历史文化等话题，并且趋向于当今世界的热点话题，充分体现了语言是文化的载体这一重要思想。相较来看，社会文化、人物故事、科普知识和时文报道类的文章占有较大的比重(详见下图8)。不同题型考查了学生不同层面的阅读能力，同时又有所侧重阅读理解题型多样，比较全面的考查了考生不同层面的阅读能力。题型分布合理，以细节理解题为主，对推理判断题和主旨大意题的考查整体呈上升趋势。(详见下图9)综上所述，我们不难发现，体裁多样化，题材丰富化，题型的能力化，已成为高考英语阅读理解考查的一个趋势。高考阅读理解真题汇总（一）阅读真题之时文报道（2010四川高考）Somali pirates （海盗） robbed three Thai fishing ships with 77 sailors on board nearly 1，200 miles off the Somali coast， the farthest？off？shore attack to date， an officer said Tuesday.Pirates have gone farther south and east in answer to increased patrols（巡逻） by warships off the Somali shore. The robbing of the three ships Sunday was about 600 miles outside the normal operation area for the international force， said a spokesman.The spokesman said the attack so far out at sea was a clear sign that the international patrols against pirates were having a “marked effect on pirate activity in the area”“Once they start attacking that far out， youre not even really talking about the Somali basin or areas of water that have any connection with Somalia.” said an officer， Roger Middleton. “Once youre that far out， its just the Indian Ocean，and it means youre looking at trade going from the Gulf to Asia， from Asia to South Africa.”“This is the farthest robbing to date. They are now operating near the Maldives and India.” said another officer.The three shipsthe MV Prantalay 11，12，and 14had 77 members on board in total. All of them are Thai， the spokesman said. Before the Sunday robbing， pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors.Pirates have increased attacks over the past year in hopes of catching more dollar payments. Because of increased patrols and defenses on board ships， the success rate（率） has gone down， though the number of successful attacks has stayed the same year over year.1. The pirate attack reported in the text happened_.A. far out in the Indian OceanB. in the normal patrol areaC. near the Somali coastD. in the south of Africa2. According to the text， which can best describe the situation of the pirate problems？A. More goods on board are lost.B. Pirate attacks happen in a larger area now.C. The number of attacks has stayed the same these years.D. Pirate attacks are as serious as before along the Somali coast.3. Which is TRUE about the warship patrols according to the text？A. The patrols are of little effect.B. The patrols are more difficult.C. More patrols are quite necessary even in Asia.D. The patrols only drive the pirates to other areas.4. How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report？A. 228.B. 77.C. 383.D. 305.答案与解析本篇文章为新闻报道类文体。报道索马里海盗抢劫三艘泰国渔船，并引用了官员的话，让读者了解当前的索马里海盗的形势。1A细节理解题。“The robbing of the three ships Sunday was about 600 miles outside the normal operation area for the international force”以及“Once youre that far out， its just the Indian Ocean.。.”句意为“这次海盗袭击发生在国际护卫部队正常保护区域六百英里外”，“一旦你到了那么远，那就是印度洋了”可知正确答案为A项。2B主旨大意题。文章主要报道发生在周末的对泰国渔船的袭击，就此事件引出索马里海盗的袭击已超越国际保卫队的正常护卫范围，而进入了更远的海域。3B细节理解题。依据。.the international patrols against pirates were having a “marked effect on pirate activity in the area”及Once youre that far out， its just the Indian Ocean， and it means youre looking at trade going from the Gulf to Asia， from Asia to South Africa. 可知应是巡逻难度加大了。4D推理计算题。由文章首句“Somali pirates robbed three Thai fishing ships with 77 sailors on board.。.”及“Before the Sunday robbing， pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors.”可知，到发报道为止，索马里海盗应劫持水手77228305人。（二）阅读真题之科普小品（2011全国卷）For those who study the development of intelligence （智力） in the animal world，self？awareness is an important measurement. An animal that is aware （意识） of itself has a high level of intelligence.Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror， that is，its own reflected image （反射出的影像）。 Many animals fail this exercise bitterly， paying very little attention to the reflected image. Only humans， and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins，have been shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences， researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror self？reflection test.“We thought that elephants were the next important animal.” said Diana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society， an author of the study with Joshua M. Plotnik and Fans B. M. de Waal of Emory University. With their large brains， Reiss said， elephants “seemed like cousins to apes and dolphins”The researchers tested Happy， Maxine and Patty， three elephants at the Bronx Zoo. They put an 8？foot？square mirror on a wall of the animals play area （out of the sight of zoo visitors） and recorded what happened with cameras， including one built in the mirror.The elephants used their long noses to find what was behind it， and to examine parts of their bodies.Of the three， Happy then passed the test， in which a clear mark was painted on one side of her face. She could tell the mark was there by looking in the mirror， and she used the mirror to touch the mark with her long nose.Diana Reiss said， “We knew elephants were intelligent， but now we can talk about their intelligence in a better way.”1What can mirror tests tell us about animals？AWhether they have large brains.BWhether they have self？awareness.CWhether they enjoy outdoor exercises.DWhether they enjoy playing with mirrors.2Why does the author mention apes and dolphins in the text？AThey are most familiar to readers.BThey are big favorites with zoo visitors.CThey are included in the study by Reiss.DThey are already known to be intelligent.3What made Happy different from Maxine and Patty？AShe used her nose to search behind the mirror.BShe recognized her own image in the mirror.CShe painted a mark on her own face.DShe found the hidden camera.答案与解析1.B细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，通过研究动物是否在镜子中识别自己可以测试它们的自我意识。2.D推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，作者提到猿和海豚是因为它们和人一样可以识别镜中自己的形象，是人们已知的有智力的动物；再根据第三段，一个亚洲象也通过了该测试，也加入到有智力的行列里，故选D项。3.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段，三个大象中只有Happy通过了镜子测试，也就是说只有她能识别镜中自己的形象，因此这是她有别于其他大象的地方，故选B项。（三）阅读真题之社会文化类（2011课标全国）When milk arrived on the doorstepWhen I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s， we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep. His name was Mr. Basille. He wore a white cap and drove a white truck. As a 5？year？old boy， I couldnt take my eyes off the coin changer fixed to his belt. He noticed this one day during a delivery and gave me a quarter out of his coin changer.Of course， he delivered more than milk. There was cheese， eggs and so on. If we needed to change our order， my mother would pen a note “Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery”and place it in the box along with the empty bottles. And then， the buttermilk would magically appear.All of this was about more than convenience. There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basille even had a key to our house， for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors， so that the milk wouldnt freeze. And I remember Mr.Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table， having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk， thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete. Besides， milk is for sale everywhere， and it may just not have been practical to have a delivery service.Recently， an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and planted it on the back porch （门廊）。 Every so often my sons friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood， and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.1Mr. Basille gave the boy a quarter out of his coin changer_.Ato show his magical powerBto pay for the deliveryCto satisfy his curiosityDto please his mother2What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boys house？AHe wanted to have tea there.BHe was treated as a family member.CHe was a respectable person.DHe was fully trusted by the family.3Why does home milk delivery no longer exist？ANobody wants to be a milkman now.BIt has been driven out of the market.CIts service is getting poor.DIt is forbidden by law.4Why did the author bring back home an old milk box？AHe missed the good old days.BHe wanted to tell interesting stories.CHe needed it for his milk bottles.DHe planted flowers in it.答案与解析1.C推理判断题。根据第一段最后可以看出，当时作者只是一个5岁的孩子，对送奶人腰带上的投币器很好奇，善良的送奶人把一枚硬币送给作者，是为了满足其好奇心，所以应选C项。2.D推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知，家里人与送奶人之间关系很密切，送奶人甚至有家里的钥匙，由此推断送奶人得到了充分的信任，故选D项。3.B细节理解题。根据第四段可知，激烈的竞争和购买的便利使得送奶上门退出了市场，无法存在下去，故选B项。4.A推理判断题。由最后一段可以看出，作者有一种怀旧的心理，想念儿时的时光，感觉送奶人送来牛奶的同时，也带来了友谊，故选A项。（四）阅读真题之生态环保）（2010安徽高考）The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supply of water. With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture， the worldwide supply of water needs careful management， especially in agriculture. Although the idea of a water shortage（短缺）seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country， many of the worlds agricultural industries experience constant water shortages.Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons， the costs of water redistribution（重新分配）are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself， but there is also an environmental cost to be considered. Where valleys（山谷）are flooded to create dams， houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides， water may flow easily through pipes to fields， but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation （灌溉）。 In Texas， farmers overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA， a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys， but much of the water use has been poorly managed.Saudi Arabias attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves. Because there is no rainfall in these areas， such reserves can only decrease， and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.1. From the first two paragraphs we learn that_.A. much of the worlds water is available for useB. people in high rainfall countries feel luckyC. the costs of water redistribution should be consideredD. water can be easily carried through pipes across the world2. Which of the following is TRUE？A. The water stores in Texas have been reduced by 75%.B. Most industries in the world suffer from water shortages.C. The underground water in Saudi Arabia might run out in 50 years.D. Good management of water use resulted from the project in the Central Valley.3. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows？A. Steps to improving water use management.B. Ways to reduce the costs of building dams.C. Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages.D. Approaches to handling the pressure on water supply.4. The text is mainly about_.A. water supply and increasing populationB. water use management and agricultureC. water redistribution and wildlife protectionD. water shortages and environmental protection答案与解析世界的可用淡水资源有限，但农业在利用水资源过程中存在不尽如人意之处，本文指出了其中的一些问题。1C细节理解题，由文中第一段第二句“With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture.。.”可知A选项错误；由第一段第三句“。.strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country.。.”可知B选项不合文意；第二段前两句指出水资源的重新分配的费用极高，一方面是水利过程本身的造价，另一方面也会对生态造成极大的破坏，所以选项C正确，根据第二段第四句“。.it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other.”可知D项不正确。2C细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句“。.has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores.”可判断A选项不正确；由第一段最后一句可判断B选项错误；由文章最后一句“。.fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.”可知C项正确。根据文章第三段最后一句可知D项不正确。3A判断推理题。文章前面一部分主要是讲述农业在利用水资源过程中存在的问题，接下来应该是介绍加强水资源管理的方法和措施，所以A选项正确。4B主旨大意题。由第一段第二句可知。（五）阅读真题之人物传记类（2011山东高考）Arthur Miller （19152005） is universally recognized as one of the greatest dramatists of the 20th century. Millers father had moved to the USA from Austria？Hungary， drawn like so many others by the “Great American Dream”。 However， he experienced severe financial hardship when his family business was ruined in the Great Depression of the early 1930s.Millers most famous play， Death of a Salesman， is a powerful attack on the American system， with its aggressive way of doing business and its insistence on money and social status as indicators of worth. In Willy Loman， the hero of the play， we see a man who has got into trouble with this system. Willy is “burnt out” and in the cruel world of business there is no room for sentiment： if he cant do the work， then he is no good to his employer， the Wagner Company， and he must go. Willy is painfully aware of this， and at a loss as to what to do with his lack of success. He refuses to face the fact that he has failed and kills himself in the end.When it was first staged in 1949， the play was greeted with enthusiastic reviews， and it won the Tony Award for Best Play， the New York Drama Critics Circle Award， and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.Miller died of heart failure at his home in Roxbury， Connecticut， on the evening of February 10， 2005， the 56th anniversary of the first performance of Death of a Salesman on Broadway.1Why did Arthur Millers father move to the USA？A. He suffered from severe hunger in his home country.B. He was attracted by the “Great American Dream.”C. He hoped to make his son a dramatist.D. His family business failed2The play Death of a Salesman_.A. exposes the cruelty of the American business worldB. discusses the ways to get promoted in a companyC. talks about the business career of Arthur MillerD. focuses on the skills in doing business3What can we learn about Willy Loman？A. He treats his employer badly.B. He runs the Wagner Company.C. He is a victim of the American system.D. He is regarded as a hero by his colleagues.4After it was first staged， Death of a Salesman_.A. achieved huge successB. won the first Tony AwardC. was warmly welcomed by salesmenD. was severely attacked by dramatists5What is the text mainly about？A. Arthur Miller and his family.B. The awards Arthur Miller won.C. The hardship Arthur Miller experienced.D. Arthur Miller and his best？known play.答案与解析1B细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Millers father had moved to the USA from Austria？Hungary，drawn like so many others by the Great American Dream”可知，他父亲移居美国像其他许多人一样是受当年伟大的美国梦吸引。2.A推理判断题。根据第二段可知，这部戏剧对美国制度是一个抨击，它表现了咄咄逼人的做生意的方式以及坚信金钱和社会地位才是财富的象征。主人公Willy陷入困境，然而生意场上残酷无情：如果他做不了，那么对老板而言，他就一无是处，他必须离开。故此部戏剧揭露了美国职场的残酷。3C推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“Willy is painfully aware of this， and at a loss as to what to do with his lack of success. He refuses to face the fact that he has failed and kills himself in the end.”可知主人公面对失败无所适从，无法面对现实，从而走向毁灭，成了美国资本主义制度下美国梦的牺牲者。故选C项。4.A细节理解题。根据第三段可知，这部戏剧自1949第一次搬上银幕就获得了“托尼戏剧音乐奖”、“纽约戏剧评论奖”、“普利策戏剧奖”三项大奖，获得极大的成功。因此A项正确。5D主旨大意题。纵观全文不难看出本文主要介绍Arthur Miller 以及他的戏剧Death of a Salesman推销员之死。其他选项都不全面，只是文中叙述的一部分。故D项正确。（六）阅读真题之广告说明类（2011课标全国）Wanted， Someone for a KissWere looking for producers to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM. Youll work on the stations music programmes. Music production experience in radio is necessary， along with rich knowledge of modern dance music. Please apply in writing to Producer Vacancies， Kiss 100.Father ChristmasWere looking for a very special person， preferably over 40， to fill our Father Christmas suit.Working days： Every Saturday from November 24 to December 15 and every day from December 17 to December 24 except Sundays， 10301600.Excellent pay.Please contact （联系） the Enterprise Shopping Centre， Station Parade， Eastbourne.Accountants AssistantWhen you join the team in our Revenue Administration Unit， you will be providing assistance within all parts of the Revenue Division， dealing with post and other general duties. If you are educated to GCSE grade C level we would like to talk to you. This position is equally suitable for a school leaver or for somebody who has office experience.Wealden District CouncilSoftware TrainerIf you are aged 24？45 and have experience in teaching and training， you could be the person we are looking for. You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing. You will be allowed to make your own decisions， and to design courses as well as present them. Pay upwards of 15，000 for the right person. Please apply by sending your CV （简历） to Mrs R. Oglivie， Palmlace Limited.1Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in