职称英语真题5.doc

1. 5 How to Design Kitchen Well Over the years economic, social and technological factors have influenced the design of kitchens. Since it is often used simultaneously by both family members as well as guests, the kitchen requires not only a glamorous look but a practical one. Also, the design elements must meet the needs of the modern family. Environmental concerns have had an enormous impact on kitchen design. This concern includes recycling of household materials, as well as energy efficient appliances and the purity of both water and air. Research shows that up to 85 percent of the population is concerned about what might be in their drinking water. They are also often dissatisfied with the taste and odor of what comes out of their tap. This is why its important to consider adding a water filter system. The character of todays kitchen is very different from the way it was thirty years ago. Theres more sophistication in food preparation, and more technological help with cooking and clean up. When choosing cabinets, first consider the style. Use the architectural style of your house as a guide. Because cabinets are a big investment, it is best to choose quality. Popular styles in kitchen cabinets are framed panel doors with raised or recessed panels of wood, cabinet fronts with glass panes, or simple slab doors in a rich painted or laminated finish. Cabinet pulls, handles and knobs are offered in a myriad of designs and finishes. Treat hardware as jewelry and dont be afraid to mix and match styles. Because many of todays kitchens consist of two or more cooks sharing in the meal preparation, there is a need for more counter space, cooktops and sinks. Although lifestyles are changing, the primary function of the kitchen as an area for preparing food has remained unchanged. The sink remains one of the most used areas in the kitchen as well as an important decorative statement. Appliance technology is moving at a very fast pace. Choosing what type of appliances as well as how many will depend on several factors such as how often and how much you cook and the size of your kitchen. Dont limit yourself to one of each kind of appliance. You can have a refrigerator in one place and a freezer in a separate area or two sets of cooktops, one on the counter next to the wall oven and one on an island. You can even have two dishwashers if size and budget require and permitthink of it as saving time in the long run. 16. A welldesigned kitchen should be modern, beautiful and practical at the same time.17. Being harmless to the environment is the top priority in kitchen design.18. Quality matters the most when you are choosing kitchen cabinets.19. More counter space, cooktops and sinks are needed in todays kitchens because food preparation is more complicated than it used to be.20. The design of the sink is indicative of a kitchen designers intelligence.21. Means of saving labor, appliances should be replaced whenever new models come out.22. It is the amount of time you can spend in the kitchen that decides how many appliances of the same kind you should buy.大题 3: 概括大意与完成句子 , A Brief to Singapore 1 Singapore is an independent city state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major islandthe Singapore Islandand more than 50 small islands, located off the southern tip of Malay. The city of Singapore the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island; it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. he total area of the republic is 640 sq.km. 2 Low lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.20.The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January. 3 Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959.A president, elected to a fouryear term is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be selected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment(修正案),the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the lawmaking body with its 81 members popularly elected. 4 In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore, several technical colleges, and a teachers college. 5 Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at $23.7 billion, or $8.870 per person. The fishing industry is centered on the port of During. on southwestern Singapore Island. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s,and Singapore now produces a diversity(多样化的) of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.1 Paragraph 2 _(23.1)_ 2 Paragraph 3 _(23.2)_ 3 Paragraph 4 _(23.3)_ 4 Paragraph 5 _(23.4)_ A Education B Land and climate C State system D Natural resources E Economy F Population5 Singapore is a small state in the southeast of Asia _(23.5)_ .6 According to the constitution of Singapore, the president of the state is selected _(23.6)_ .7 Compared with people in other Asian countries, the Singaporeans _(23.7)_ .8 Though small, Singapore has an industry of its own and can _(23.8)_ . A live a better life B made up of more than 50 islands C have more farmland D not by the Parliament, but by the people E produce goods of various kinds F have a big population 4: 阅读理解 , Famous American Foods What, besides children, connects mothers around the world and across the seas of time? Its chicken soup, one prominent American food expert says. From Russian villages to Africa and Asia, chicken soup has been the remedy for those weak in body and spirit. Mothers passed their knowledge on to ancient writers of Greece, China and Rome, and even 12th century philosopher and physician Moses Maimonides extolled （赞美）its virtues. Among the ancients, Aristotle thought poultry should stand in higher estimation than fourlegged animals because the air is less dense than the earth. Chickens got another boost （吹捧）in the Book of Genesis, where it is written that birds and fish were created on the fifth day, a day before four legged animals. But according to Mimi Sheraton, who has spent much of the past three years exploring the world of chicken soup, much of the reason for chickens real or imagined curative （治愈的）powers comes from its color. Her new book, “The Whole World Loves Chicken Soup”, looks at the beloved and mysterious brew, with dozens of recipes from around the world. Throughout the ages, she said, “There has been a lot of feeling that white colored foods are easier to eat for the weak woman and the ill”. In addition, “soups, or anything for that matter eaten with a spoon” are considered “comfort foods” Sheraton said. “I love soup and love making soup and as I was collecting recipes I began to see this as an international dish. It has a universal mystique as something curative, a strength builder,” Sheraton said from her New York home. Her book treats the oldest remedy as if it was brand new. The National Broiler Council, the trade group representing the chicken industry, reported that 51 percent of the people it surveyed said they bought chicken because it was healthier, 50 percent said it was versatile, 41 percent said it was economical and 46 percent said it was low in fat. 24. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage？ _A. Prominent American Foods B. History of the Chicken Soup C. Chicken Soup Recipes D. Chicken Soup, a Universal Cure-All25. Since ancient times, the value of chicken soup_ .A. has been overestimated B. has been widely acknowledged C. has been appreciated only by philosophers D. has been known only to mothers 26. To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life. . . ( paragraph 5 ) What does “this form of life” refer to?A. Water-based life. B. Methane-based life. C. Liquid-water-based microorganisms. D. Gas-based life. 27. What can be inferred from what Allen said?A. Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan. B. Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan. C. Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable. D. Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation. 28. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?. A. Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan. B. Finding of One More Moon of Saturn. C. Titan, a New Satellite Found. D. A different Life Form, a Possibility. Centers of the Great European Cities The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition people gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting, metropolitan atmosphere. Squares, plazas（广场）and arcades（拱廊）form the heart of Europes cities Venice in Italy has the Piazza San Marco-a beautiful square surrounded by snacks, churches, restaurants and cafs. In Barcelona, Spain, La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. Londons Covent Garden IS filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats（杂技演员）nd artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive In London, the serve as a beautiful backdrop(背景)to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames. . . These vibrant（有活力的）hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently. “The reason people think Venice is so great today is you dont see all the mistakes,” said Garreau. “those have all been removed.” Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafs were near to people homes. Today the focus of many Europeans, life has moved away from the centers. They live in the suburbs and Outskirts, driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, ling and shopping locally. These people, together with tourists, provide the city centers with their reason for existence. Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing this is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos（浓咖啡）and cigarettes. Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the Church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops, and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community1. 29. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that each big city in Europe A. has many large squares. B. has many very magnificent sky-scrapers. C. has a center where tourists meet their spouses. D. draws tourists in large numbers every year.30. Which statement is NOT true of Covent Garden?A. It is crowded with people. B. It is located in London. C. It is surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafes D. It is filled with stalls. 31. Why do people think that Venice is so great?A. Because it is a famous tourist attraction.B. Because you can reach anywhere by boat. C. Because all the mistakes have been removed. D. Because it is well-known for its merchants.32What are Parisians famous for? A. Their enthusiasm for conversation. B. Their pursuit of independence. C. Their ability to keep the city flourishing. D. Their devotion to developing a multiple culture.33. The writer cites the Duomo in the last paragraph as an example to illustrate thatA. all churches are magnificent. B. there is a tight link between church and society. C. old churches are very popular. D. high-rise churches are impressive. Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment. Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain. Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers. Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said: “Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area. ” “In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web, ” Sanders said. The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence. Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said: “What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering. ” Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem7. Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.34. Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A. Because they build their own nests. B. Because they collect food. C. Because their activity affects the environment. D. Because they are predators. 35. As predators, ants A. prey on small as well as large animals. B. collect nutritious food from the soil C. collect food as decomposers. D. prey on species much higher up the food chain. 36. Dir Sanders study centered on how ants 1. A. can manage to thrive in huge numbers. B. defend their resources and territory against other predators. C. attack those invading animals for survival. D. produce such a big impact on the environment. 37. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A. Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small. B. Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small. C. Ants predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area D. At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area. 38. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?A. What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? B. How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? C. How do human activities affect ants influence on a given ecosyst