科技英语写作语法错误举例.ppt

from TheACSStyleGuide Chapter2 科技英语写作语法错误举例 1Subject VerbAgreements例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed 说明 Thesubjectis application whichissingular Applicationofthistechniqueto isdescribed Sometimes twosingularsubjectsjoinedby and causethiserror 例2GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribed GrowthandisolationofM13virusweredescribed Exception Asubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb 例3Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage 例4Researchanddevelopmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists However whentwoormoresubjectsarejoinedby or theverbtakesthenumberoftheclosestsubject 例5Applicationoruseswerenoted Usesorapplicationwasnoted Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant theytakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegrouparemeant 例6Theseriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize 说明 Referstotheseriesasaunit 例7Aseriesofcompoundsweretested 说明 Referstoeachcompound 例8Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins Mn 500 700 hasbeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2CO3 Na2CO3 H2OascatalystsinsteadofNaOH H2O Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins Mn 500 700 hevebeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2CO3 Na2CO3 H2OascatalystsinsteadofNaOH H2O 例9Experimentaldatathatweobtainedarecomparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults 说明 Referstothedataasindividualresults 例10Afterthedataaredistributed wecanmeettodiscussthem Afterthedataisdistributed wecanmeettodiscussit 说明 Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit 例11Noneofthesampleswassoluble Noneofthesamplesweresoluble 说明 Referstoindividuals 例12Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities Thisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities 说明 Referstothegroupasaunit Unitsofmeasurementaretreatedascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularsubject 例13Themixturewasstirred and5mLofdiluentwereadded Themixturewasstirred and5mLofdiluentwasadded 例14FivegramsofNaCLwereaddedtothesolution FivegramsofNaCLwasaddedtothesolution 例15Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment Threeweeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords each every and everybody maytakesingularverbs 例16Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion Otherwise theverbmustbeplural 例17Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesWhenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive theclauseisnecessarytothesenseofthesentence thesentencewouldbecomepointlesswithouttheclause Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby that not which 例18Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl Whenaclauseisnonrestrictive itaddsinformation butthesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningiftheclauseisdeleted Nonrestrictiveclauseareintroducedby which aresetoffbycommas 例19Thecurrent voltagecurves whichareshowninFigure6 clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses 3DanglingModifiers 垂悬修饰语 Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence 例20Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules theorthohydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh frequencypeak Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules wecouldassigntheorthohydrogenstothehigh frequencypeak 例21Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluatedbyusingtheproceduredescribedpreviously Or Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously wecanevaluatethepartitionfunction 4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbsBesurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs 例22Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn andthesamplescollectedin10 mLincrements Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn andthesampleswerecollectedin10 mLincrements 补充 科技英语写作表达的几个问题 平山健三英语化学论文写作方法市原英语论文的写作方法周春晖科技英语写作英文现刊 1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他 1 由which that where引出的从句 2 不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰 3 词序 4 利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系 5 介词1 与描写实验过程有关的介词2 由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构 1简明例AscanbeseenfromFig 1 growthisrapid Growthisrapid Fig 1 Fig 1showsthatgrowthisrapid AsshowninFig 1 Fig 1shows Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62 38kJ molbymeansoftheethirdpeakareainDSCcurve Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62 38kJ molfrom orby theethirdpeakareainDSCcurve 下述句式可以更加简捷的形式表达常以介词或副词代替anumberof several someatatemperatureofatatsomefuturetimelateratthepresenttime moment nowaverylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwith duetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater orhigher numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA considerableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber orproportion manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfacttherefore inexcessofmorethaninfewcasessometimes rarely seldominmanycaseschemistsare manychemistsare inordertoto inregardtoinrelationtoinrespecttointhecaseofinthecontextof以上可使用适当的介词 例如in for about with insomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeofbetween and inviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause largenumber s ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffrom by becauseontheorderofabout overthepastfewyearsrecently inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobefore Itisapparentthat Apparently hence thusItappearsthat Apparently Itisinterestingtonotethat Interestingly Itwasin1977that In1977 Itisclearthat Clearly Itisourconclusionthat Weconcludethat Itispossiblethat Itmaybesaidthat Perhaps Possibly ProbablyItisoftenthecasethat Often Itispossiblethatthecauseis Thecausemaybe 可去掉It 改用动词 而不用名词Itistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovide Thisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding 两种类型的复杂句及其简化有被动式从句与主动式从句之分 被动式从句 Heusesaninstrumentwhichiscalledaspectroscope Heusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope 简化为后置的过去分词 带有介词 which句子的简化 1 atwhich whereAirportisaplaceatwhichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather 2 bymeansofwhich wherebyAfuseboxisadevicebymeansofwhichexcessiveloadsareavoided Afuseboxisadevicewherebyexcessiveloadsareavoided DefinitionofthermalanalysisAgeneraltermcoveringagroupofrelatedtechniqueswherebythedependenceoftheparametersofanyphysicalpropertyofasubstanceontemperatureismeasured 3 ofwhich whoseVenusisaplanetofwhichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200 Venusisaplanetwhosethesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200 有介词from in for者不能简化Laboratoriesareroomsinwhichexperimentsareconducted 有助动词的句子 不能简化Hereisalistofexperimentswhichwillbe shouldbe havebeendonethisyear 这里是今年要做的 必须做的 已做过的实验明细表 主动式从句 例ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics ThemanlecturingonThursdayisanexpertindynamics 简化为现在分词 作后置定语 再简化被动式Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes Aircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes Compressedaircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes 主动式Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber Malaysiaisarubber producingcountry 2富于变幻比如 称作 一词Suchfractionsarecalledasnon freezingwater Suchfractionsarereferredtoasfreezingboundwater Thiswaterisdesignatedasfreezingwater 再比如 报道 阐述 主张 确认Conflictingdatahavebeenpresentedinliteratureconcerningthecompatibilityofpoly vinylchloride PVC andpoly methylmethacrylate PMMA Thus Schureretal 1 reportedPVC PMMAtobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthan60 w w whereasRozinskaetal 2 claimedPVC PMMAtobeimmiscible Ontheotherhand Parmeretal 3 assertedPVC PMMAtobemiscibleoverthewholerangeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition Tg inthesecondDSCheatingratetraces MiscibilityofPVC PMMAhasalsobeenconfirmedbyAlbertetal 4 bynon radiativeenergytransferandNMR 3辨析近义词例1absorbedby adsorbedonadsorbedon 吸附于表面 absorbedby 吸收其中 如 adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveriodide 吸附于碘化银的表面 waterwasabsorbedbythesponge 水被泡沫材料吸收 例2accuracy precisionaccuracy 准确定 示值 实验值 与被测量真值 约定真值 的一致程度 precision 精密度 某一物理量多次测量值的一致性 或称数据的分散性 例如 Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved accuracywaslow 虽然达到高精密度 但准确度低 例3actually infact在例句 Actually thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswereconsiderablyslower 中 对于科学论文来讲 这里使用infact更为合适 与书面语言相比 actually更多用于口语 例4adjust calibratecalibrate的名词形式是calibration 校准 在规定条件下为确定测量仪器或测量系统的示值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的一组操作 可以用校准的结果评定测量仪器 测量系统的示值误差 或给任意标尺上的标记赋值 有时把校准的结果表示为校正因子或取校正曲线形式的一系列校正因子 可按上述的校正对测量结果做调整 adjust 例如 Theresultsofthecalibrationpermittedustoadjustthefinalresult 校准的结果允许我们去调整最终结果 例5common general ordinary usual routinecommon 普通的 共同的 Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmanybauxites ofwhichtheFrenchbauxitesaretypical 氧化铝单水合物是许多铝土矿的共同成分 general 一般的 OneofthebestandmostgeneralmethodsforpreparingketonesinthearomaticseriesistheFriedel Craftreaction 制备芳酮类化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel Craft反应 ordinary 普通的 通常的 如 Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertainphysicalproperties 重水在某些物理性质方面与普通的水有所不同 ordinarypressure 常压 ordinarytemperature 常温 Usual 常规的 Undertheseconditiontheend pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyintheusualway 在这种条件下 按常规的办法可以精确发现滴定终点 茲以method为例 acommonmethod普通的方法ageneralmethod一般的方法ausualmethod常规的方法aconventionalmethod传统的方法此外 routine 贯常的 如routinetest 惯常测试 是指按即定的程序开展的大量重复测试 例6bymeansof intermsofbymeansof与by using byusing同义 表示利用某种方法 手段 诸如IR DSC NMR X射线衍射等 开展研究 观测 intermsof通常用在采用某种理论 说法 参数来解释实验结果 例如 ThethermalanddynamicmechanicalpropertiesofPES PPSblendshavebeeninvestigatedbymeansofDSCandDMA Sometimes wehavetostudythemiscibilityofpolymerblendsbymeansofacombinationoftwoormoremethodsinordertoconfirmtheexperimentalresults Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature Tg andcopolymercompositions Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature Tg andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation 修改后 使重点 Tg与组成的关系 更加突出 此句的重点并非是Fox方程 WehavepreparedthecomplexoftitlecompoundanddiscusseditsthermaldecompositionprocedurebyTG DTG DTA SEMandIRtechniquesandthecorrespondingnon isothermalkineticsbymeansoftheMalekmethod intermsoftheMalekmethod 例7curve thermogramcurve 曲线 thermogram 热谱 thermogram的一种解释是 住院病人 例行查房 体温的逐日记录 因此 以英国学者为主的热分析名词委员会主张称热分析的记录为 曲线 而不称 热谱 如DTAcurve DTA曲线 DSCcurve DSC曲线 例8derivative differentialderivative 微商 表示某物理量P对温度T或时间t的微商 dP dT 或dP dt 如derivativethermogravimetry 微商热重法 differential 差 差式 如differentialscanningcalorimetry 差式扫描量热法 例9different various varyingdifferent 不同的 various 各种的 varying 改变 的 例如 Theresultsareclearlydifferent 结果显然不同 Wetriedvarious 或severaldifferent methods 我们试过各种方法 Theeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas 改变条件的影响是 例10mass weightmass 质量 weight 重量 如 massofthesample 试样质量 或简称试样量 而不称sampleweight 试样重量 重量在本质上与力是相同的 即是质量与因重力而产生的加速度的乘积 例11often sometimes usually它们在表现时间的频次上是不同的 usually often sometimes依次为 通常 常常 有时 频次降低 如 Itwasusuallyobservedthat 通常观测 Itwasoftenobservedthat 常常观测 Itwassometimesobservedthat 有时观测 例12standardmaterial certifiedreferencematerialstandardmaterial标准物质 certifiedreferencematerial有证参样 或称有证标准物质 standardmaterial用于检定仪器测量准确度的物质 certifiedreferencematerial用一种或多种技术上正确的方法 鉴定了其特性值 具有可溯源性并附有鉴定机构所发给的证书或其他文件的标准物质 4语法修辞及其他 1 由which that where引出的从句which1 通过which进行双扩展Thechangeofheatoffusionofpolyethyleneasafunctionofthespecificvolumewhichthesamplehasatroomtemperature andwhichisrelatedtothecrystallinitythroughEq 5 inChapterIVisshowninFig IV12 2 由于插入从句 which远离它所代替的主句中的词Inthecaseofcoldcrystallizationitissuggestedthatbyreasonofsomewhatrigidbackbonechainsinthesepolymers therewillbesomelocalordersuchasparallelchainsornematicdomains originatingduringquenchingthemeltandfrozenintheglassystate whichfavorssubsequentcrystallization 2 不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰ThermaldecompositionkineticsofthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalaninebyDSCmethod DSCstudyonkineticsofthermaldecompositionforthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalanine 3 词序Intheformofextendedhelicalchain thejunctionzonesarelinked Thejunctionzonesarelinkedintheformofextendedhelicalchain Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature Tg andcopolymercompositions Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature Tg andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedinterms