翻译的标准2010.11公选+Chapter+1_+Unit+3.+.ppt

ChapterOneUnit3 翻译的标准和原则CriteriaandPrinciplesofTranslation Theso callprinciplesandcriteriaoftranslationareactuallythetwosidesofthesamething Theformerlaysemphasisonthetranslator whoshouldfollowthemwhiletranslating whilethelatteronthereaderorcritic whomayusethecriteriatoevaluatetranslationworks SomeofthecriteriaproposedbyscholarsinChina 1 支谦 EasternHan 佛言 依其义不用饰 取其法不以严 其传经者 当令易晓 勿失厥义 是则为善 2 道安 EasternJin 314 385 warnedtranslatorsonguardagainst五失本 fivewaysoflosingtheoriginalessenceintranslation Thefivelossesare 1 unnecessaryreversionofwordorder 2 addeddescription whichdoesnotexistintheoriginal 3 cuttingofrepeatedwording necessaryasreligiousscripturesforprayers 4 omissionofrepetitionofcertainconclusivemessages 5 cuttingofcontentsrepeatedasintroductiontoanewtopic 3 玄奘 TangDynasty600 664 1 既须求真 又须喻俗 Tobebothtrueandcoherent or mustbebothtruthfulandintelligibletothepopulace 2 五不翻 4 马建忠 1845 1900 inresponsetothecontemporaryabuseintranslation broughtforththeprincipleof 善译 MaJianzhongwrotethefirstChinesegrammarbook 马氏文通 MaJian zhong anexpertoftranslationattheendoftheQingDynastyinChina wroteabookentitledASuggestionofSettingUpaTranslatingAcademy 拟设翻译书院议 andhepointedout ifyoutakeabook you llhavetoreaditoverandoversoastograspitsspiritualEssence trytofigureoutitsstyleandunderstanditsmoodandtranslateitwithgreatfacility andthetranslatedtextmustbeexactlyliketheoriginalonewithouttheslightesterror andthereaderscangetasmuchfromthetranslatedtextasfromtheoriginalone onlysuchtranslationcanbecalledthefirst classtranslation 所有相当之实义 委屈推究 务审其音声之高下 析其字句之繁简 尽其文体之变态 及其义理精深奥折之所由然 夫如是 则一书到手 经营反复 确知其意旨之所在 而又摹写其神情 仿佛其语气 然后心悟神解 振笔而书 译成之文 适如其所译而止 而曾无毫发出入于其间 夫而后 能使阅者所得之益 与观原文无异 是则为善译也矣 一书到手经营反复 comprehension 知其意旨 摹写神情 语气 心悟神解 spirit 振笔而书 译成之文 适如其所译而止 无毫发出入其间 accuracy 夫而后能使读者所得之益 与观原文无异 则为善译 equivalentresponse MaJianzhongexplainedhisstandardofa goodtranslation Whenthetranslatorhasabooktotranslate heneedstoreaditoverandoveragainuntilheissureofwhatitisintendedtomean tryingtocaptureitsspiritandimitateitstone Thenheputsitinanotherlanguageasheunderstandsit Thus thetranslatedtextissimilartotheoriginalwithoutanydifferencebetweenthem Thereaderofthetranslationbenefitsfromitalmostthesameasthereaderdoesfromtheoriginal Atranslationuptothatisagoodtranslation 5 严复 854 1921 FaithfulnessExpressivenessElegance 译事三难 信 达 雅 求其信 已大难矣 顾信矣不达 虽译尤不译也 则达尚焉 译文1 Translationhastodowiththreedifficultthings tobefaithful expressiveness andelegance Itisdifficultenoughtobefaithfultotheoriginal andyetifatranslationisnotexpressive itistantamounttohavingnotranslation Henceexpressivenessshouldberequiredtoo 译文2 Intranslation therearethreeaspectsdifficulttobringabout fidelity faithfulness smoothness fluencyandelegance Itisnoeasyworktorealize fidelity faithfulness Ifthereisonlyfidelity faithfulnesswithoutsmoothness fluency thetranslationdoesn tamounttotranslation Fromherewecanseefluency smoothnessisofgreatimportance 易曰修辞立诚 子曰辞达而已 又曰言之无文 行之不远 三者乃文章正轨 亦即为译事楷模 故信达而外 求其尔雅 严复 天演论序言 译文 TheBookofChangessaysthatfirstrequisiteofrhetoricistruthfulness Confuciussaysthatexpressivenessisallthatmattersinlanguage Headdsthatifone slanguagelacksgrace itwon tgofar Thesethreequalitiesthenarethecriterionofgoodwritingand Ibelieve ofgoodtranslationtoo HencebesidesfaithfulnessandexpressivenessIalsoaimatelegance SomepeoplecompareYanFuwithAlexanderF Tytler andtheysaidthattheformer sthreetranslatingstandardsofthreeChinesecharactersandthelatter sthreeprinciplesoftranslatingarethesameinessence theonlydifferenceisthatbothofthemuseddifferentlanguagesofdifferentculturalfeaturesandcharacteristics Fidelity referstofaithfulnessorloyalty Fluency referstothequalityofbeingfluentand elegance referstograceorgoodtaste Fidelity faithfulness isequivalentto givingacompletetranscriptionoftheideasoftheoriginalwork fluency expressiveness isequivalentto havetheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition and elegance isequivalentto thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal 1 Faithfulness 信 meansthatthetranslatedtextshouldbefaithfultotheoriginaltext 准确地传达原文的内容 e g 1 Mywork myfamily myfriendsweremorethanenoughtofillmytime 原译 我干工作 我做家务 我有朋友往来 这些占用了我的全部时间 e g 1 Mywork myfamily myfriendsweremorethanenoughtofillmytime 改译 我要工作 要做家务 要与朋友往来 这些事用全部时间应付还不够 2 Expressiveness 达 meansthatthetranslatedtextshouldbeexpressiveandcoherentwithoutanythingawkward Thetranslatedtextshouldbeinaccordancewiththelanguagerulesofthetargetlanguage Itdemandsthattheversionmustbeclearandflowingwithoutanygrammaticalmistakesorconfusedlogicandsense 译文语言应该通俗明白 通顺易懂 没有文理不通 结构混乱 逻辑不清的现象 e g 1 Mr BegquicklyreturnedtohisofficeandfiledanurgentstorytohisnewspaperinLondon littlerealizingthathewasabouttobecomepartofanewjournalisticlegendonFleetStreet 原译 贝格连满赶回办公室 向伦敦报社发表了一条急电 没有想到他自己就要成为伦敦新闻界最新的新闻传说的一部分 e g 1 Mr BegquicklyreturnedtohisofficeandfiledanurgentstorytohisnewspaperinLondon littlerealizingthathewasabouttobecomepartofanewjournalisticlegendonFleetStreet 改译 贝格连满赶回办公室 向伦敦报社发表了一条急电 没有想到这件事后来在舰队街传为新闻界的美谈 3 Elegance Requiresatranslationtobeestheticallypleasing Itdemandsthatthetranslatedtextshouldbeexquisiteandthatitsstyleoughttobeverygraceful ManyscholarsinChinaapproveofhisfaithfulnessandexpressiveness butargueagainsthiselegance e g Thisflatflourishing easycountrynevercouldhavelookedmorerichandprosperous thaninthatopeningsummerof1815 whenitsgreenfieldsandquietcitieswereenlivenedbymultipliedred coats 原译 这个平坦的旺盛的生活不困难的国家看起来从来没有比1815年的夏季的开端更富裕和兴旺 当时它的绿色的田地和安静的城市都被人数众多的传红衣服的人弄得活跃起来 e g Thisflatflourishing easycountrynevercouldhavelookedmorerichandprosperous thaninthatopeningsummerof1815 whenitsgreenfieldsandquietcitieswereenlivenedbymultipliedred coats 改译 1815年初夏 这平坦 舒适的国家真是空前的繁荣富庶 苍翠的平原和安静的城市里全是穿红衣的军人 顿时显得热闹起来 e g It suptomynecktoyourbullshit 原文是美国大兵的粗话 原译 你把我害得好苦啊 改译 你让我倒了八辈子邪霉了 E g IkeptitfromherarterIheardonit saidMr Peggotty goingonnightayear Wewaslivingtheninasolitaryplace butamongthebeautifullesttrees andwiththerosesa coveringourBein totheroof DavidCopperfield CharlesDickens Mr Peggotty 没有文化 说话不规范用词和句法错误百出 该句的意思为 IkeptitfromherafterIheardofit saidMr Peggotty fornearlyayear Wewerelivingtheninasolitaryplaceamongbeautifultrees withrosescoveringtheroofofthehouse 原译 我听到那消息以后 皮果提先生说道 瞒着她差不多快一年了 我们当时住在一个僻静的地方 周围有十分美丽的树 屋顶上有蔷薇花 尽管通顺 但不忠实于原作语言风格不能再现皮果提的口吻和神态 改译 起那时俺听了消息后 辟果提说 瞒着她快一年了 俺们那时呆的地方挺背 前后八方的树林子说不出的最漂亮 屋顶尽是蔷薇花 6 鲁迅 宁信而毋顺 译作 力求其易解 并 保持着原作的丰姿 凡是翻译 必须兼顾两面 一当然力求易解 一则保存原作的风姿 keepthefullflavoroftheoriginalwork Whilingstickingtohisprinciple rathertobefaithfulinthoughtthansmoothinthelanguage LuXunadvocatedthat atranslationmusthavebothintelligibilityandthestyleoftheoriginaltext 7 林语堂 忠实标准 通顺标准 美的标准 faithfulness fluency andbeautifulnessoraestheticquality 翻译是一种艺术 翻译的艺术所依赖的 第一是译者对于原文文字上及内容上的透彻的了解 第二是译者有相当的国文程度 能写清晰畅达的中文 第三是译事上的训练 译者对于翻译标准的问题有相当的见解 译者不但要求达意 并且要以传神为目的 译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意 ThoughinLin sopinion hiscriterionof aestheticquality coversmorethanYan s elegance it sself evidentthatbothsetsofcriteriaemphasizeatranslator sthree levelresponsibility 1 amatterofresponsibilityfortheoriginalauthor 2 amatterofresponsibilityforChinesereaders 3 amatterofresponsibilityforthetranslatedtext 8 傅雷 神似 thetransferoftheoriginalspirit spiritualresemblancespiritualsimilarityorachievethespiritoftheoriginal 以效果而论 翻译应像临画一样 所求的不在形似 而是神似 Hesaid Astotheeffect translationoughttobelikeimitatingapicture theultimateaimliesintheresemblanceinspiritratherthanthatinappearance 以效果而论 翻译应当像临画一样 所求的不在形似而神似 以实际工作而论 翻译比临画更难 临画与原画 素材相同 颜色 画布 或绢 法则相同 色彩学 解剖学 透视学 译本与原作 文字既不侔 规则又大异 各种文字各有特色 各有无可模仿优点 各有无法补救的缺陷 同时又各有不能侵犯的戒律 像英 法 德那样接近的语言 尚且有许多难以互译的地方 中西文字的杆路远过于此 要求传神达意 铢 悉称 自非死抓字典 按照原文句法拚凑堆砌所能济事 ThisisFuLei sfamous theoryonbeingalikeinspirit or similarityinspirit whichhasgivenavividdescriptionandaclosemetaphoroftranslation Thenhowtoputitintoeffect Fuadds Tostriveforresemblanceinspirit notinappearance thetranslatormustwritepureChinese notsomethingstiffandawkward butalanguagewhichcanbereadharmoniouslyinarhythmandtempoakintotheoriginal 任何作品 不精读四 五遍决不动笔 是为译事基本法们 第一要将原作 连同思想 感情 气氛 情调等等 化为我有 方能谈到迻译 9 钱钟书 化境MrQianhascreatedhis theoryofsublimation heexpoundedthatthehigheststandardofliterarytranslationis Hua 化 digestion whenatranslatorconvertsalanguageintoanotherone hisorherversioncancompletelykeeptheoriginalflavouraswellasshowsnosignsofstiffword for wordtranslationbecauseoftheconventionaldifferentiationoflanguageandculture MrQian stheoryemphasizesthatversionsthatarefaithfultotheoriginaltextsdon treadlikethetranslatedtexts fortheoriginaltextsthemselvesdon texistintheformofthetranslatedtexts butheadmittedthat thewhollycomplete Hua digestionorsublimation isonlyanimpracticalideal AndnowMrQian stranslationtheoryhasbeenacceptedasanothertheoreticalstandardtoevaluatewhetherthetranslationisofhighqualityornot 文学翻译的最高理想可以说是 化 把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字 既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹 又能完全保存原作的风味 那就算得入于 化境 译文 Thehigheststandardofliterarytranslationis transmigration Ontheonehand thereshouldbenotraceofunnaturalnessandstiffnessoflanguageresultingfromthedifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesand ontheother theflavoroftheoriginalisretained QianborrowedtheBuddhistterm transmigration 脱胎换骨 toillustratehisviewtowardsliterarytranslation duringthecourseofwhichthesoulofthespiritoftheoriginalremainsinthetargettesteventhoughitscarrier thelanguage hasbeenchanged Thisrequirement infact issohighthatQianoncehadtoadmitthatperfecttransmigrationoftheoriginaltextintothetargetonewasjustanidealtostrivefor 10 吕叔湘 参考教材 11 刘重德 信 达 切 刘老认为 严复的 信达 两字仍可沿用 而 雅 字应改用 切 字 这是因为 雅 字实际上只不过是风格中的一种 和 雅 相对立的 就有所谓 粗犷 或 豪放 粗犷 和 文雅 显而易见是迥然不同的两种文体 因此 翻译起来不能一律要 雅 应该实事求是 酌情处理 恰如其分 切合原文风格 切 指的就是要切合原文风格 适用于各种不同的风格 12 金媞 参考教材 13 许渊冲 提出了诗歌翻译的 三美 音美 形美 意美 和 三化 等化 淡化 深化 原则 许渊冲 意美 音美 形美等化 浅化 深化知之 好之 乐之 1 诗词翻译的 三美 论 意美 音美 形美 2 文学翻译的 三似新论 形似 意似 神似 3 诗词翻译的 三化论 等化 浅化 深化 4 诗词翻译的 三之 论 知之 好之 乐之 许渊冲的 译经 译可译 非常译 忘其形 得其意 得意 理解之初 忘形 表达之母 故应得意 以求其同 故可忘形 以存其异 两者同出 异名同谓 得意忘形 求同存异 翻译之门 许渊冲贺杨振宁新婚双语诗句 振宁不老松 扬帆为小翁 岁寒情更热 花好驻春风 振宁不老松 扬帆为小翁 岁寒情更热 花好驻春风 译文 Theagelesswon tgrowold Yousailwithyouryoungbride Lovewillwarmwintercold Springwilleverabide 14 辜正坤 翻译标准多元互补论15 谭载喜 提出翻译的 东张西望 法和译学内容的 瞻前顾后 法 东张 即发挥自身的语言优势 做到译文的 信达贴 信达切 神似 化境 西望 则是借鉴西方译论 立足分析 注重理论 放眼系统 瞻前 放开思路 大胆开拓 顾后 继承传统 推陈出新 SomeofthecriteriaproposedbyWesternscholars 1 EtienneDolet多雷 1509 1546 1 Thetranslatorsshouldunderstandperfectlythesenseandintensionoftheauthorheistranslating 2 Thetranslatorshouldhavenotonlyperfectknowledgeofthelanguageoftheauthorheistranslatingbutalsothesameexcellenceinthelanguageintowhichheisgoingtotranslate i e thetranslatorshouldknowtheSLandTLtoperfection 3 Thetranslatorshouldavoidrenderingwordforword 4 Thetranslatorshouldemploywordsthatareincommonuse 5 Thetranslatorshouldlinkandorderwordswithsweetnesssoastoproducethestyle 2 GeorgeCambel 乔治 坎贝尔 翻译三原则Agoodtranslatoris 1 Togiveajustrepresentationofthesenseoftheoriginal 2 Toconveyintohisversion asmuchaspossible inaconsistencywiththegeniusofthelanguagewithwhichhewrites theauthor sspiritandmanners 3 Totakecarethattheversionhasatleastthequalityofanoriginalperformancesoastoappearnaturalandeasy 3 AlexanderFraserTytler 泰特勒 Inthehistoryofmoderntranslation thefirstrealwesternmonographontranslationtheory isthebookEssayonthePrinciplesofTranslatingwrittenbyafamousEnglishscholar theprofessorofEdinburghUniversity whosenameisAlexanderF Tytler andthetranslationtheoristbroughtupthethreeprinciplesoftranslationinthebookpublishedin1792 EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation 1792 Agoodtranslation Thatinwhichthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobeasdistinctlyapprehended andasstronglyfelt byanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork Threelawsoftranslation 1 Atranslatorshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork 译文应该完全传达原文的思想 2 Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal 译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致 3 Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition 译文应像原文一样流畅 4 Federov 费道罗夫 Translationshouldgiveaversionwhichmaybereadwithasmuchpleasureastheoriginal andyetremainfaithfultoitsspirit senseandstyle 5 EugeneA Nida尤金 奈达 dynamicequivalenceorfunctionalequivalence 动态对等 功能对等 Dynamicorfunctionalequivalence isdefined intermsofthedegreetowhichthereceptorsofthemessageinthereceptorlanguagerespondtoitinsubstantiallythesamemannerasthereceptorsinthesourcelanguage Hisfunctionalequivalenceisdefinedasatranslationprinciple accordingtowhichthetranslatorseekstotranslatethemeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatthetargetlanguagetextwordingwillproducethesameimpactonthetargettextaudienceastheoriginalwordingdoesuponthesourcetextaudience In TowardsaScienceofTranslating Nidaputforwardtheterm dynamicequivalence Nida 1964 159 Atranslationwhichattemptstoproduceadynamicratherthanaformalequivalenceisbasedupon theprincipleofequivalenteffect Insuchatranslationoneisnotsoconcernedwithmatchingthereceptor languagemessagewiththesource languagemessage butwiththedynamicrelationship thattherelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstaniallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage Nidasaid Theolderfocusintranslatingwastheformofthemessage andtranslatorstoolparticulardelightinbeingabletoreproducestylisticspecialties e g rhythms rhymes playsonwords chiasmus parallelism andunusualgrammaticalstructures Thenewfocus however hasshiftedfromtheformofthemessagetotheresponseofthereceptor Therefore whatonemustdetermineistheresponseofthereceptortothetranslatedmessage Thisresponsemustthenbecomparedwiththewayinwhichtheoriginalreceptorspresumablyreactedtothemessagewhenitwasgiveninitsoriginalsetting Nida TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation P1 奈达的 动态对等 论可以用一句话来表达 译文读者读译文所得到的反应 影响和感受与原文读者读原文之所得大致相同 换言之 译文对译文接受者所起的作用 应与原文对原文接受者所起的作用大体相同 6 纽马克 文本中心论 参见教材P16 Inmoderntranslationcircle theprincipleof faithfulness 忠实 andsmoothness 通顺 iswellacknowledgedastranslationrulesfortranslatorstoabideby 1 Faithfulness requiresthatatranslationshouldbefaithfultothecontentandstyleoftheoriginal Faithfulnessisthefirstimportantprincipleoftranslation Translationisnotcreation Thetranslatoroughttoconveytheauthor sideasfaithfullyandexactly Hehasnorighttoalterthemeaningoftheoriginaltosuithisowntaste 忠实首先指忠实于原作内容 译者必须把原作的内容完整而准确地表达出来 不得有任何纂改 歪曲 遗漏阉割或任意增删的现象 忠实还指保持原作风格即原作的民族风格 时代风格 语体风格 作者个人风格等 要完全做到这些 实非易事 但作为基本要求 可先掌握口语体和笔语体的不同特点及其对翻译的要求 掌握各种文体的不同特点及其对翻译的要求 E g 1 Janedoesnotworkhardbecauseshewantstoearnmoney 误译 因为简想赚钱 所以才不下力 改译 简不是因为想赚钱才下力干的 E g 2 Thepresidentstandsthere hatinhand beggingcongressfortheirvotes 误译 总统站在那里手里拿着礼帽 乞求国会投他的票 改译 总统立在那里 毕恭毕敬地请求国会议员投赞成票 2 Smoothness requiresthatatranslationshouldbeasexpressiveandnaturalastheoriginal Havingachievedhisfaithfulnesstothecontentoftheoriginal thetranslatormustaimatmakinghistranslationasexpressiveandnaturalastheoriginal Weshouldnotsacrificesomeofthecontenttomakeourtranslationsmooth norshouldwesticktotheprincipleof faithfulness thereforemakingourtranslationunreadablesomewhere Wemustlearntounifythetwoprinciplesinourtranslationpractice 所谓通顺 即指译文语言必须通顺易懂 符合规范 译文必须是明白流畅的现代汉语 没有文理不通 晦涩难懂等现象 例如 E g 1 Youjustkeepyourhaironandlistentome 译文 1 你必须保持头发在上 并听我说 2 汝勿怒 听吾曰 3 你别激动 好好听我说 上面第一句译文 不符合汉语习惯 第二句译文 虽说意思正确 语言也通顺 但它不是现代语言 只有第三句译文 才符合汉语的现代语言习惯 E g 2 AkissplantedontheforeheadofayoungIraniandirectorbyawell knownactresshaslandedthepairincourtandsparkedheatedprotestsintheIslamicRepublicoverphysicalcontactbetweenthesexes 原译 一位年轻的伊朗导演被一位知名的女演员在额头上亲吻了一下 而双双进入法庭 因而在不同性别之间