翻译理论（英文）.ppt

TRANSLATIONTHEORY Dr MashadiSaid SecretaryofMaster sPrograminTranslationofGunadarmaUniversity Jakarta Drs InEnglishLiteratureandEducation 1984PostGraduateDiplomainAppliedLinguistics 1990MagisterinEnglishEducation 1994PhD inEnglishEducation 1998 1 Whatistranslation a Translationconsistsoftransferringthemeaningofthesourcelanguagetextintothereceptorlanguagetext Whatistranslation B Catford 1965 20 Translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage Penerjemahanadalahpenggantianmateritekstualdalamsuatubahasadenganmateritekstualyangpadandalambahasalain Whatistranslation C Translatingconsistsofreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle NidaandTaber 1982 Whatistranslation D Translationisthegeneraltermreferringtothetransferofthoughtsandideasfromonelanguage source toanother target whetherthelanguagesareinwrittenororalform whetherthelanguageshaveestablishedorthographiesordonothavesuchstandardizationorwhetheroneorbothlanguagesisbasedonsigns aswithsignlanguagesofthedeaf Brislin 1976 Whatistranslation E TranslationisaprocessoffindingaTLequivalentforanSLutterance Pinhuhuck 1977 38 F Translationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand orstatementinanotherlanguage Newmark 1981 7 Whatistranslation G McGuire 1980 2 Translationinvolvestherenderingofasourcelanguage SL textintothetargetlanguage TL soastoensurethat 1 thesurfacemeaningofthetwowillbeapproximatelysimilarand 2 thestructureoftheSLwillbepreservedascloselyaspossible butnotsocloselythattheTLstructurewillbeseriouslydistorted Whatistranslation H TranslationisatransferprocesswhichaimsatthetransformationofawrittenSLtextintoanoptimallyequivalentTLtext andwhichrequiresthesyntactic thesystematicandthepragmaticunderstandingandanalyticalprocessingoftheSL WilssandNoss 1982 Whatistheprocessoftransferringthemeaningintothereceptorlg text Translationconsistofstudyingthelexicon grammaticalstructure communicationsituation andculturalcontextofthesourcelanguagetext analyzingitinordertodetermineitsmeaning andthenreconstructingthissamemeaningusingthelexiconandgrammaticalstructurewhichareappropriateinthereceptorlanguageanditsculturalcontext Whatarethecharacteristicsoflanguagewhichaffecttranslation Meaningcomponentsare packaged intolexicalitems buttheyare packaged differentlyinonelanguagethaninanother Manytimesasinglewordinthesourcelanguagewillneedtobetranslatedbyseveralwords Itischaracteristicoflanguagethatthesamemeaningcomponentwilloccurinseveralsurfacestructurelexicalitems forms Itisfurthercharacteristicsoflanguagesthatoneformwillbeusedtorepresentseveralalternativemeaning Wholesentencesmayalsohaveseveralfunctions Aquestionformmaybeusedforanonquestion Asinglemeaningmaybeexpressedinavarietyofforms Whatarethecharacteristicsoflanguagewhichaffecttranslation Whatisthegoalofatranslator Thegoalofatranslatorshouldbetoproduceareceptorlanguagetext translation whichisidiomatic thatis onewhichhasthesamemeaningasthesourcelanguagebutisexpressedinthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage Themeaning nottheform isretained Isitnecessarytochangetheformwhentranslating Anythingthatcanbesaidinonelanguagecanbesaidinanother Itispossibletotranslate Thegoalofthetranslatoristokeepthemeaningconstant Whenevernecessary thereceptorlanguageformshouldbechangedinorderthatthesourcelanguagemeaningnotbedistorted Sinceameaningexpressedbyaparticularforminonelanguagemaybeexpressedbyquiteadifferentforminanotherlanguage itisoftennecessarytochangetheformwhentranslating Itisnotuncommonthatpassiveconstructionswillneedtobetranslatedwithanactiveconstructionorviceversa dependingonthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage WhatisliteralTranslation Literaltranslationorform basedtranslationattempttofollowtheformofthesourcelanguage Whatisidiomatictranslation Idiomatictranslationormeaning basedtranslationsmakeseveryefforttocommunicatethemeaningofthesourcelanguagetextinthenaturalformsofthereceptorlanguage Thebasicoverridingprincipleisthatanidiomatictranslationreproducesthemeaningofthesourcelanguage thatis themeaningintendedbytheoriginalcommunicator inthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage Howdoesatranslatorknowthatheissuccessfulinhistranslationtask Hewillknowthatheissuccessfulifthereceptorlanguagereadersdonotrecognizehisworkasatranslationatall butsimplyasatextwritteninthereceptorlanguagefortheirinformationandenjoyment Howdoesatranslatormakehistranslationasdynamicastheoriginaltext Forthetranslationtohavethesamedynamicsastheoriginal itwillneedtonaturalandeasytounderstandsothatthereaderswillfinditeasytograspthemessage includingboththeinformationandtheemotionaleffectintendedbythesourcelanguagewriter Whatisnon equivalence Non equivalenceatwordlevelmeansthatthetargetlanguagehasnodirectequivalentforawordwhichoccursinthetext Whynon equivalence Culture specificconcepts Religiousbelief asocialcustom oratypeoffoodandtools Howdowehandleanon equivalence Translationbyamoregeneralword superordinate Translationbyamorenatural lessexpressivewordTranslationbyculturalsubstitutionTranslationusingaloanwordorloanwordplusexplanation TranslationbyparaphraseusingarelatedwordTranslationbyparaphraseusingunrelatedwordsTranslationbyomissionTranslationbyillustration Howdowehandleanon equivalence Howdoweestablishatranslationproject Thereareanumberofmatterswhichincludethetext thetarget theteam andthetoolswhichneedtobeclearlyunderstoodbeforebeginningatranslationproject TextreferstothesourcelanguagedocumentwhichistobetranslatedTargetreferstotheaudience Forwhomisthetrans