中国古代文化与社会英文综合教程 原文翻译答案.doc

.汉译英练习 之一： 1、唐装是中国的传统服饰。从字面上看，唐装就是唐朝的服装，但是现代版的唐装与此没有任何关系，它起源于清朝的满族服饰。2001年APEC会议上各国政要身着唐装亮相，从那时起，这款新型服饰才流行起来并在国内外大受欢迎。唐装结合了中国的传统因素和西方的剪裁艺术。服装的基本造型是中式领子，对襟，手工盘扣，为了外型更美观，肩部加了衬垫。2、上世纪70年代末，为了控制人口增长，中国开始实行计划生育政策。如今全国独生子女数量已超2亿。他们的出现给家庭成员的关系带来了许多变化。与有兄弟姐妹的孩子相比，独生子女有某些缺点，他们被称为惯坏了的“小皇帝”。但同时，他们也有一定的优势，如自尊心、独立性和自我意识较强。他们不应被视为“问题孩子”，他们是中国的未来和希望。3、黄河，长5464千米，是中国的第二长河，世界第五长河。若把中国比作昂首挺立的雄鸡，黄河便是雄鸡心脏的动脉(artery)。在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮（cradle）”，也是中国文化发祥地。在古代，这里曾经草木茂密，植物丰盛，我们的祖先便在这块广大的土地上劳动生息。4. 木偶戏可以说是中国最古老的民间艺术（folk art）形式之一，其历史可追溯到2000多年前。到了宋代（Song Dynasty），所有社会阶层似乎都喜欢上了木偶戏。中国的民间艺术家们使用包括木头、布、线在内的各种原材料来制作木偶（puppet）。表演木偶戏时，对话有时还伴着民歌和舞蹈。其主题一般来自于儿童故事、寓言、神话和传说。5. 相传有一年天下闹瘟疫，八仙（The Eight Immortals）想到东海瀛洲采药解除人间的瘟疫。八位仙人约定八月十五在崂山山顶会面。会面后，各自拿出自己的宝物（charm），倚物渡海。面对烟波浩淼的大海，徐徐清风扑面而来。八位仙人说说笑笑向大海彼岸漂去。之后民间流传谚语“八仙过海，各显神通”，比喻人们做某件事情或竞赛时，各自都有一套办法或本领。6. 中国的筷子为人类文明做出了巨大贡献。诺贝尔奖获得者李政道先生曾说：“中国人早在春秋战国时代就发明了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却高妙绝伦地应用了物理学上的杠杆(leverage)原理。”根据日本学者的研究，人在用筷子夹食物时，有80多个关节和50条肌肉在运动，并且与脑神经(cranial nerves)有关。因此，用筷子吃饭可以训练大脑。7. 中国汉字是从图画、符号逐渐演变形成的，汉字的书写和发展过程导致了书法艺术（Chinese art of calligraphy）的产生。不同于西方的油画，中国的传统绘画有独特的表现形式。由于最早的绘画和写字均使用同样的工具，并且都是以线条为主，故有“书画同源”之说。人物画、山水画和花鸟画均为传统绘画的重要画种。中国传统绘画中一般都有题诗或题字，诗、书、画因而汇合成一个艺术整体，给人以更加丰厚的美学内涵。8. 中国农历七月初七的七夕节相当于西方国家的情人节。牛郎织女的悲情故事赋予了这个节日浓郁的浪漫气息。传说这对被银河分开的恋人只能每年这个晚上在鹊桥上相会一次。过去，女孩会举行仪式乞求织女以获得智慧、巧手和美满婚姻。然而这些古老的传统和习惯正在逐渐消失。9. 中国的龙崇拜有五千年以上的历史。封建（feudal）时代，龙就成为了皇权（imperial power）的象征，中国的历代帝王都自称“真龙天子”， 并认为他们和龙一样神圣不可侵犯。而今天，所有的中国人都以自己是“龙的传人”而自豪。龙在中国文化中占据着重要的地位，起着重大的影响。它是国家的象征、民族的象征、文化的象征，也是一个伟大的祖国迅速崛起的象征。10. “面子”（face/ mianzi）是中国传统文化里的一个重要概念。它在中国人的人际关系中起着非常重要的作用。中国人长期以来受提倡“和谐”的儒家思想（Confucian thoughts/ideas）的影响。对于他们来说，“有面子”是与他人维持和谐人际关系的重要方式。“没面子”或者说“丢脸”是指一个人在公开场合犯了令人尴尬的错误。而“挽回面子”则是指一个人恢复了自己的名誉。参考译文1. Tangzhuang is a traditional Chinese coat. Literally, it means Chinese clothes in the Tang Dynasty, but the modern version bears no relationship with the clothes of the Tang Dynasty. It evolves from a kind of Manchu clothing. Because it was worn by leaders from different countries in APEC in 2001, it became famous. From then on, this new kind of clothing has enjoyed a great popularity among Chinese people and overseas. Tangzhuang combines traditional Chinese elements and western cutting methods. Its basic style includes a Mandarin collar, front opening and hand-made Chinese knots. Shoulder pads are inserted for better fit.2. Since the end of the 1970s, China has carried out a national family planning policy of “one couple, one child”, in order to check population growth. At present, the number of single children has grown to more than 2 billion nationwide. Their emergence has brought about many changes in relationships among family members. Compared to kids with siblings, single children have certain shortcomings, which have earned them the name of spoiled/ pampered “little emperors”. But meanwhile they have certain advantages, such as greater emphasis on self-esteem, stronger sense of independence and individuality. Instead of being referred to as “problem children”, they should be treasured as Chinas Future. 3. The Yellow River, 5464 kilometers in length, is the second longest river in China and the fifth longest in the world. If China is compared to a rooster which holds up its head to stand upright, Yellow River is the roosters heart artery. Known in ancient history as the “mother” of the Chinese nation, the Yellow River has given life to hundreds of millions of Chinese. Its also called the “cradle” of the nation and the birthplace of its civilization. In ancient times, the Yellow River was covered with luxuriant trees and grass, a region with an abundance of plant life where Chinese ancestors lived and worked.4. Puppetry is perhaps one of the oldest forms of folk art in China. Its history can be dated back to more than 2,000 years ago. By the Song Dynasty, it seemed that puppetry had been enjoyed by all social classes. Folk artists in China use various kinds of materials to make puppets, including wood, cloth and wire. In performances, dialogues are carried out accompanied sometimes by folk songs and dances. The subject matter is derived mainly from childrens stories, fables, myths and legends.5. According to legend, one year there was a plague in the world. The Eight Immortals decided to go to Yingzhou in the East Sea to collect some herbal medicine to cure people. They agreed to meet on the top of Laoshan Mountain on August 15. After getting together at the appointed time, each one brought along his own unique charms which could protect them in crossing the sea. Facing a vast expanse of misty, rolling waters and fresh breeze, the Eight Immortals set out across the sea, chatting and laughing all the way. From then on, this proverb was spoken: “The Eight Immortals cross the sea, each one showing his or her special prowess.” It means that when people do something together or compete with each other, each displays his or her own ways and skills.6. Chinese chopsticks have greatly contributed towards human civilization. Mr. Lee Tsung-dao, a Nobel laureate, once said: As early as the Warring States Period Chinese invented chopsticks. Although the two sticks are so simple, the leverage principle in physics has been perfectly applied. According to research by Japanese scholars, people use more than 80 joints and 50 muscles, which are related to cranial nerves, to eat food with chopsticks. Therefore, using chopsticks can exercise the brain.7. Chinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese art of calligraphy developed naturally from its unique writing system. Differing from western oil painting Chinese traditional painting possesses unique art forms. Since similar tools were used for the earliest painting as for writing and lines were mainly used in it, painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy. Chinese paintings usually integrate poetry or calligraphy with themes that include figures, landscapes, flowers, birds and other animals, which provides great aesthetic content.8. Falling on the seventh of the seventh lunar month, the Double Seventh Festival in China is what Valentines Day to the western countries. The tragic story about the cowherd and the weaving maid endows the festival with the meaning of great romance. In the legend, the two lovers who are separated by the Milky Way can only meet at the Magpie Bridge once in a year on this night. In bygone days, girls would conduct a ceremony to beg the weaving maid for wisdom, dexterity and a satisfying marriage in the future. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are gradually dying out.9. The worship of Chinese dragon has a history that is longer than 5,000 years. In the feudal era, the dragon became a symbol of imperial power; and all the Chinese emperors of different dynasties claimed themselves to be Sons of the Divine Dragons that should not be offended. Today, all the Chinese people are proud of being the Descendants of Dragons. The dragon has an important position and influence in Chinese culture for it is a symbol of the whole country, a symbol of Chinese people, a symbol of Chinese culture, and a symbol of the rapid development of our great motherland.10. “Face” is an important concept in traditional Chinese culture. It plays a significant role in the inter-personal relationship between Chinese people. For Chinese, who are influenced for a long time by Confucian ideas that advocate “harmony”, “having face” is an important way of keeping harmonious relationship with others. “No face” or “losing face” means that someone has made an embarrassing mistake in public, while “saving face” means that the person restores his/her reputation.汉译英练习之二：1. 关于中国茶文化有一个传说：茶是炎帝神农偶然发现的。一天，他在树下烧水，突然间发现远处有一只野兔。于是他就去追那只野兔，但没追着。回来的时候，他发现一些树叶掉进了他烧开的水中，水已变淡黄。神农追赶野兔而累出一身汗，口干舌燥，尝了一口泛黄的开水，顿时口舌生津，精神一振。由此，泡茶的传统就流传下来了。2. 春节是一年中最重要的节日。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略有不同，但愿望几乎是相同的，他们希望家人和朋友来年健康、幸运。春节打扫房屋是个非常古老的习俗，甚至可以追溯到几千年前。灰尘在传统上与“旧”联系在一起，所以打扫房屋和扫除灰尘意味着辞“旧”迎“新”。春节前几天，各家各户都打扫房屋，扫地，清洗日用品，清除蛛网和疏浚沟渠。人们兴高采烈做所有这些事情，希望来年好运。3. 传统的中式婚礼中，新娘要蒙着红盖头，在伴娘的伴随下，由新郎手持的大红绸牵着，慢慢地登上花轿。在新娘乘花轿去男方家的途中，颠花轿是必不可少的热闹场面。轿夫一起左摇右摆使花轿不稳，新娘坐在里面也是左摇右晃。有时，新郎就会向众人替新娘抱拳施礼求饶，众人则欢笑不止。这实际上是为了增添成婚之日的喜庆气氛。4. 普通话(Mandarin)是中国的官方用语，以北京语音和不同的北方方言为基础。主要在中国北部和西南部使用。因为大部分的普通话出现在北方，因此也被中国人成为“北方话”。说东北方言和西南方言的人之间的沟通因为语音不同可能存在困难，而使用作为标准语言的普通话则能消除这样的困难。新中国成立以来，政府一直大力推广普通话。5. 唐朝（Tang Dynasty）被历史学家认为是中国文明最辉煌的时期。唐朝的首都在长安。在与印度和中东（the Middle East）的交流中，在他们的促进下，唐朝在许多领域里得到了长足的发展。唐朝是文学和艺术的黄金时期。唐朝通过科举制度（civil service examinations）在全国选出优秀的儒家文人（Confucian literati）为政府效力，而唐朝的政府体系在儒学官僚（Confucian bureaucratic）的支持下也日臻完善。公元8世纪中期，唐朝势力开始衰落。6. 面子是某个人在他人眼中的社会地位和名声。中国人一生都用语言和行动维护和提升面子。可以小到谁先上电梯，也可以大到百万美元的合同授予。没有面子也就没有了影响力。即使是无意中让别人没面子，也是极其严重的冒犯（dishonor），可能意味着断绝关系。中国人不会公开批评、忽视或取笑他人，即使是开玩笑。点评别人的成绩时，也是先说优点，再讲不足7. 在中国，喝茶是一种仪式(ritual)，一种精致品味(refined taste)的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略着(take delight in)品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人中最流行的打发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆(teahouse)而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶。也是为了议论当地的新闻或对政治话题进行激烈的(furious)争论。8. 据最近的一项网上调查显示，55%的中国青年认为自己对生活缺乏热情，71%的人认为他们承受着巨大的压力。焦虑普遍存在于当今的中国年轻人中。名车、豪宅和优越的生活（live a privileged life）是人们追求的目标。然而，与高昂的房价、教育支出和医疗费用相比，他们的工资过低且增长缓慢，看不到脱离困境的希望，焦虑因此而产生。9. 传统中国绘画是一门独特的艺术，无论是风格还是技巧都与世界其他艺术门类迥然不同。传统的日本绘画可能算是例外，但是不要忘了，它是深受中国文化影响的。中国绘画采用毛笔（brush）蘸墨汁或颜色，灵巧地挥洒（wield）在纸上。画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点和线构成一幅图画。在优秀画家的手里，毛笔和墨汁不仅是绘画的工具，也是画家艺术追求的象征。10. 二十四节气（solar terms）的划分起源于黄河流域一带（Yellow River area），是中国古代历法（calendar）特有的重要组成部分和独特创造。在古代中国，人们常用二十四节气来表示季节更替和气候变化状况。节气的制定是我们祖先在长期的农业生产实践中，逐步认识气象变化规律的结果。长期以来，甚至直到今天，二十四节气在中国的农牧业生产（agricultural and animal husbandry production）中一直起着重要的作用。参考译文：1. Legend has it that tea was discovered by Emperor Shennong by accident. One day, he was boiling water underneath a tree when all of a sudden he caught sight of a hare in the wild further away. He then ran after the hare and tried to catch it, but failed. He had to come back, only to find that some leaves had dropped into the boiled water, which was now yellowish. After chasing the hare, Emperor Shennong was soaked in sweat and thirsty so he sampled a mouthful of the yellowish boiled water, which was tasty and refreshed him immediately. Thus the practice of brewing tea began and evolved into a culture, which has been passed down.2. Spring Festival is the most important festival of a Chinese year. Chinese people may celebrate this Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same: they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during the next year. To clean houses on the New Years Eve is a very old custom dating back to thousands of years ago. The dust is traditionally associated with “old” so cleaning their houses and sweeping the dust means bidding farewell to the “old” and ushering in the “new”. Days before the Spring Festival, Chinese families begin to clean their houses, sweeping floors, washing daily things, wiping away spider webs and dredging ditches. People do all these things happily in the hope of a prosperous forthcoming year.3. In a traditional Chinese wedding, accompanied by a bridesmaid, the bride with a red veil led along by the bridegroom who holds a red silk in his hand, slowly enters the bridal sedan. On the way to the bridegrooms home, the carriers would jolt the sedan as it is necessary in a joyful wedding. Carriers swing the sedan from left to right continually, causing the bride to sit unsteadily inside. Sometimes the bridegroom has to beg for mercy by curtseying to the carriers and the onlookers to save his bride from the “torture”, which, in fact, would cause everybody to laugh with glee, adding to the wedding jubilance (adding jubilance to the wedding).4. Mandarin Chinese or Putonghua is the official language of China, which is based on the speech in Beijing and other various northern dialects. It is spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. Because most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is also referred to as the northern dialects among Chinese speakers. A northeastern-dialect speaker and a southwestern-dialect speaker may have difficulty communicating because of the differences in tone （pronunciation）. Nonetheless, as the standard language, Mandarin can eliminate the language barrier. Since the founding of Peoples Republic of China, the government has been aggressively promoting the wide spread of Mandarin.5. Tang Dynasty, whose capital is Changan, is regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization. Stimulated by the contact with India and the Middle East, the empire saw a great development in many fields. The Tang period was the golden age of literature and art. Served by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations, the government system of Tang Dynasty was gradually perfected under the support of Confucian bureaucratic. By the middle of the eighth century A. D., the power of Tang Dynasty began to ebb. 6. The concept of “face” can be described as someones social status or reputation in the eyes of others. Throughout a Chinese persons life, he maintains and enhances his “face” with words and actions. It may be something as small as who gets into the elevator first or as big as the awarding of multimillion dollar contacts. Losing face equals/ means losing power or influence. Even to make someone lose face unintentionally is a serious dishonor and could mean the end of a relationship. Chinese people never criticize, ignore or make fun of a person in front of others, even jokingly. When discussing individual performance, they always emphasize good points before bad ones. 7. Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste. While drinking tea, people also take delight in the essence of tea itself. Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese. In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse. Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not just for tea, but also to discuss local news or to have furious political debates.8. A recent online survey found that 55 percent of young people in China thought they werelacking enthusiasm for life, and 71 percent considered themselves under heavy pressure. Anxiety is a common phenomenon among young Chinese today. Brand-name cars, luxurious houses and living a privileged life are peoples driven goals. However, compared with the high housing prices, education expenses and medical costs, their income is too low with slow growth and they see little hope for escaping, so anxiety occurs. 9. Traditional Chinese paintings constitute a unique school of art, a school that, in style and techniques is widely different from any other art school in the world. Traditional Japanese art may be the only exception, but it has to be remembered that it has been heavily influenced by the Chinese culture. The Chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding them. Painters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dots-some heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale. In the hands of a good painter, brushes and ink are not only tools for drawing pictures, but also the symbol of his or her artistic pursuit. 10. The twenty-four solar terms is a unique component and creative invention of the Chinese traditional calendar, first originating from the Yellow River area. It was used to indicate the alternation of seasons and climate changes in ancient China. The establishment of solar terms reflected our ancestors knowledge about climate changes during their long history of farming activities. Over years, it has played an important role in Chinas agricultural and animal husbandry production even to this day.汉译英练习之三：1. 在媒介文化高度发展的今天，年轻人接触外来文化的方式越来越多。根据中国互联网信息中心（CNNIC）的统计，截止到 2004年6月30日，中国上网用户总数达到8,700万人，其中多数是年轻人。现代社会的开放性、多样性，使得年轻人不得不在西方文化的冲击中寻找自己的文化定位。实际上，现在很多年轻人在很多生活方式上已经很难分清它是来自西方还是东方。2. 刺绣（Embroidery）是中国艺术的一颗璀璨明珠， 在秦汉时期就已达到较高的水平。它是一门传统工艺，有各种样式，广泛分布于中国的各个地区。有些精致（elaborate）绣品需要花费几位熟练技工数月甚至数年才能完成。在服饰文化中，刺绣工艺占有重要地位。它不仅是中国传统艺术和手工艺的瑰宝，也是中华文化的重要组成部分。它代表了中国人民的智慧。3. 京剧在中国有200多年的历史。它源于华东地区的徽剧及华中地区的汉剧，后又汲取了昆曲、河北梆子两种地方戏的精华。由于这一表演艺术在北京兴起并繁荣，因此而得名。京剧是中国最有影响力的戏曲， 在社会各阶层中都有广大爱好者。晴天时，人们常常可以看到京剧票友（amateurs of Peking Opera performers）在街头（street corner）、公园或居民区周围练唱。观看京剧是到中国来的海外游客最喜爱的活动之一。4. 中西方饮食习惯（eating habits）存在极大的差异。不同于西方人那种每人一盘事物的饮食习惯，在中国，菜肴是被放在桌上让大家共同分享的。如果你在中国主人家做客，就要做好有一大桌食物的心理准备。中国人对于自己的烹饪文化（culture of cuisine）感到非常自豪，而且会尽全力去展示自己的好客（hospitality）。而且有时候，中国主人会用他们的筷子把食物夹到你的碗里或盘子中。这是礼貌的体现。5. 中国扇子的历史可以追溯到3000多年前的商朝(the Shang Dynasty)。第一种扇子叫作“扇汗”（Shanhan),是拴在马车上用来 挡住强烈的阳光，给乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有点像现在的雨伞。后来 “扇汗”变成了由薄但是结实的丝绸或者鸟的羽毛做成的长柄扇，称为中山扇（Zhangshan fan),它主要用于皇帝的仪仗(honour guard)装 饰。6. 在传统的中国家庭文化中，同一祖先的几代后裔(descendants) 居住在一起，形成一个大家庭。这种自治(autonomous)家族制度是中国传统社会的基本单位。中国的孩子们跟随他们父亲的姓。这和西方文化是一样的。如今在中国，孩子跟父亲的姓或母亲的姓在法律上都是合法的。除了那些因为结婚加入到家庭中的人以外，人们的姓氏都是一样的。7. 孙大圣是中国古典文学名著西游记（Journey to the West)中的一个主要的人物。他是唐僧(Tang Monk)第一个徒弟。其实在中国，他最受欢迎的名字不是“孙大圣”，而是“孙悟空”，这是教他72变 的第一个师傅给他起的名字。“悟”的意思是“启迪”。“空”的意思是“无”，这是佛学(Buddhism)中最重要的一个认识。在佛学中，人必须放弃欲望和所有对财富、名声的渴望，以培养自己为佛。8. 少林功夫(Shaolin Kungfii)是河南登封少林寺信奉佛教文化的和尚们练习的一种武术(martial arts)。少林寺，建于北魏(the Northern Wei Dynasty)太和期(Taihe Period)十九年，是少林功夫发展的文化空间。少林功夫最初是佛教僧侣练习的，他们的职责是保护寺庙。现在经过1500多年的发展，少林功夫已逐步发展成为一种完美技术和丰富含义相融合的艺术，在全世界享有声誉。9. 这周颁布的一项新法律要求子女必须经常探望年龄超过60岁的父母，并确保他们经济和精神上的需求得到满足。星期二，新华社报导了一条新闻，来自江苏市无锡市的一位77岁的老太太起诉她的女儿忽略她。这是新法律生效后的第一起案件，当地法院规定她的女儿至少每月探望母亲两次，并提供财力支持。但是这项法律引发了争议。有人说这给了那些因为工作、学习或者其他原因搬离家乡的人更多压力。10. 说到筷子(chopsticks)的起源，中国是世界上第一个使用筷子的国家，用筷子吃饭已经有至少3000年的历史了。筷子看起来很简单，只有两根小细棒，但它有很多功能，比如挑选，移动，夹，搅拌或者挖。此外，它便于使用，价格便宜。而且筷子也是世界上独有的餐具(tableware)。使用筷子的人，无论是中国人还是外国人，都无不钦佩筷子的发明者。参考译文1. In the era of highly developed media culture, young people have more contact than ever with foreign culture. According to CNNIC statistics, by June 30, 2004