小学语法句子种类.doc

第12章 句子的种类1、 句子种类概述 根据英语句子的不同功能，句子可分为：（1）陈述句：用来说明或陈述说话人的看法或观点的句子叫做陈述句。陈述句通常用降调来读，并在句末加句号。（2）疑问句：疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子，句末用问号。疑问句可以进一步分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。（3）祈使句：祈使句表示命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形。主语you通常省略，句末用叹号或句号。（4）感叹句：感叹句是用来表达喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的一种句式。尽管感叹句的表现形式多种多样，但主要的表现形式只有两种，即what和how引导的感叹句。二、句子种类考点纵览知识点考点考点对应典型例题剖析考点一：陈述句的用法考点 1：陈述句的肯定句。陈述句的的肯定式即肯定陈述句。典型例句He is clever. 他很聪明。She comes from Shanghai. 她来自上海。I can swim. 我会游泳。Tom bought a car yesterday. 汤姆昨天买了辆车。考点 2：陈述句的否定式。1、 一般情况下，陈述句变否定句。 如果句子的谓语动词是be动词，则在其后面直接加not。典型例题 1He is a tall boy.（改成否定句） 答案：He is not (isnt) a tall boy. 典型例题 2They are having an English class.（改成否定句）答案：They are not (arent) having an English class. 如果句子的谓语动词是情态动词+动词原形，则在情态动词后面直接加not。典型例题 1I can make a model plane.（改成否定句）答案：I can not ( cant ) make a model plane. 典型例题 2You should go to school at seven.（改成否定句）答案：You should not (shouldnt ) go to school at seven. 如果句子的谓语动词是助动词+动词原形，则在助动词后面直接加not。典型例题 1I will make model planes with my classmates.（改成否定句）答案：I will not ( wont ) make model planes with my classmates.典型例题 2I have already had lunch.（改成否定句）答案：I have not (havent ) had lunch yet . 如果句子的谓语动词是行为动词do，又没有助动词和情态动词时，陈述句变否定句时，借助助动词的否定式(dont, doesnt, didnt)，后面跟动词的原形。典型例题 1I come here every day.（改成否定句）答案：I do not (dont) come here every day.（改成否定句）典型例题 2He likes drawing pictures.（改成否定句）答案：He does not (doesnt) like drawing pictures. 典型例题3I went to the park yesterday.（改成否定句）答案：I did not (didnt) go to the park yesterday. 2、 含有动词have 的否定句。 当have用作实义动词表示“拥有”时，在构成否定句时可以直接在其后面加not ，也可根据具体情况使用dont, doesnt, didnt构成否定句。典型例题 1He has a car.（改成否定句） 答案：He has not (hasnt）a car. He does not (doesnt) have a car. 当have用做实义动词表示动作时，表示“吃（eat），喝（drink），拿（take），买（buy）”等，在构成否定句时不能直接在其后面加not，要根据具体情况使用dont, doesnt, didnt构成否定句。典型例题 1My father usually has lunch at home.（改成否定句）答案：My father doesnt (does not) usually have lunch at home.典型例题 2You have to go swimming with her.（改成否定句）答案：You dont (do not) have to go swimming with her. 当have用作助动词构成完成时时，其否定形式只能在其后面加not。典型例题 1I have read the book.（改成否定句）答案：I have not（havent）read the book.典型例题2I have got a brother.（改成否定句）答案：I have not (havent ) got a brother.考点二：疑问句的用法考点 1：一般疑问句的用法。 一般疑问句通常需要用yes 或no 来回答，朗读时要用升调。一般疑问句主要有以下几种结构类型：1、“be + 主语 + 表语”结构 Are you sleepy ? 你困了吗？ Yes, I am. 是的，我困了。2、“情态动词 + 主语+ 行为动词（或be）”结构 May/Can I use the telephone? 我能用这部电话吗？Yes, you can. 是的，可以。3、“助动词（do, does, did）+ 主语 + 行为动词”结构 Do you like swimming in summer? 你喜欢夏天游泳吗No, I dont . 不，我不喜欢。 一般疑问句还有否定一般疑问句，表示“难道？”。Arent you sleepy ? 你难道不困吗？Yes, I am. 不是的，我困了。 No, I am not. 是的，我不困。 Cant you swim before? 你难道之前不会游泳吗？ Yes, I can. 不，我会的。No, I cant. 是的，我不会。 Dont you like swimming in summer? 你难道不喜欢夏天游泳吗No, I dont. 是的，我不喜欢。Yes, I do. 不是，我喜欢的。 将陈述句改成一般疑问句时，将be动词，情态动词，助动词移至句首，将第一人称改为第二人称，句中有some 时改为any句末改为问号。典型例题 1There are some apples in the blanket.(改成一般疑问句) 答案：Are there any apples in the blanket?典型例题 2I can make a model plane.（改成一般疑问句）答案：Can you make a model plane ?典型例题 3She lives in Beijing.（改成一般疑问句） 答案：Does she live in Beijing? The boy ate some apples.（改成一般疑问句）答案：Did the boy eat any apple?考点 2：特殊疑问句的用法。以疑问代词 what，who，whom，whose，which或者疑问副词when，where，how，why开头进行提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。它的回答要针对问句中的疑问词来回答，不用yes和no来回答，特殊疑问句用降调读。1、特殊疑问句的结构：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。What is this? 这是什么？Who are you waiting for？你在等谁？Where did you lose your key？你在哪里丢了钥匙？Which class are you in？你在几班？How do you go to school？你怎么去上学？When does your mother get up? 你妈妈什么时候起来？2、常见的特殊疑问词用法举例。 询问具体的时间用what time，询问星期用 what day，询问日期用what date。What time is it now? = What is the time now? 现在几点了？What day is it today? = What is the day today? 今天星期几？What date is it today? = What is the date today? 今天是几号？ 询问天气用what或者how提问“How +be +the weather.？”或“What +be +the weather like.？”How is the weather today?= Whats the weather like today? 今天天气如何？ 对数量提问，疑问词用how many（可数名词）或how much （不可数名词）。How many sheep are there in the hill? 山上有多少只绵羊？How much water is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少水？ 对价格提问，疑问词用how much。How much is the computer?= How much does the computer cost?= Whats the price of the computer? 这台电脑的价格是多少？ 对时间长度（一段时间）提问，疑问词用how long。Ive worked in that factory for two years.（对划线部分提问）How long have you worked in that factory? 对频率once a year, twice a week等进行提问，疑问词用how often。I visit my grandma once a month.（对划线部分提问）How often do you visit your grandma？ 对“in+ 一段时间”进行提问，疑问词用how soon。 Jane and her brother will finish the work in two hours.（对划线部分提问）How soon will Jane and her brother finish the work? 对距离进行提问，疑问词用how far。Its about two kilometres from my home to the factory.（对划线部分提问） How far is it from here to the country? 考点 3：选择疑问句的用法。提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种情况回答，这种问句叫做选择疑问句，选择疑问句的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接，回答时不能用yes或no，语调一般是第一种选择用升调，最后一种选择用降调。1、 一般选择疑问句结构：一般疑问句+or供选择的另一部分。- Are you a teacher or a student？ 你是个老师还是个学生？ - Im a student. 我是个学生。 - Did you work out the math problem in this way or that way？你用这种方法还是用那种方法把这道数学题算出来的？ - I did it in that way. 我用那种方法算出来的。2、 特殊选择疑问句：特殊疑问句，选择的一部分+or+选择的另一部分。- Which is bigger，Beijing or New York？哪个城市大，北京还是纽约？ - Beijing. 北京。 - When will he leave for London, today or tomorrow？他何时动身去伦敦，今天还是明天？ - Tomorrow. 明天。 考点 4：反意疑问句的用法。反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句，是在陈述句后，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出的疑问。1、反义疑问的结构：前肯后否，前否后肯 肯定式陈述部分+否定式疑问部分 They work hard, dont they? 他们工作很认真，是吗？She was ill yesterday, wasnt she? 她昨天生病了，是吗？ 否定式陈述部分+肯定式疑问部分 You didnt go, did you? 你没去，是吗？He cant ride a bike, can he? 他不会骑自行车，是吗？2、反意疑问句的构成陈述句中如果有be动词、助动词、情态动词时，疑问部分就由这些词加上主语人称代词；如果陈述句动词是第三人称单数时，疑问部分就由does/doesnt+人称代词；如果陈述句动词是一般过去式，疑问部分就did/didnt+人称代词。典型例句：Your brother will go to the library, wont he ? 你哥哥将去图书馆，是吗？Mary is working hard, isnt she ? 玛丽正在努力工作，是吗？The girl likes English, doesnt she? 这个女孩喜欢英语，是吗？My father went to the park, didnt he? 我爸爸去公园了，是吗？考点三：祈使句的用法考点 1：祈使句的肯定形式。 动词原形（省略主语）+其他成分。第二人称祈使句通常用来向听话者发出命令、提出要求或建议。这种祈使句的主语you通常不表示出来，而是以动词原形开头。典型例题 1_ out! A car is coming!A. LookB. LookedC. Looks D. Looking 答案：A典型例题 2Sandy, _ to be here at 8 oclock./ e% F+ p. 8 yV* Y a( w1 ( ?A. is sure) H2 k j% O. U0 T1 h z2 oB. is sure that7 C0 r/ b9 w6 y( l: IC. will be sure6 q+ r* Z9 l w8 U5 e! g D. be sure: H# M* X0 ?4 , 答案：D典型题 3翻译句子：努力学习，你会变得更好。参考译文：Study harder and you will be better. let有关的祈使句的肯定形式。第一、三人称祈使句是以第一人称和第三人称代词或者名词等作为祈使的对象，这类祈使句通常以let为引导词表示建议。典型例句：Let us go home. / Lets go home. 让我们回家吧。Let him be here before 10 oclock. 让他在十点之前到这里。考点 2：祈使句的否定形式。 祈使句的否定结构一般是在谓语动词前加dont或用never。典型例题 1_ much noise in the library. A. Dont makeB. Not makeC. Doesnt make D. Wont make答案：A典型例题 2翻译句子：别把钥匙丢了！参考译文：Dont lose the key.典型例题 3 8 s Her doctor said,ik% % P3 b“_ work so hard.”+/ O5 f QD0 p, JA. Stop W0 A* b9 V. g2 |4B. Dont8 C; g2 F% _* UC. Cant1 F0 ?5 Z: A7 H l: x 6 VD. No; K5 Y% U+ v# w0 j/ i答案：B “let +第一人称代词” 祈使句的否定形式可以为lets not/let me(us) not或Dont lets/ let me(us)，但let+第三人称代词或名词祈使句的否定形式为Dont let+第三人称代词或名词。典型例题 1Lets _ (not say) anything about it. 答案：not say典型例题 2_ (not let) the baby cry.0 V6 H# 答案：Dont let考点 3：祈使句的其它形式。 “No名词或动名词”结构表示禁止性的祈使，一般用于指示、标牌、布告等。典型例句：No smoking! 禁止吸烟！No parking! 禁止停车！ No spitting! 不准随地吐痰！No littering! 不准乱扔果皮纸屑！No entry! 不许入内！No scribbling on the wall! 墙上不准涂写！No admittance except on business! 非公莫入！ 没有动词的祈使句。一般来讲，祈使句都要有动词，但是有些用于口号、告示等的祈使句却是没有动词。主要有：名词短语、介词短语、名词代词副词形容词、形容词名词代词、副词with等。典型例句：Help! 救人哟!Fire! 失火了!Patience! 要有耐心!Careful! 小心!Quickly! 快!Hands up! 举起手来！Good heavens! 天哪! Your turn. 轮到您了。 After you! 您先请！ 祈使句与please连用。为了使祈使句的语气变得委婉，我们可以在祈使句的句首或句末加上please。若加在句首，其后不用逗号；若加在句末，则通常会在please前加一个逗号。典型例句：Step this way, please. 请这边走。Please type your letter. 请把你的信打出来。Open the window, please. 请把窗户打开。考点四：感叹句的用法考点 1：感叹句的种类。 what引导的感叹句：what修饰名词或名词短语。What a lovely dress it is! 多么可爱的裙子啊！What delicious food it is! 多么好吃的食物啊！ how引导的感叹句: how修饰形容词或副词。How clever the boy is! 这孩子多么聪明啊！How quickly the player runs! 运动员跑的多么快啊！考点 2：what引导感叹句。 “what + a/an 形容词可数名词单数主语谓语！”，其中“主语谓语”可以省略。典型例句：What a nice present it is! 一件多么好的礼物啊！What an honest boy he is! 多么诚实的孩子啊！典型例题 1_wonderful movie! We like it very much.A. What B. What a C. How D. How a答案：B典型题 2翻译句子：多么有趣的一天！答案：What an interesting day it is! “what 形容词可数名词复数主语谓语！”，其中“主语谓语”可以省略。典型例句：What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊！What expensive books they are! 多么昂贵的书啊！典型例题 _ good children they are! A. What B. What aC. how D. How a答案：A “what 形容词不可数名词主语谓语！”，其中“主语谓语”可以省略。典型例句：What good news it is! 多么好的消息啊！What useful advice it is! 多么有用的建议啊！典型例题 it is today! A. What a good weather B. What good weatherC. How good weather D. How a good weather答案：B考点 3：how引导感叹句。 “ How 形容词 / 副词主语谓语！”典型例句：How hot today is! 今天多么热啊！How hard he studies! 他学习多么认真啊！典型例题 1-Dad, do you like my picture?-_! Its the nicest one I have ever seen.A. What beautifulB. How carefulC. How wonderful D. What wonderful答案：C典型例题 2翻译句子：她多么细心啊！How careful she is!典型例题 3_hard you work! A. What B. How C. What a D. How a答案：B “ how 形容词 a/an 可数名词单数主语谓语！”。典型例句：How strong a man he is! 一个多么强壮的人啊！How interesting a film it is! 多么有趣的一部电影啊！典型例题 1下面哪一句是“她是个多么漂亮的姑娘啊！”的正确翻译A. How beautiful a girl she is!B. What beautiful a girl she is!C. How a beautiful girl she is!D. What a girl beautiful she is!答案：A典型例题 2_ awful a boy you are!A. How B. What a C. What D. How an答案：A考点 4：感叹句的其它形式。有时感叹句也可以由一个单词、词组、祈使句、陈述句等构成。典型例句：Good idea! 好主意!Wonderful! 太精彩了！Thank goodness！谢天谢地！How time flies! 光阴似箭！3、 综合练习陈述句部分一、把下面句子改为否定句。1. He does well in Maths. （改为否定句） 2. Nancy drew some pictures yesterday. （改为否定句） 3. The policeman caught the thief. （改为否定句） 4. I like autumn. （改为否定句） 5. The children have classes today. （改为否定句） 6. I like collecting stamps and singing. （改为否定句） 7. He did his homework in the classroom. （改为否定句） 8. Tom jumps as far as Mike. （改为否定句） 9. The boy can jump higher than the girl. （改为否定句） 10. Liu Tao needs some pencils. （改为否定句） 疑问句部分一、单项选择题( ) 1. Excuse me_ is the nearest bookshop ? Go down the street and turn left at the second corner? A. how B. what C. where D. who( ) 2. _ is a ticker for the film Hacker He? About forty yuan . A. How old B. How many C. How much D. How often( ) 3. _ are you going? Im going to the library. A. Who B. Which C. What D. Where( ) 4. is it from Beijing to Shanghai? A. How much B. How soon C. How long D. How far( ) 5. _? Its eight. A. What day is it today B. Whats five and three C. How old are you D. Whats your telephone number( ) 6. _? Ive got a headache and a cough. A. Whats the matter with you B. Whats wrong with it C. Can I help you D. How are you( ) 7. _ tea did you have? A. How many B. How much C. How soon D. Which ( ) 8. _ shall we meet in the park? What about half past eight?A. What B. When C. Where D. Which( ) 9. _ does your school have sports meetings? Twice a year. A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. How many times( ) 10. _? The one behind the tree. A. Whose girl is she B. Whos that girl C. Which girl is your sister D. Wheres the girl 二、就划线部分提问 1He often has lunch in the factory he often lunch? 2They will come back in a month will they come back? 3He hurt his leg last Sunday he his leg?4I got up at six this morning you up this morning? 5They were drawing a horse when I came in they when I came in? 6I didnt go to school because I had a bad cold you go to school? 7 Hed better take the No. 3 bus bus he better take? 8Hes feeling well he feeling? 9The girl in a red coat is my sister is your sister? 10He comes to China once a year he to China?祈使句部分一、单项选择( )1. _ the man and youll find his house. A. Follow B. FollowingC. To followD. Followed( )2._ when you cross the road. 3 s! Z0 a( S9 g0 o2 y# s+ |3 Y6 P. P: & # d: m6 e) i( A. Taking care 9 e1 W2 O0 I9 Y : m5 K2 yB. Take care ( K _9 Y, h7 p+ T. + E; sC. To take care 0 | X1 U7 m3 q7 x2 X mD. Takes care( )3._ in bed. Its bad for your eyes. . V5 o; p% B9 v. q, s7 _! DA. Not to read * I( G s- v b9 M7 q E( JB. Dont read C. Dont to read & r: & p: c. T) z; D. Not read( )4._ your child. Well look after him.B0 I; d- Il ; W9 Y- dy3 % lA. Not to worry about3 i5 v% $ z1 z! B. Dont worry about( E3 J! M; j C. Not worry for * KV7 4 t/ nD. Dont worry with6 d: ?8 ( )5. Dont waste your money on silly things _ it. A. Save B. To save C. Saving D. Having saved( )6. To keep fresh, _ the eggs in the fridge. A. put B. putting C. to put D. to be putting( )7. Dont sit there watching. _ and help me! A. Come B. Coming C. To come D. To be coming( )8. The TV is too loud. Please_. A. turn it down B. to turn it down C. turn down it D. to turn down it( )9. in the street because it is dangerous. A. Not play B. Dont play C. Not to play D. Play not( )10. when you do your homework. A. Be careful B. Dont be careful C. Are careful D. Carefully二、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. Its an important meeting. _(not, be )late. 2. _ (not, make) noise! Your mother is sleeping. 3. _(not, speak) with your mouth full of food and _ (be) polite. 4. _( not, talk) and _ (read) aloud. 5. _(not, leave) your homework for tomorrow, Larry. 6. _(look) out! A car is coming. 7. _(give) us two hours and we will finish the work.8. _(not, let) the baby cry. 9. (wear ) more clothes or you will catch a cold. 10. Lets _(not, say) anything about it. 感叹句部分一、单项选择( ) 1._clevergirlsheis! A.Whata B.What C. Howa D.How( ) 2._interestingstoryitis! A.Whatan B.Whata C.HowanD.How( ) 3._childrentheyare! A.What B.Whata C.Howa D.How( ) 4._flowerstheyare! A.Whatbeautiful B.Whatabeautiful C.Howbeautiful D.Howabeautiful( ) 5._itistoday! A.Howcold B.WhatcoldC.Howacold D.Whatacold( ) 6._badtheweatheris! A.How B.What C.Whata D.Howa( ) 7._ goodnewsitis! A.How B.Whata C. Howa D.What( ) 8._thesunshineis! A.Whatabright B.HowabrightC.Howbright D.whatbright( ) 9._hewrites. A.Howgood B.Howwell C.Whatgood D.Whatwell( ) 10._Li Leiruns! A.Whatfastboy B.Whatfast C.Howfast D.Howafast( ) 11._hardheworks！ A.How B.WhatC. How a D. What a ( ) 12.Whichistrue? A.Howtallthebuildingsare! B.Whattallthebuildingsare! C.Howtallbuildingstheyare! D.whatatallbuildingstheyare!( ) 13._itisraining! A.HowheavilyB.Whatheavy C.HowheavyD. What a heavy( ) 14. _ delicious the dish is! A. What B. How C. What aD. What an( ) 15.