商务英语外贸实务教材考试重点.doc

2011.6 09文2英语期末考试复习重点一、判断题。1. International trade is only the exchange of goods between nations.国际贸易只是在国家之间的货物的交换。错。2. Trade surplus means that a countrys imports exceed its exports. （出口大于进口）贸易盈余意味着一个国家进口超过它的出口。错。3. Countries can do business freely without regulations in international trade. 国家能自由地经商而没有国际贸易的规则。错。4. An agent needs to carry stock as a distributor does. 代理商需要像经销商所做的那样支持货物的供应。错。5. All international business transactions are done under Incoterms 2000. 所有国际商业交易是在2000年国贸术语解释通则下完成的。错。改为：sales contracts 销售合同6. Under FOB San Francisco, San Francisco is the port of destination. 错。装运港船上交货，到达口，改为：shipment装运港7. Under CIF, cargo insurance is to be effected by the buyer. 在CIF术语下（成本保险费加运费）之下，货物保险是被买方影响。错。改为：seller卖方8. Different commodities have different qualities, but the same commodity must have the same quality. 不同的商品有不同的性质，但是相同的商品一定有相同的性质。错。9. Packing can only serve as a form of protection. 包装只能视为一种保护贸易的形式。错。10. Cargo transport insurance is to protect the interests of traders from any possible financial losses. 货物运输保险是为了保护交易者在贸易中任何可能发生金融损失的利益。错。11. The additional coverage can be taken out separately. 附加承保范围可以分别被取出。错。12. It is the best way to choose a large insurance coverage. 最好的方法是选择一个大的保险范围。错。13 “USD200 per M/T CIFC2 London” means that the seller will receive 200 US dollars for per metric ton. 错。 13. Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for 对。 international trade.外汇汇率波动可能为国际贸易产生许多问题。14. Tariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers. 对。税和配额是贸易壁垒的例子。15. Under the trade form of agency, the principal sets the retail price, retains title and controls the goods. 16. The distributor gains profits from the price difference at which he buys and resells the goods. 17. The goods exported on the consignment remain the title to the exporter. 18. The “D”-terms mean arrival contracts, while the “C”-terms evidence departure contracts. 19. Whether sale by buyers sample or sellers sample, the quality of the commodities should be strictly same as sample. Otherwise, it should be stipulated in the contract clearly. 20. Different ways of measurement such as by weight , by length, by area, by volume and by capacity may be used for different products. 21. Sea transport is the most important mode of transport in international trade now. 22. The freight of liners is relatively fixed, while the freight of tramps is mainly determined by the market. 23. Partial shipment means that the goods under one contract are shipped in different terms or by different lots. 24. If there is on direct sail to the destination, the “transshipment shall be allowed” shall be stipulated in the contract. 25. Transshipment may increase the cost of shipment and the possibility of delay in delivery of commodities. 26. WAP is a wider cover than FPA. 27. A unit price consists of four parts: currency unit, unit price figure, measuring unit and price terms. 28. Generally, the price of a foreign exchange is expressed in another currency. 29. Discount is usually used as a means of promoting and expanding sales. 二、汉译英。1. 国际贸易international trade 2.世界贸易world trade3. 对外贸易foreign trade 4.海外贸易oversea trade5.经济增长economic growth 6.国外市场foreign market7.贸易差额balance of trade 8.贸易顺差trade surplus9.贸易逆差trade deficit 10.配额 quota11.自由贸易free trade 12.贸易形式trade form13.代理agency 14.经销distribution15.投标bidding 16.委托人principal17.包销商exclusive distributor18.一般经销non-exclusive distributor 19.公开招标open bids20.商品描述description of commondity21.品名name of commodity22.品牌brand 23.商标trademark 24.质量公差quality tolerance 25.毛重 gross weight26.净重net weight 27.参考样品reference sample28.良好平均品质FAQ 29.上好适销品质GMQ30.公吨metric tons 31.溢短装条款more or less clause32.增减条款plus or minus clause 33.包装packing34.散装货bulk cargoes 35.大路货general merchandises36.运输方式Mode of transport 37.海洋运输sea transport38.铁路运输rail transport 39.公路运输road transport40.航空运输air transport 41.集装箱运输 container transport42.整箱货 FCL 43.拼箱货LCL44.托运人consignor 45.收货人consignee46.装运时间time of shipment 47.装运港 port or shipment48.目的港port of destination 49.装运通知shipping notice50.分批装运 partial shipment 51.转运transshipment52.承保人insurer 53.保险公司insurance company54.保（险）费premium 55.全部损失 total loss 56.战争险 war risk 57.罢工险strikes risk58.平安险FPA 59.水渍险WTA60.一切险all risks 61.保险范围insurance average62.保险单insurance clause 63.单价unit price64.价格术语 price terms 65.硬通货币hard currency66.软货币soft currency 67.汇率 foreign exchange68.外汇保值条款exchange proviso clause 69.净重 net price 70.现金折扣 cash discount 71特殊折扣 special discount 72.暗折扣 secret discount 三英译汉。贸易名称 全称 中文含义1. EXW Ex Works 工厂交货2. FOB Free on Board 装运港船上交货3. CFR Cost and Freight 成本加运费4.CIF Cost Insurance Freight 成本保险费加运费5. neutral packing 中性包装 6in bulk/in loose packing散装7. consumer pack零售包装 8.water proof packaging 防水包装9. moisture proof packaging防潮包装10. an initial order最初订单 11 .a tail order拖欠订单12. to confirm an order确认订单26页Ways for SaleDealers in the commodity exchanges can either buy for immediate delivery, or forward delivery in, say, three months time. Forward delivery is known as a future contract. In the simplest case, when prices are rising, you can buy for immediate delivery and sell forward; then, provided the cost of warehousing and financing is less than the difference between the two points, you will make a profit. Of course , this is not possible when prices are falling.Manufactures have to quote firm prices for many months ahead, but they run the risk of having to buy their raw materials in six month time at a higher than that on which they based todays selling price. But they cannot afford to take immediate delivery of all the raw materials they willRequire over the next six months. It would lock up too much finance, and they would be at a disadvantage if the raw material price fell, and their competitors bought at the lower price. So they go in for hedging operations on the Commodity Exchange. The prices of raw materials change every day, so offers are usually only firm for about twenty-four hours. The prices of manufactured goods, on the other hand, remain unchanged, as a rule, for weeks or months .So buyers can place orders on the basis of a manufacturers printed price list. There are many ways of selling manufactured goods to foreign buyers. A manufacturer may sell direct to wholesalers and maintain his own traveling representatives, or set up his own offices or companies abroad. Alternatively he may sell to an export merchanting house; in this case, there is little financial risk for the producer, since the merchant acts as a principal and pays for the goods himseft. A third possibility is for the manufacturer to appoint foreign agents who will work on commission. In this case goods may be on consignment, unsold, and the agent is expected to obtain the best price available. 53 页Sale by sampleSamples can be offered either by the seller or the buyer, i.e., sale by sellers sample or sale by buyers sample .There is another sample called “counter sample”. When the sample is offered by the buyer, the seller may not be very sure whether he could supply the goods in conformity with it. In order to make sure of this, he may first provide a sample produced according to the buyers original sample and send it to the buyer for confirmation. This sample is a counter sample. If the counter sample is confirmed by the buyer, it will be the basis of the sellers delivery, i.e., sale by counter sample. It should be noted that sometimes the seller may send a sample to potential buyer before the contract is concluded. This kind of sample is not the basis of delivery by the seller. However, the parties may agree to deliver the goods in conformity with it in the contract, and the contract, and then it will be the delivery.55页 More or less clause It is sometimes difficult to ship the exact quantity of the commodity, then a “more or less clause”, also called“ plus or minus clause”, may be used to allow some tolerance in the quantity. The wording of such a clause might be “XXX with X% more or less at seller/buyer/shippers option”. “At shippers option” is generally used when charter transport is adopted, because by this means, the capacity of the ship is fully used. If the word “about ”or “approximately” is used, it means a difference not exceeding 10% more or 10% less is allowed. Generally speaking, unless there is a stipulation that the quantity of the goods must not be exceeded or reduced, a tolerance of 5% more or 5% less will be permissible. This clause is normally used for bulk goods and applicable to the number of packed units or individual items. It is also important to allow the same tolerance in the total sum of payment if the quantity has a tolerance so that the seller will be paid when he has shipped more goods. 61页 Packaging for Exporting Packaging for exporting requires a different focus from packaging for domestic use . Often domestic packaging is primarily designed to display the product for sale, save weight, or advertise the shippers company. Export packaging is primarily designed to protect the product from hazards of international shipment and to comply with legal requirements. What packaging is best for exported products depends on the nature and value of the goods, the type of transportation involved and the legal requirements. As we have already learned, different modes of transport present different dangers to the cargo. Delicate, high-value goods merit better protection than cheap bulk cargoes. Fresh fruits and vegetables present particularly difficult problems. The first rule to be observed when packaging for export is to consider the entire journey , including the short hauls to and from the primary carriers. Pack the goods so that they will survive each leg of the trip intact. Special considerations must be taken when loading containers. Some types of cargoes do not mix with others. For example, drugs of a noxious chemical are clearly not compatible with food stuffs, and the two should not be stowed in the same container. 68页Sea, rail, road, air, a