哲学、心理学、与教育社会学概论（英文）.ppt

IntroductionToPhilosophy PsychologyandSociologyofEducation CreatedbyJeffStraussMAEducationalFoundations BranchesofStudy PhilosophicalTheoriesofHumanExistence Pre Socratic Medieval Modern 19thand20thCenturyTheoriesofHumanBehaviorandDevelopment Biological Religious Psychological Behavioral Socio culturalHistoricalEras Ancient DarkAges Enlightenment AgeofReason Modernism Industrial InformationSociologicalTheoriesofSocietyandCultures Structuralism ConflictTheory Marxism CriticalTheory Post Modernism Philosophy Fromtheearliestbeginningsofrecordedhistoryithasinvolveddiscussionsanddebatesnotjustabouttruth butwhatareourmethodsofinquiryintotruth Sooneofthedifferencesbetweenphilosophyandstraightforwardscientificinquiryisthatinphilosophytheissueisn tmerelyaboutwhatthetruthis buthowwecanknowwhatthetruthis Aphysicistandbiologistknowthings butthephilosopherasks Howdotheyknow Itisforthatreasonthatphilosophyisoftendescribedasa second order activity thinkingaboutthinking knowingaboutknowing Thales 624 546B C E Everythingismadeofwater Thereisanunderlyingrealitybeyondappearancesthatisradicallydifferentfromthingsastheyappeartousthroughoursenses 25CenturiesSincePhilosophyandScienceHavealteredonly1word EverythingismadeofwaterEverythingismadeofairEverythingismadeoftheindeterminateboundlessEverythingismadeoffireEverythingismadeofnumbersEverythingismadeofatomsEverythingismadeofquarks Aristotle Plato Socrates TheancientGreeksasastartingpointforwesterncivilizationsphilosophicaltraditions LosTresAmigos Socrates 470to399B C E Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving ThisstatementsetsthestageforarevolutionaryprogressionofWesternthinking ThattheindividualisresponsibletoanswerquestionssuchasWhatmeaningdoIwanttogivemylife HowshouldIlive Whatreallymatters WhatistruthandhowcanIknowit IntrinsicValue Plato 428 348B C E PlatoandtheAllegoryoftheCave PlatoviewedtheworldofappearancesasanillusionTrueknowledge ideas couldnotbesoughtthroughthesensesWisdomrequiresustoseebeyondsenseexperienceandtolearnabouttheunderlyingfirstprinciplesandcausesofthings Aristotle 384 322B C E Aristotlecollapsedthephysicalworldofmatter therealmofappearances andtheworldofideastoexplainchange HesawthesoulasnotindependentofthephysicalbodyHeinventedthesyllogism deductivelogic aswellasinductivelogic THEDARKAGES DecentintoTheDarkness MarcusAurelius 121 180 14thEmperorofRome HeregardedChristiansasthemostsubversiveanddangerouselementwithintheRomanEmpireandwarnedthatifChristianswereallowedtocorrupttheintellectandsoulsofthecitizensofRome theEmpirewouldfallTheywouldhavebeenwisetoheedhiswarnings TheRiseofChristianity InthethirdcenturythephilosophicaltraditionsfromThalestoAureliusgroundtoascreechinghalt TotheenlightenedcitizensattheheightoftheRomanEmpire withtheHellenicphilosophicalgeniusbehindthemandtheemergingpolitical socialandculturaladvancesbeforethem itmusthaveseemedasifsomegreat cosmicawakeningwasabouttohappen asifthenextlevelofenlightenmentwithinhumanconsciousnesswasjustaroundthecorner WhattheygotinsteadwastheDarkAges theburningofbooks theclosingofthephilosophyschools thecollapseoftheRomanEmpire DanielKolack FromthePre SocratictothePresent MedievalPhilosophy By3rdcenturyC E RomanEmpireisunwindingBecausetheywerenolongerpersecutedtheChristianswerenowwinningmoreconvertsCatholicphilosophydevelopedfromtheviewofPlato theStoicsandNeo PlatonistsdominatedWesternthoughtfora1000yearsAugustine Averroes Maimonides AquinasOckham Bacon MartinLuther Copernicus HowAncientPeopleEnvisionedtheUniverse MartinLuther TheReformation MartinLutherdealtthesymbolicblowthatbegantheReformationwhenhenailedhisNinety FiveThesestothedooroftheWittenbergChurch Thatdocumentcontainedanattackonpapalabusesandthesaleofindulgencesbychurchofficials TranslationoftheBibleintoGermanfromtheLatinbrokeRome sstrangleholdonthe Word TheRenaissance TheAgeofModernPhilosophy Empiricism Descartes IthinkthereforeIam Kant TheTranscendentalIdealistHegel TheAbsoluteIdealist ReneDescartes CogitoErgoSumCartesiangeometryMethodologicalSkepticismDifferentiatedthe handingdownofknowledge with truth ImmanuelKant Not howdoesanobjectaffectthemind but howdoesthemindaffectanobject Transcendentalism Spaceandtimearenotpartofthenoumenalworld butconstructsofthemind Hegel MuchasAristotlecollapsedthephysicalworldofmatter therealmofappearances andtheworldofideastoexplainchange Hegelpavedthewayfornottranscendingbeyondthephenomenalworldorinwardlytothementalfaculties empiricalandtherational buttobreakthroughlogicalcategoriesthemselves TheImplications FromKanttoHegeltherewasanenlightenmentThispavedthewayforexistentialisminwhichtheindividualisprimaryandexistenceisunderstoodinindividualistictermsSonowComte spositivismisbasedinpartonthenotionthat social verificationisanecessaryconditionfortruthandmeaning AugusteComteThebirthofPositivismThe3conditionsofintellectualdevelopment Primitivestage humanbeingsrelyonthepowerofsupernaturalbeingsexistingbeyondthenaturalworld SoexplanationsaregiveninsupernaturaltermsMetaphysicalstage explanationisultimatelytheologicalandsupernaturalentitiesarereplacedwithabstractnotions Positivestage themindisfreedbyreasonandobservationfromitsvainegotisticalsearchfor AbsoluteNotions Sociology ThePlayersandTheories Functionalism Weber DurkheimConflictTheory Marx EngleCriticalTheory FrankfurtSchoolSemiotics Pierce SaussurePragmatism WilliamJames JohnDeweyPostModernism Foucault Lyotard Functionalism InexplainingthebasisofsocialorderinsocietiesthestartingpointforFunctionalistsistolookatwholesocietiesandnottheindividualThestartingpointofallFunctionalismisthatallsocietieshavecertainbasicneedsEmileDurkheimdrawsananalogybetweenthewayabiologicalorganismworksandsociety Thevariousorgansofalivingthingworktogetherinordertomaintainahealthywholeinmuchthesamewaythatvariousinstitutionsinsocietyworktogethertoproducesocialorder Functionalistsbelievethatthebasisofanorderlysocietyistheexistenceofacentralvaluesystemthatimposescommonvaluesonallitsmembers MAXWEBER Bureaucraticcoordinationofhumanaction Weberbelieved isthedistinctivemarkofmodernsocialstructures HierarchyofauthorityImpersonalityWrittenrulesofconductPromotionbasedonachievementSpecializeddivisionoflaborEfficiency ConflictTheory KarlMarx ThefollowingarefourprimaryassumptionsofmodernconflicttheoryCompetitionStructuralinequalityRevolutionWar FrankfurtSchool TheywereconcernedtodevelopcriticaltheoryfromtheworksofKarlMarx whilstradicallyrevisingmanyMarxianideas Theygreatlydevelopedthecritiqueofthemassmediainmasssociety whattheyreferredtoasthecultureindustry andtheirworkisthereforeattherootofmuchMarxiancriticismofthemassmedia Astheysawit thecultureindustryplayedahighlymanipulativeroleinmodernsocietyandservedtocontrolorsubvertoppositionalconsciousness thusremovinganythreattothedominantcapitalistclass Thepossibilityofrevolutionarytransformationofsocietywasseenbythemasbeingeffectivelyexcludedbyadominantbureaucracywhichwassupportedbythecultureindustry criticaltheory DevelopingfromtheworkoftheFrankfurtSchooltheorists criticaltheoryhasalwaysbeenmultidisciplinary perhapsmoreaccurately supradisciplinary drawingonsociology literarycriticism philosophy psychology artcriticism politicalscienceandmanyotherfields Centraltocriticaltheoryisanemancipatoryimperativedirectedtowardstheabolitionofsocialinjusticeandfocusedprincipallyonacritiqueofideology showinghowrepressiveinterestsunderlietheostensiblyneutralformulationsofscience politics economics cultureingeneral Inphilosophy wherethetermisextensivelyused itappliestomovementsthatincludepost structuralism deconstruction multiculturalism genderstudiesandliterarytheory sometimescalledsimply theory Itemergedbeginninginthe1950 sasacritiqueofdoctrinessuchaspositivismandemphasizestheimportanceofpowerrelationships personalizationanddiscourseinthe construction oftruthandworldviews POST MODERNISM 3MajorTheoriesofDevelopment PsychoanalyticTheories Stresstheimportanceofchildren sunconsciousthoughts Itisheavilycoloredbyemotionandinfluencedbyparentsastothechild sdevelopmentCognitiveTheories Stresschildren sconsciousthoughts BehavioralTheories Stresstheeffectsoftheenvironmentontheorganismtoadapt learnandchange Behaviorism DefinitionBehaviorismisatheoryofanimalandhumanlearningthatonlyfocusesonobjectivelyobservablebehaviorsanddiscountsmentalactivities Behaviortheoristsdefinelearningasnothingmorethantheacquisitionofnewbehavior Constructivism DefinitionConstructivismisaphilosophyoflearningfoundedonthepremisethat byreflectingonourexperiences weconstructourownunderstandingoftheworldwelivein Eachofusgeneratesourown rules and mentalmodels whichweusetomakesenseofourexperiences Learning therefore issimplytheprocessofadjustingourmentalmodelstoaccommodatenewexperiences Freud Sigmund 1856 1939 Responsiblefordevelopingtheoriescentraltopsychoanalysis thepsychologyofhumansexuality anddreaminterpretation Hismajorcontributionwasinpointingtoconnectionsbetweenaberrantbehaviorandtheunconscious TheId EgoandSuperego LevVygotsky SocialDevelopmentTheory ThemajorthemeofVygotsky stheoreticalframeworkisthatsocialinteractionplaysafundamentalroleinthedevelopmentofcognition Vygotsky 1978 states Everyfunctioninthechild sculturaldevelopmentappearstwice first onthesociallevel andlater ontheindividuallevel first betweenpeople interpsychological andtheninsidethechild intrapsychological This