新视野大学英语教材课文要点第二册后五单元.doc

英语要点热二*第六单元A篇*Language Point 1 As His Name Is, So Is He! (Title) Meaning: A mans name suggests something about his nature or manner. Language Point 2 I just dont feel like a Debbie. (Para. 1) Meaning: I just do not think the name Debbie can show my character. Language Point 3 One day, while filling out an application form for a publishing job, the young woman impulsively substituted her middle name, Lynne, for her first name Debbie. (Para. 2) Meaning: One day, when she was filling out an application form for a publishing job, the young woman replaced her first name Debbie with her middle name Lynne without thinking much. Note that middle names are chosen by parents at the same time as the first name. Popular middle names are identical to those of first names, such as John, James, David, etc., with an emphasis on biblical figures (again, like first names). In the US and UK, a males middle name is sometimes his fathers first name. Alternatively, a males first name may be the same as his fathers, in which case the middle name may be used as a first name so as to distinguish him from his father. Language Point 4 Naturally, the name change didnt cause Debbie/Lynnes professional achievement. (Para. 3) Meaning: Of course, the name change was not the reason for Debbie/Lynnes success at work. Language Point 5 . but it surely helped if only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents. (Para. 3) Meaning: . but without doubt it helped, even if it only made her feel a little more confident in her abilities. Language Point 6 Throughout history, names have not merely identified people but also described them. (Para. 3)Note that not merely. but also. simply means not only. but also. Language Point 7 . some quality considered characteristic or descriptive of a person or a thing, often expressing approval or disapproval. (Para. 3) Meaning: . some quality believed to be typical of a person or thing, often showing that they approve or disapprove something. Language Point 8 For better or worse. (Para. 3)Meaning: Whether the result is good or bad. Note that this expression has become widely known because it appears in the marriage service: . for richer or poorer, in sickness and in health, for better or worse, till death do us part.（.无论贫穷还是富有，疾病还是健康，相爱相敬，不离不弃。） Language Point 9 The latter name particularly bothers me. (Para. 4) Meaning: The second name especially disturbs me. Language Point 10 . which some think makes me more qualified to be a baseball player than, say, an art critic. (Para. 4) Meaning: .the name suggests to some people that I am more suitable to be a baseball player than something else, for example, an art critic. Language Point 11 Even so, one prominent magazine consistently refused to print Joe in my by-line. (Para. 4) Meaning: However, one well-known magazine repeatedly refused to print my name Joe as the name of the writer of the story or article. Language Point 12 I suspect that if I were a more refined Arthur or Adrian, the name would have appeared complete. (Para. 4) Meaning: I think that if my name were Arthur or Adrian, which suggests that a person with the name is well-educated and polite, my full name would have been printed in my by-line. Language Point 13 . names with a positive sense can work for you, even encourage new acquaintances. (Para. 5) Meaning: . names that suggest good qualities can be useful, and even help you come to know new people. Language Point 14 . turned down a blind date. (Para. 5) Meaning: . refused to go to a date arranged by someone else. Language Point 15 . she came up to me at a party, pressing for an introduction to a very impressive man. (Para. 5) Meaning: . she came over to me at a party, insisting that I introduce her to a charming man. Language Point 16 She was ill at ease. (Para. 5) Meaning: She felt uncomfortable. Language Point 17 Though most of us would like to think ourselves free from such prejudiced notions, were all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent. (Para. 6) Meaning: Though most of us would like to think that we dont have such prejudiced notions, to some degree, all of us are wrong having too-simple ideas or images about people and attaching to them the qualities suggested by their names. Note that in the text, name stereotyping means attaching an over-simplified idea or image to people according to the qualities suggested by their names. The term stereotype is often used in a negative sense, and stereotypes are seen by many as undesirable beliefs which can be altered through education. Common stereotypes include a variety of unfair ideas or images about various social groups based on race, class and sex. Language Point 18 Confess: Wouldnt you be surprised to meet a carpenter named Nigel? A physicist called Bertha? A Pope Mel? (Para. 6) People tend to have stereotypes or prejudice about names. Here is why the writer says we may be surprised to meet certain people with certain names in relation to their profession. carpenter and Nigel: The name Nigel usually donates a champion or an artist who are of higher social class, while a carpenter is usually seen as a labor worker of lower social class. So people will be surprised to meet a carpenter with the name Nigel. physicist and Bertha: Bertha usually makes people think of somebody who is fat. A physicist, however, should know how to eat healthily and keep a good figure. That is why people will be surprised to meet a physicist with the name of Bertha. Pope and Mel: A Pope is a person of very high social class and is highly respected. However, the name Mel usually donates an image of a car repairman. If a Mel drinks, he drinks beer instead of wine. That is why people will be surprised to meet a Pope with the name of Mel. Language Point 19 . we project name-based stereotypes on people. (Para. 6) Meaning: . we imagine that people have the qualities suggested by their names. Language Point 20 . as one woman friend discovered while taking charge of a nursery schools group of four-year-olds. (Para. 6) Meaning: . as a woman friend discovered while she was responsible for a group of four-year-old children at a nursery school. Language Point 21 . and pushing a thoughtful creature named Rory to play ball. (Para. 6) Meaning: . and forcing a child who likes to think to play ball because his name is Rory. Language Point 22 . performed better on objectively graded IQ and achievement tests than did girls with less appealing names. (Para. 7) Meaning: . got better results on fair IQ and achievement tests than did girls whose names are not so attractive. Language Point 23 . you arent stuck with the label. (Para. 8) Meaning: . you are not forced to use it and you can change it. *第六单元B篇*Language Point 1 A standard criticism of sociological research is that it goes to great lengths to prove what most people with common sense already know. (Para. 1) Meaning: People normally criticize sociological research for trying too hard to show a fact that is already known to most people with common sense. Language Point 2 Without exactly taking sides for or against that criticism. (Para. 1) Meaning: Not showing ones support or ones opposition to a particular criticism. Language Point 3 . I want to describe a sociological exercise that might seem to validate it. (Para. 1) Meaning: . I want to describe a sociological experiment that might seem to prove it. Language Point 4 . the experience made a common claim come alive. (Para. 1) Meaning: . the experience is a vivid example of a common claim. Language Point 5 We carried plastic bags of nameless possessions. (Para. 2) Meaning: We carried plastic bags which contained things of little value. Language Point 6 I wore a wool hat that concealed my hair and an unfashionable coat and glasses with sunshades that clipped on. (Para. 2) Meaning: I wore a wool hat that hid my hair from view and a coat not in fashion and eyeglasses with sunshades attached. Language Point 7 The aim was to look like street people and to observe what difference that made in the way other people responded to us. (Para. 3) Meaning: The aim was to look like people who live on the streets (i.e., homeless people) and see how people reacted to us. Language Point 8 . whether the appearance of poverty would invite prejudice on us. (Para. 3) Meaning: . whether the fact that we looked poor would make people have prejudice against us. Language Point 9 We were also prepared to act out some mildly unusual behaviors that might speak of some emotional problems. (Para. 3) Meaning: We also got ready to do some slightly unusual deeds to show that we might have some emotional problems. Language Point 10 As it turned out, there was no need for dramatics. (Para. 3) Meaning: As it happened, there was no need for behavior that shows too much emotion. Language Point 11 . people turned us off or tuned us out on the basis of appearance alone. (Para. 3) Meaning: . people drove us away or ignored us simply because of our appearance. Language Point 12 . in the bargain store of a local charity, where we politely asked access to a bathroom and were refused. (Para. 4) Meaning: . in a local charity store which offers goods at a lower price. There we politely asked to use a bathroom but were refused. Charity is a billion-dollar business in developed countries. It is the short form for charitable trust, foundation or corporation set up entirely for charitable purposes. These are set up for specific purposes, such as curing diseases, providing goods or services for people or areas that lack them, nature conservation, and many others. In most developed countries a charitable organization needs, by law, to register with the government. This is to reduce the possibilities of fraud and increase the opportunities for charities to receive tax breaks. Language Point 13 We werent up to trying our act at an exclusive restaurant, so we wandered around the first floor and left. (Para. 4) Meaning: We were not prepared to act out our unusual behavior at an expensive restaurant, so we walked around the first floor and then left. Language Point 14 . where we more or less blended with the customers. (Para. 4) Meaning: . where we almost mixed with the customers. Language Point 15 It was prejudice time. (Para. 5) Meaning: During all this time we suffered from a lot of prejudice. Language Point 16 Clerks in stores followed our track to watch our every move. (Para. 5) Meaning: The people who worked in the stores followed us and watched every movement we made. Language Point 17 . it seemed worth that price to have us out the door. (Para. 5) Meaning: . it seemed worth $2 to get us out of the door. Language Point 18 At one doorway, a clerk physically blocked the entrance apparently to discourage our entry. (Para. 5)Meaning: A shop assistant stood in one doorway, obviously to stop us from getting in. Language Point 19 . apart from wearing down-scale clothing, we did nothing in any of these settings to draw attention to ourselves. (Para. 6) Meaning: . except for the cheap clothing we wore, we did nothing in any of these situations to get people to notice us. Language Point 20 At one establishment we did blow our cover. (Para. 6) Meaning: At one shop, we did reveal our true identity to others. Language Point 21 . that may have been too far out of character for bag ladies. (Para. 6) Meaning: . that behavior may have gone beyond what bag ladies normally do. Language Point 22 Elsewhere we encountered ribbing, imitating, lack of trust, and rude stares. (Para. 6)Meaning: In other places we met people making fun of us, copying our manners, not trusting us, and staring at us in a rude way. Language Point 23 Just looking poor brings with it prejudice, accompanied by removal of much of the social grace most of us take for granted. (Para. 7) Meaning: The appearance of poverty alone brings with it prejudice, together with the loss of good manners that most of us think we should be treated with. Language Point 24 Lacking the culturally acceptable symbols of belonging in this setting, we became, to a degree, objects, with less inherent dignity as persons. (Para. 7)Meaning: Because we didnt show what is acceptable behavior in this cultural setting, we were regarded, to some extent, as objects rather than people deserving respect. Notice that when belong is followed by in, it means be in the right place or situation. In this sense it is different from belong to. For example: Wild animals dont belong in a zoo. 野生动物不应该在动物园里。The car belongs to the woman next door. 这辆车是隔壁那位女士的。 Language Point 25 . where a clerk conspicuously positioned herself in the entrance on seeing us. (Para. 8) Meaning: . where a shop assistant stood in the entrance in an obvious manner to stop us from entering when she saw us. Language Point 26 The place felt out of bounds for us. (Para. 9) Meaning: We felt that we were not allowed to go into the place. Language Point 27 . internalizing the superficial and prejudiced judgments of ourselves. (Para. 9) Meaning: . gradually accepting the shallow and prejudiced judgments of ourselves. Language Point 28 . prevailed among the people we met. (Para. 9) Meaning: . was widespread among the people we met. Language Point 29 . we catalogued ourselves. (Para. 9) Meaning: .we put ourselves into certain groups or categories. Language Point 30 Undoubtedly, its a good lesson to learn, maybe especially for sociologists. (Para. 9) Meaning: There is no doubt that people can learn something from our experiment, especially sociologists. *第七单元A篇*Language Point 1 If you often feel angry and overwhelmed, like the stress in your life is spinning out of control, then you may be hurting your heart. (Para. 1) Meaning: If you are often angry and very strongly affected by negative feelings, as if the stress you experience is going out of control, then it is possible that you are doing harm to your heart. Language Point 2 So says Dr. Robert S. Eliot. (Para. 3) Its an inverted sentence. The normal order is: Dr. Robert S. Eliot . says so. So refers to what is talked about in Paragraph 2. The reasons for the inverted order of the sentence are that the subject of the sentence is too long and, what is more, the subject bears the new information of the whole sentence. To keep the sentence in balance, and to achieve the end-weight (that is: leave the complex structure toward the end of the sentence) and end-focus (that is: leave the new information toward the end of the sentence), the word so is put at the very beginning and the verb comes before the subject. One more example: So goes the story. 故事如此云云。 Language Point 3 . hot reactors. (Para. 4) Meaning: . people who are hot-tempered. Language Point 4 . excess alarm or stress chemicals can literally burst heart muscle fibers. (Para. 5)Meaning: . too great amounts of chemicals produced by too much anxiety or tension can actually damage heart muscles. Language Point 5 It creates many short circuits, and that causes crazy heart rhythms. (Para. 5)Meaning: Damaged heart muscles cause the heart a lot of problems, which result in irregular heart beat. Language Point 6 The heart beats like a bag of worms instead of a pump. (Para. 5)Meaning: The heart works badly rather than beat like a pump. Here like a bag of worms is a simile, meaning that the heart works irregularly and without much power. Language Point 7 He attributes some of the cause to stress. (Para. 6)Meaning: He believes that, to some extent, stress is the cause for his heart trouble. Language Point 8 On the exterior, he was cool, calm and collected, but on the interior, stress was killing him. (Para. 6) Meaning: In appearance he was very calm and self-controlled, but deep down he could hardly stand any more pressure. Language Point 9 The main predictors of destructive levels of stress are the FUD factors-fear, uncertainty and doubt. (Para. 7) Meaning: The main signs to show that stress has produced damaging effects on health are fear, uncertainty, and doubt. Language Point 10 . together with perceived lack of control. (Para. 7) Meaning: . accompanied by obvious lack of control. Language Point 11 For many people, the root of their stress is anger, and the trick is to find out where the anger is coming from. (Para. 8) Meaning: As the most important cause of many peoples stress is anger, the best solution is to find out what makes them angry. Language Point 12 They feel they have to be all things to all people and do it all perfectly. (Para. 9) Meaning: These women feel they have to play all the roles their life demands of them and, therefore, do all of these different things perfectly. Language Point 13 They think, I should, I must, I have to. (Para. 9) Meaning: They think, I should, I must, and I have to do everything perfectly. Language Point 14 Good enough is never good enough. (Para. 9) Meaning: However good their performance is, they (or they feel others may) never think it is good enough. Language Point 15 Perfectionists cannot delegate. (Para. 9) Meaning: Perfectionists cannot give some of their duties to others. Language Point 16 They get angry that they have to carry it all, and they blow their tops. (Para. 9) Meaning: They get angry be