初高中衔接教材之定语从句[1].doc

The Attributive Clause定语从句概念什么是主句、从句？主句(main clause; principal clause)即句子的主体,能单独使用或出现的句子。从句(Subordinate Clause)是复合句对学生来说又是一个新“名词”中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom，when，why，where, how，which等引导词引导的非主句部分。Theres a photo competition that I want to win. (Book5 Moudle7 Unit1) 主句 引导词 从句什么是定语从句？在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句, 定语从句在句中做定语成分。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词(或代词)之后, 这种名词(或代词) 叫做先行词。通俗地说，先行词就是被定语从句所修饰的词。从句的特点：由引导词引导；从句的时态要服从于主句；从句的语序为陈述句的语序； 定语从句的结构通常为：先行词 + 引导词 + 从句先行词 引导词e.g.：Im looking for the photos that you took in Australia. (Book5 Moudle7 Unit1) 定语从句that为引导词，在从句中代替 the photos引导定语从句的关联词分为关系代词和关系副词，在从句中代替先行词。关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which等) 在定语从句中可用作主语、定语、宾语等；关系副词(when, where, why等)在定语从句中只用作状语。e.g.：The photo最好词汇丰富些，换一个词汇会更好 (which) we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. (B5M7U3) 定语从句 which 为引导词，在从句中代替 the photo,并做从句中的宾语，可以省略。 定语从句 This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. (Lesson77 New Concept English 2)which 为引导词，在从句中代替 this god ,并做从句中的主语。The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B. C. has just had an operation. (Lesson77 NCE2) 定语从句 Who为引导词，在从句中代替an Egyptian woman，并做从句中的主语增加相应的练习，便于学生理解。练习方式最好不用单项选择题。E.geg. 小写.：He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。注意: 关系词要在从句中充当一定的成分。关系代词所替代的词在从句中不能再出现。如何将两个简单句合成一个含定语从句的复合句？ 步骤：找到先行词；确定主句；（翻译）在整个从句之前加上引导词，且将从句中的“先行词”去掉，然后放在主句的先行词之后。（代入）Example:小写 Mr. Smith had brought boughta car. The car was destroyed in an earthquake.分析：先行词car；主句：The car was destroyed in an earthquake. Mr. Smith had brought a car. which that Mr. Smith had bought.结论： The car which / that Mr. Smith had bought was destroyed in an earthquake.将下列两个句子合并成为一个定语从句。 He was surprised at the trousers. His mother shortened it twice. _ The story was very long. The story was told by the famous writer._English is a language. English is widely used in business._He gave me a book. The book is of great value._This is the car. He came here in the car._I saw the man just now. He is the man._The house is on Yanan Road. Mary has bought the house._I usually take the bus. The bus was very crowded yesterday._ that引导的定语从句基本用法1. 定语从句一般要放在先行词之后。因此，定语从句在句中的位置随其先行词位置的变化而变化。如：Have you seen the photos名词和动词都换一下 尽量不与前面重复，学语法的同时复习单词 that I took on my trip?The photo that I took on my trip is on the desk.2. that引导的定语从句可以修饰无生命的东西，也可以修饰有生命的动物或人。如：Whats the name of the animal that jumps about?Who is the girl that talked to you yesterday?3. that如果在从句中作宾语使用，则可以省略不用。如：He is the student (that) we often talk about.Do you see the basketball (that) we are going to use in the match?4. 如果that在从句中作主语使用，那么谓语动词的单复数则由先行词来决定它的单复数。如：Look at the children that are playing soccer there.He has some bread that costs him about two dollars.Join the sentences with that.1. Uluru is the big rock. Its also known as Ayers Rock._2. Sydney Opera House was a symbol of Australia. It was used as the symbol of the 2000 Olympics._3. Australia is the country. Most British people would like to visit it._4. Some of the words are very different. Australians use them._5. Mr. Li has lived in Australia for 50 years. He came to our party._高级用法一、that指代某物时1. 先行词为all, few, little, much, the one, something, anything, everything, nothing等时。如：(1)Well do all that we can to protect the endangered plants and animals. 我们将尽我们的最大努力来保护那些濒危的动 植物。(2) There is much that I wan to tell you我有很多想要告诉你的话。(3) Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么我可以帮你的吗？2. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, (a)few, (a)little, much等限定词修饰时。如：(4) You can borrow any book that you want to read in our school library. 在我们图书馆，你可以借任何你想读的书。3. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：（5）This is the most beautiful city that Ive ever seen.这是我见过的最漂亮的城市。4. 先行词被the only, the very, the right, the last 等修饰时。如：（6）This is the very factory that they visited last summer holiday. 这恰好是他们去年参观的那个工厂。（7）This is the only painting in this style that we have.这种风格的画我们仅有一幅。5. 先行词是并列结构，既有人又有物时。如：（8）He talked happily of the writer and his books that interested him.6. 先行词前有the same修饰，表示和先行词是同一物时。如：（9）This is the same purse that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢的那个钱夹。如果表示的是与先行词同一类或相似的某物，则用the same as.如：（10）This is the same purse as I lost yesterday.这个钱夹和我昨天丢的那个一样。7. 先行词为数词时。（11）Look at the books on the bookshelf. You can see the two that you bought me for my birthday.瞧书架上那些书。你可以看到我过生日时你买的那两本。快速划出下列定语从句引导词只用that的标志词语。（练就火眼金睛）1）He was the first person that passed the exam. 2）This is the highest building that I have seen.3）Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 4）He answered few questions that the teacher asked.5）This is the same bike that I lost.6）Daming was the last pupil that got to school yesterday. 7）I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.8）Who is the girl that is crying？ 9）Which is the book that you want to borrow.巩固练习：1. This is the same book_ I lost the other day. Theres my name on it.A. that B. as C. / D. which2. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all.A. which B. what C. that D. when3. The first place _ the children were taken to see was their workshop.A. that B. which C. what D. where4. Tell me everything _ you know.A. which B. about that C. about which D. that5. This is the biggest library _ I have ever seen.A. which B. what C. where D. that6. This is the very person _I am looking for.A. which B. that C. who D. whom7. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.Athe way Bin the way that Cin the way Dthe way which8. This is all _ I can do for you.A. which B. what C. it D. /9. The book doesnt say much _ amuses children.A. what B. that C. whose D. to which10. There is nothing about him _ I know of.A. that B. which C . whom D. who参考答案：15 ACADD 610 BADBA( ) 1.I dont know the teacher _ is talking with Miss Wang.(2009,淄博)A. what B. whom C. who D. which( ) 2. All the children like the teachers _ can understandthem. (2009, 浙江) A.who B. which C. what D.whom( ) 3.This is the best way _ has been used against pollution.(2009,烟台)A.where B.why C.which D.that( )4.The result of the experiment was very good，_ we hadnt expected.(2009,济南)A.when B.that C.which D.who( ) 5.Beijing is the 29th city holds the Olympic Games.(2009,安徽)A. where B. that C.which D what( ) 6. He like music_ he could dance to. (06 福建) A. who B. that C. whom D. what( ) 7. There are lots of things_ I need to do before I leave tonight.(06 福建) A. that B. who C. why D. what( ) 8. Lucy likes music_ is quiet and gentle.(06 北京) A. why B. that C. what D. who which引导的定语从句先行词是物It successfully shows the rich culture which makes Beijing so famous. (B5M8UI) 引导词在从句中做主语它成功地展示了使北京闻名遐迩的悠久文化。The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. 引导词在从句中主语 先行词是物由此，我们可以看出：which引导的定语从句修饰的是无生命的东西。which在从句中的成分是可以作主语，也可以作宾语。多数情况下，可与that互换。但是要注意当从句中，介词提前只能用which.Join the sentences with which.I have a picture. The picture was painted by my uncle.I have a picture which was painted by my uncle.1. The photo is over there. You like the photo.2. Shes got a book. The book gives a lot of information about it.3. Ive found a shop. The shop has everything we need.4. The town is very near here. The town is described in the guidebook.5. The mountain is very beautiful. We climbed the mountain last year. that与which引导定语从句的区别1. 只能用that，不能用which作先行词的情况（1）先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which. 例如： Thats all that I know. 我知道的就这些。 Is there anything that you want to buy in town？ 你有什么东西要在城里买吗？ Nothing that the teacher does doesnt influence his students. 老师所做的事情没有不影响到学生的。（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which.例如： The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是城市。 This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。（3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只用that， 不用which.例如： The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。 The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常只用that， 不用which. 例如： He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。例如： Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？2. 只用which，不能用that作先行词的情况（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时，关系代词必须用which. 例如： The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。 This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 例如： This is the question which/that weve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。（2） 先行词为“those表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that. 例如：Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。(3) 在引导非限定性定语从句时, (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which we all know. 新概念英语是专为外国学生编写的，这是我们大家都知道的。（非限制性定语从句，不用that , which不可省略）考题 All _ is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which答案 B解析 先行词是不定代词all， 其限定性定语从句应由关系代词that引导， 在该定语从句中充当主语。as与which在定语从句中的用法As 引导的定语从句(1) 在由 as 引导的定语从句中所修饰的词（先行词）前面常有 such, so 或 the same。 例如：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. I have the same trouble as you. (2) As 在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。 例如： Lets discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.（作主语） I never heard such stories as he tells.（作宾语） Ive never seen such a clever man as he is.（作表语） (3) As有时引导非限制性定语从句，可在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，修饰主句，常解释为正如、如同。 As is known to all, the earth moves round the sun.（作主语） As was expected, he performed the task with success.（作主语） As he predicted, the wind changed.（作宾语） The meeting is very important, as indeed it is.（作表语） （4）as 常用于下列固定的表达：as we all know 大家都知道as I can remember 正如我所记得的as often happens 这经常发生as we expect 正如我们预料的那样as you see 这一点你明白as has been said before如前所述as is well known 众所周知as can be seen 看得出来引导非限制性定语从句时as和which的区别相同点 1. as和which都能引导定语从句，并都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。 例 1 He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 例 2 He is honest, as we can see. 他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。 2. 当非限定性定语从句置于句末时，as和which都可用来引导这个定语从句。 例 3 The number of senior high school students is increasing, as is mentioned above. （as引导非限定性定语从句，意思是“正如”。此时也可以换用which引导，但意思有别，意思是：“这一点上面提到了”。） 不同点 （一）语义上的区别 as作为关系代词仍多少保留 “理由”“比较” “方式” “等同”等意义，而which没有这些意义。因此，由as引导的定语从句通常在意义上不可与主句相悖，而且一般是肯定的，对主句意义起相辅作用，表示 “正如”等意义；而which引导从句则不受此限制。 Mother treats me just like a baby，which I cant bear 妈妈对我就像小孩，我真受不了。 She has married again，which was unexpected 她又结婚了，这是大家没有预料到的。 上面两句中的which都不宜用as。 （二）用法上的区别 (1) as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。As everybody knows, Shakespeare is a famouswriter.Shakespeare, as everybody knows, is a famouswriter.Shakespeare is a famous writer, as everybody knows.众所周知，莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。The plan worked out very well, which is more thanwecould expect.这个计划结果比我们预料得好得多。(2) 当从句谓语动词是be announced /expected /known /imagined /pointed out /said/reported /shown等被动形式，或usually happen, be often the case等表示主句的习惯性或司空见惯之意时，常用as。Asis announced in todays papers, all theschool will reopen on September1.正如今天报纸上所报道的一样，所有的学校将于9月1日开学。(3) 在which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词若是am, is, are，则这些系动词不能省略，而as后面若是这种情况，则可以省略。 He is a teacher, as (is) clear from his manner. (is可以省略) He said he had never seen her before, which was not true. （was 不可省略） (4) 当定语从句有“如同那样”的含义时，用as比用which更常见，而这些从句几乎成为固定说法。 Things will turn out contrary to ones wishes, as is often the case. 事与愿违，这是常有的事。As was natural, this inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression.这种过分希望之后，接着是极度的沮丧，是很自然的事。 As has been said above/ before. 正如前文所述 。 (5) 带介词的典型的定语从句，必须用which，不能用as。 There is a great deal of oxygen around us, without which we could not live. 我们周围有许多氧气，没有它我们就无法生存。 The shed in our garden, in which we often played, has lasted for a long time. 我们经常玩耍的花园里的那个棚子，已经有很长时间了。 who, whose 与whom 在定语从句中的用法1.由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句1）关系代词who用作主语，用于指人；whom用作宾语，也用于指人；whose用作定语，既可指人，也可指物。 修饰物时, 可与of which换用, 例如：This is the man who helped me.I, who am blind, advise you to use your eyes well.The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?Do you see the house whose windows are all broken?I saw some trees whose leaves were black with diseases.= I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with diseases.注意: 在口语中, who 可以代替whom作宾语。关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时, 一般可省略。2)of whom在从句中作主语时，有以下两种结构：The eighty passengers, ten of whom (of whom ten) were British, all escaped without serious injury.Join the sentences with whose.1. Thats the woman. Her children are very polite.2. Is he the man? His car was stolen.3. Are those the boys? Their parents are sending them to a “fat camp”?4. The trainer is Mr Jones. His fitness classes are the best.5. The man is over there. I cant remember the mans name.Join the sentences with who or which.1 the building is our school. The building stands by the lake. The building _is our school.2 Here is the girl. The girl wants to see you. Here is the girl _.3 I am the only student. I can run faster than Peter. I am the only student _.4 Yesterday we bought a book. The book is really hard to understand. Yesterday we bought a book _.5 Is this the play? We will see the play next month. Is this the play _?Complete the sentences with the words.Which who whose1. English is a language_ is changing all the time.2. France was the language_ was spoken by educated people.3. Chinese is the language_ importance is growing.4. All the people_ speak English are owners of the language.5. Students _ want to practice their English go to English clubs.Complete the sentences with the words.Which who that1. The man_ we met was cartoonist.2. He drew a dog_ had six legs3. The cartoon and the cartoonist _ youre talking about is famous.4. I know a teacher _ is also a cartoonist.5. The picture _ I like best is the first one.6. Did the children watch a cartoon _ was drawn by Alice last Friday?Join the sentences with whose.1 Linda goes to a table tennis club with the girl. Her mother is the teacher._2 They Went back to help the man. The mans car broke down._3. Susan was the teacher. Her work had amazing results._4. Damings father trains with a man. The mans son is in Damings class._5. Darning knows a boy. The boys brother is training for the basketball team._1. Mr.Green, there is someone at the front desk_ would like to speak with you. (05 广州) A. he B. who C. which D. whom2. Yao Ming is a famous basketball star_ is playing in the NBA. (06吉林) A. whose B. who C. what D. which3. Lian Zhan with his visitors_ from Taiwan _paying his first visit to the mainland of China. (06 兰州) A. who come; is B. who is; isC. which come; is D. that are; are4. He likes music_ he could dance to. (06 福建) A. who B. that C. whom D. what5. - Is the girl _ is interviewing the manager of that company your friend? - Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV. (06 天津) A. who B. that C. whom D. what6.-Doestheteacherknoweverybody_plantedthetrees?-Yes,hedoes.(04年哈尔滨) A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.who7 .Theletter_Ireceivedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant. (04年常州) A.who B.where C.what D.that8.-Wherei