高考英语电子教材-高考英语基础班讲义.doc

高三英语基础Unit 1 Language Learning精讲文章Foreign Language study in AmericaIt seems more and more Americans want schools to teach foreign languages to children younger than five years old. The most popular way to teach these young children another language is called immersion. Children in immersion programs hear only the new language in the classroom. The children play games, sing songs and talk to one another in the new language. Some experts say immersion programs are the most effective way for young children to learn a language. But there can be a problem when children in the United States begin to learn another language at such an early age. Not many elementary schools continue the effort as the children get older. Only seven of the fifty states require schools to teach a foreign language to students between the ages of six and twelve. Language experts say it is easier for younger children to learn a language. Still, American schools generally do not begin to teach foreign languages untilNotuntil secondary school. By then, students are about thirteen years old. American schools face difficult choices about the cost of educational programs. The federal government has increased现在完成时 support for foreign language study in its education law called No Child Left Behind. At the college level, the专有名词 Modern Language Association says more students than ever are studying现在进行时 foreign languages. The group recently announced一般过去时 its findings for the period from 1998 until 2002. The number of易混词组a number of students who studied foreign languages in American colleges and universities increased by seventeen percent. Spanish国家及语言之前不加冠词 is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities. Other popular languages include French, German, Japanese, Chinese and Italian. The Modern Language Association says more languages are being studied now than in the past. It says the largest growth since 1998 has been in the study of American Sign Language, Arabic and biblical Hebrew. The association says about nine percent of college students in the United States study foreign languages. That is the highest level since 1972. 重点词汇及词组1、immersion n.浸入渍, 润, 没, 液, 浸落水专心, 热中, 陷入【天】蚀, 掩始immersion in study 埋头研究immersion in thought 沉思2、federal adj.同盟的; 联合的联邦的; 联邦制的Federal 美国联邦政府的, 中央政府的Federal 美(南北战争时期)北部联邦政府同盟的; 亲联邦政府(或军队)的3、effort n.努力We have to make an effort to finish the work on time. 我们必须尽力按时完成这个工作。4、a number of the number of The number of people invited_ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.(全国)A. were was B. was was C. was were D. were were C 5、Biblical adj.圣经的, 按照圣经的似圣经的a Biblical name 圣经中的人名Biblical language 圣经用语一、对于冠词的讲解1冠词的用法 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作e，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做en。 例如：an early age1) 表示一个，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一类人或物。 Some experts say immersion programs are the most effective way for young children to learn a language. 3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / as a rule / in a hurry / 2 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有那（这）个的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Children in immersion programs hear only the new language in the classroom.2）上文提到过的人或事： The association says about nine percent of college students in the United States study foreign languages.3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面： Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。That is the highest level since 1972. 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体： The children play games, sing songs and talk to one another in the new language.7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。 8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the United States 美国 the Modern Language Association s9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 11) 用在惯用语中： in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning, 3 零冠词的用法 1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary； 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词； They are teachers. 他们是教师。 3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词； Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。 4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词； The children play games, sing songs5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词； The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词； I cant write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。 9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train； 10)不用冠词的序数词； a. 序数词前有物主代词 Its my first car.b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race. c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first, first of all, from first to last 4 冠词与形容词+名词结构 1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。 He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。 He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。 5 冠词位置 1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意： a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half， I have never seen such an animal. what a beautiful picture it is.b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. c. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。 2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。 All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。二、时态罗列文中的时态使用情况：一般现在时：The most popular way to teach these young children another language is called immersion.一般过去时：The group recently announced its findings for the period from 1998 until 2002.现在进行时：At the college level, the Modern Language Association says more students than ever are studying foreign languages.现在完成时：It says the largest growth since 1998 has been in the study of American Sign Language, Arabic and biblical Hebrew.时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但高考考察的时态有八种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,过去完成时,现在完成时. 态时一般进行：be+Ving完成Have/has+Ved现在一般现在时work(works)现在进行时am,is,are+working现在完成时have,has worked过去一般过去时worked过去进行时was,were+working过去完成时had worked将来一般将来时will(shall)work将来进行时will(shall)+be+working将来完成时Will(shall) have worked过去将来过去将来时would(should)work1.一般现在时的用法 结构：主语+V圆形/单数第三1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。2. 一般过去时的用法 结构：主语+V过去式1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型：It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would（had）rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。例如：I thought you might have some advices. 我以为你能提一些建议。I wondered if you could help me.不知你是否能够帮我3.一般将来时 结构：主语+be going to/ will/shall/be to+V+原形1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称.I will be there on time tomorrow.Will you be at home at seven this evening? 你今晚七点回家吗？但是在用于第一人称提问时必须使用shallShall we go to school tomorrow?Shall I give it to you next Monday?2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 4. 现在完成时 主语+have/has+V过去分词现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。Ive been to Beijing for so many times. They have finished the homework before three oclock.5. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 They went to US last year to visit their friends. 一般过去时They have gone to US last year and I dont know where they are now. 现在完成时2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。The little boy was born in 1980. 一般过去式They have never told me the truth. 现在完成时3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：They have lived there for almost thirty years.Mary and John got married last Sunday.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.8. 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。6.过去完成时 主语+had+V过去分词1） 概念：表示过去的过去The student had finished his homework before left school.2） 用法a.表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例如：By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚点钟，我们已经收到张飞船发来的图片。b.表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。c.叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。d.在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。e.过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。f.动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。g.过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。例如： Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。7. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：Our teacher told us that the world war two ended in 1945.8现在进行时 主语+be+Ving 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。9. 过去进行时 结构：主语+was/were+Vinga. 过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用 ，如： I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。 They were expecting you yesterday. 他们昨天一直在等待。 b. 过去进行时可与 soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later 等时间状语连用，表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。 如： Soon the whole town was talking about it. 不久镇上的人就都谈论起这种事了。 c. 过去进行时可用来为一个后一系列动作的发生提供背景。 如： I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike. 我在骑车时把腿摔坏了。 d. 过去进行时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算，这时 be 动词 was/were 要重读 。如： I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it . 我本该今天早上给他写信的，后来全给忘了。 I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本来打算明天会见她。 10. 过去将来时a. “would+动词原形”。常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。例如He said he would come to see me.他说他要来看我。He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。b. “was/ were+going to+动词原形”。常可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。例如：I was told that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。此结构还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。例如：It seemed as if it was going to rain.看来好像要下雨。The survey by the Modern Language Association of America finds that宾语从句 the study of Arabic has increased现在完成时 a whopping 127 percent, and the number of schools offering Arabic study has doubled现在完成时 since the last nationwide survey in 2002. Spanish continues to be the most studied language at US higher education institutions, but interest in Asian languages is growing 现在进行时with Chinese up more than 50 percent. The Modern Language Association has been tracking language enrollment for half a century. The groups executive director, Rosemary Feal, says the number of enrollments is now at an historic high. She says the increase reflects a growing recognition on the part of students and government that languages play a role in an ever smaller world.First of all, we think that they know that they宾语从句 are going to be better prepared in their careers and in their lives as citizens. And we also know that there is a lot more support for language study today, support in the form of federal dollars, support also in the form of technology, she said.The study finds that students宾语从句 continue to study traditionally taught languages such as Spanish, French and Italian and that interest in classical languages such as Greek and Latin remains strong. Karin Ryding, a professor of Arabic at Georgetown University in Washington, DC, says she is pleased that the survey found growth both introductory and advanced level courses in foreign language. She says practicality is one of the motivations.I dont think this is just a temporary spike in enrollments. I think these figures indicate a real shift of interest on the part of American students. Young people today understand that宾语从句 the world is now truly and inevitably smaller. They are coming to the study of Arabic and other languages with serious professional goals in mind. It include work with international organizations, diplomatic service, global environmental efforts, humanitarian relief efforts, security studies, international communications and media studies, she said.The surveys findings are based on language study enrollments at 2,800 colleges and universities across the United States between October 2006 and August 2007. This report is the groups 21st survey.Unit 2 Popular since and modern technology精讲课文Worlds First ”Green” DealershipGreenZone, believed省略which is to be不定式 the words first “green” dealer facility, was opened被动 in Umea in northern Sweden. It is expected被动式一般现在 to pave the way for other green facilities worldwide. The project was developed被动式过去时 by Ford dealer Per Carstedt, in conjunction with Ford, McDonalds, and Statoil. It includes three different buildings a car dealership, a restaurant , and a gas station. The GreenZone project has two very challenging goals: to conserve不定式 resources by using only renewable energy source to meet energy demands and to reduce表示目的不定式 energy consumption by 60-70% by using green technologies.The car showroom building is heated被动 by a geothermal system that collect heat energy form within the earth and from solar collectors that absorb定语从句 the energy from the sun. in addition, the dealership, restaurant, and gas station are all linked by pipes. For example, excess heat form the restaurant kitchen is used to heat the car showroom.The energy used for lighting is provided by augmenting electricity form the national power company with power generated省略了that的定从 by a local wind generator. This cuts down on the amount of power that needs定从 to be purchased.不定式被动语态 And to reduce表示目的的不定式 the need for lighting, skylights have been installed被动语态的现在完成时 in the roofs to give 表示目的不定式better light during the day.Fresh water from the public water supply is needed only for the kitchen and the restaurant. Rainwater is collected for other uses within the facility, and used water is always filtered and reused. In this way, the demand for fresh water is reduced 被动by 90%.All the materials used in the construction of the facility were either reused or recycled, cutting down on waste and pollution. Living plants, known as “green filters,” are used to purify air that circulates定从 in the ventilation system in the buildings.The entire staff has been educated in environmental matters so that they are also committed to the dealerships environmenta