环境催化技术2.ppt

中国科学院大连化学物理研究所催化基础国家重点实验室 2004年12月8日 EnvironmentalCatalysisandTechnologies In1836JakobJ Berzeliusintroducedthewordcatalysis Environmentalcatalysishasbeenrecentlydefinedas 1 thedevelopmentofcatalyststoeitherdecomposeenvironmentallyunacceptablecompoundsand or 2 providealternativecatalyticsynthesesofimportantcompoundswithouttheformationofenvironmentallyunacceptableby products EnvironmentalCatalysis Photosynthesisistheonlysupplieroflifesustainingoxygenandadecidingfactorinthecarboncycle 你有试过晾晒自己的心情么 这么好的阳光 这么好的天气 如果有很多不开心的事情 让阳光晒凉一下你的心情经常都在说 生活也许不能每天都阳光灿烂 但是我们可以每天给生活一个微笑 给自己一缕阳光试试看 这样你的心情会好的 IncreasingAirPollution 中国东部黄河冲积平原地区工业和人类活动造成的烟雾 全球NO2污染图绘制中国东北部浓度高 自然形态的惰性氮对生态环境并没有负面影响 但被活化 变成 活化氮 在循环过程中就会污染环境 氮的过量 活化 加剧全球环境污染 活化氮的途径 1 农业生产中施用氮肥 合成氨及化肥工业 2 煤 石油 天然气等化石资源的利用 3 植物固氮引起的生物活化 目前全世界活化氮的数量比工业化前增加了一倍 达到1 4亿吨 而亚洲占了一半 氮素在循环过程中产生的含氮化合物向大气和水体过量迁移 导致严重的环境问题 现在 越来越多的同事开车上班了 不会开车的伙伴们只好各想奇招啦 还真有点儿颠 不过没有汽油的味道了 AutomotiveEmissionControl DeNOx Gasoline fueledEngine HC750ppmCO0 68vol NOx1050ppm Typicalconcentrationsoftheexhaustgasconstituentsofgasoline fuelledengines Europeanemissionlimits g km forgasoline fuelledpassengercarsandlightcommercialvehicles Theconversionefficiency ofathree waycatalystasafunctionofA F ratio Thelambdawindow anA F ratioof14 6correspondstostoichiometricoperation 1 FuelEfficiencyandEnvironmentalImpact Structureofathree waycatalyst Activecatalystmaterials PoroussupportandNobleMetalsThickness 20 60 mandsurfaceareaof50 200m2 g Ceramichoneycombcatalyststructure ThemonolithsupportMetallic stainlesssteel orceramic cordierite materialcontainingsmallchannels about1mmindiameter 300 600channelspersquareinch Thewashcoatlayer Recently double layeredwashcoatshasbeenappliedtoenhancespecificreactionsandtoimprovethestabilityofthecatalystbyseparatingthewashcoatcomponents ComponentsofTWC 1 Maincompounds base metaloxides aluminium ceriumandzirconium20wt CeO2 lowtemperaturewater gasshiftreaction oxygenstoragecapacity stabilizationofpreciousmetaldispersionagainstthermaldamage Therecentapplicationofceria zirconiamixedoxides CeXZr1 XO2 2 Promotersorstabilizers additives CaO MgO oxidesofrareearthelements suchasLa2O3 lanthana 3 Preciousmetals platinum palladiumandrhodium normallyca 1 2wt RhhasproventobeanefficientcatalystforNOXreduction PdandPtareusedinCOandhydrocarbonoxidations inparticularduringcoldstart Therefore commercially usedthree waycatalystsforgasolineenginesareoftenabimetalliccombinationofthepreciousmetals suchasPt RhorPd Rh TheWashcoatMaterials Oxygenstoragecapacity CeO2actsasanoxygenbufferbystoringexcessoxygenunderoxidizing lean conditionsandreleasingitinrich reducing conditionstooxidizeCOandHCaccordingtothereaction Thisisbasedontheabilityofceriumtoformthree Ce3 orfour Ce4 valentoxidesinrichandleanconditionsrespectively OxygenstoragecapacityisalsocloselyrelatedtotemperatureinthecatalyticconverterwhereahighOSCisreachedattemperaturesof300 400 Cor600 Cforfreshandagedcatalystsrespectively CeO2 ZrO2OSCMaterials Conversionasafunctionoftemperature ratecontrollingregimes theconversionislimitedbytheporediffusioninthewashcoat bulkmasstransferbetweenthegasphaseandwashcoat thereactionkineticsisthecontrollingfactor Catalystlight offtypicallyoccurs Coldstartandcatalystfastlight off Duringcoldstart thetemperatureofthecatalyticconverterislowandtheconverterisnotyetactivated Hencethecatalystlight offtemperature temperatureatwhichtheconversionofanexhaustgascomponentreaches50 isnotyetreached hydrocarbonsandCOarenotconvertedandtheycontributetothemajorityofthetotalemissionsduringthefirstcoupleofminutesaftertheengineisstarted Automotiveemissioncontrolsystemshowingthepre andmaincatalyticconverters Specialtechniqueshavebeendevelopedinordertominimizeemissionsduringacoldstart Thesefastlight offtechniqueseitheremploychangesintheexhaustsystemdesign passivesystems ortheyrelyonthecontrolledsupplyofadditionalenergytoraiseexhaustgastemperatureduringthecoldstart activesystems thetemperaturecontoursandflowstreamlinesrepresentthecombinedeffectsofexhaustgasflow heattransport andchemicalreactionsinatypicalautomotivecatalyticconverterduringacoldstart Coldstartperformanceiscriticaltoreducingharmfulemissionsfromautomobiles TemperatureProfileofPre converter Thecommonformulationofapre catalystinTWCisPd RhorPd onlywithhighpreciousmetalloading thusfavoringexothermicoxidationreactionsandproducingheatutilizedtoheat upthemaincatalyst Pre converterCatalyst Temperatureofthepre catalystcanevenriseupto1100C whichacceleratesthecatalyst sageingandrequiresbetterthermalresistancefromthecatalyticmaterials Catalystdeactivation Ageing Hightemperature reductionofthewashcoatsurfaceareaandsinteringofthepreciousmetalsattemperatureshigherthan900 Cresultsinalossofeffectivecatalyticarea Unstableoperation suddentemperaturechangesinthecatalyticconverter Poisoning thepresenceofsomepollutants suchassulfurorphosphoruscontaminatesthewashcoatandpreciousmetalsandreducestheactivecatalyticareabyblockingtheactivesites Catalystdeactivationmechanism ThelossofcatalyticsurfaceareaduetocrystalgrowthThelossofwashcoatareaduetoacollapseofporestructure Sintering Solid solidphasetransition Chemicaltransformationsofcatalyticphasestonon catalyticphases Cokeformation Poisoning Sinteringoftheactivemetalparticles encapsulationofactivemetalparticles Sinteringandsolid solidphasetransitionsofthewashcoat PhasetransitionsandsurfaceareasofAl2O3 StabilityofCeO2 ZrO2SolidSolution Sinteringbehaviors particlesize ofPt PdandRh washcoatLa2O3 dopedAl2O3 preciousmetalcontent0 14wt NOx EmissionControlfromDieselEngine EmissionsfromDieselEngine O2317 CompositionofDieselParticulateMaterials AmmoniumNitrate32 NitrateFractionofPM Carbon20 AmmoniumSulfate8 AmmoniumSulfate12 AmmoniumNitrate53 Other9 PM10 PM2 5 Other40 Carbon26 TotalMass 77 g m3 TotalMass 40 g m3 DieselParticulateFilter ContinuouslyRegeneratingTrap CRT Thefirstchamber proprietary highly activeplatinumcatalystNONO2CO HCCO2 H2O Thesecondchamber TrapanddestroythesootC NO2N2 CO2 ReactionStepsforNOxConversion LeanConditions ToyotaTechnologyforNOxRemoval ReactionStepsforNOxConversion RichConditions ToyotaTechnologyforNOxRemoval SulfurEffect ToyotaTechnologyforNOxRemoval HydrocarbonTraps Thetechnologyincorporateshydrocarbonintothecatalystwashcoat Zeolitestrappingmaterialstrapandstoredieselexhausthydrocarbonsduringperiodsoflowexhausttemperature Whentheexhausttemperatureincreases thehydrocarbonsarereleasedfromthewashcoatandoxidizedonthecatalyst TheCombinationofSCRandCRTFilterTechnologies NO2formation Particulateoxidation NOxremoval cleanup TypicalSCRProcess Themostcommonlyusedcatalystsareavanadium titanium V2O5stabilizedinaTiO2base andzeolitematerials MobileApplications Manybaseoxides metals e g Al2O3 TiO2 ZrO2 MgOandtheseoxidespromotedby e g Co Ni Cu Fe Sn Ga In Agcompounds areactivecatalystsfortheselectivereductionofNOx NOandNO2 withhydrocarbons HC SCR Alcoholsaretypicallythemostactivereductantsatlowertemperatures 250 C givingafairlybroadtemperaturewindowoverwhichhighNOreductioncanbeachieved NOconversiontoN2onAg Al2O3catalystusingvariousn alkanes C1 C8 Baseoxide metalleanfordeNOxcatalysts Reductionusingalkanesasreductantsusuallyoccursatmuchhighertemperatures forexamplepropaneonlystartstoreduceNOxat 450 C ThegreaterenthalpyofadsorptionofthelongeralkanechainsandtheweakerC HbondstrengthoftheirCH2groupsprobablyexplaintheirgreaterabilitytoreactatlowertemperatures ThedifferentrolesofAgduringtheC3H6 SCRoverAg Al2O3 largeAgoparticlescatalysethedecomposition reductionofNO whereasAg speciesfavourstheoxidationofNOtoad NOxspecieswhichsubsequentlyreactthroughtheintermediacyoforgano nitrogencompounds RoleofSilver reactionmechanismoveroxides SimplifiedreactionschemeoftheC3H6 SCRofNOoveroxidecatalystsgivingthenatureofthedifferentspecieslikelytobeinvolved thereductiontoN2occursthroughthereactionofoxidisedandreducednitrogencompounds He etal 1998 J Chem Soc FaradayTrans 94 15 2217 2219 He etal 1998 CatalysisLetters 50 87 91 ComplicatedReactionNetwork SELECTIVECATALYTICREDUCTIONOFNOxOVERAg Al2O3ANDIMPROVEDSILVERCATALYSTS Ag Al2O3NO 800ppmC3H6 1714ppmO2 10 0vol H2O 10 0vol GHSV 50000h 1 AgloadingeffectwithC3H6 还原催化剂NO 800ppmC3H6 1714ppmO2 10 0vol GHSV 50000h 1 AgloadingeffectwithC3H6 Ag Al2O3NO 800ppmC2H5OH 1565ppmO2 10 0vol H2O 10 0vol GHSV 50000H 1 AgloadingeffectwithC2H5OH Ag Al2O3NO 800ppmO2 10 0vol H2O 10 0vol GHSV 50000H 1 C2H5OHconcentrationeffect Ag Al2O3NO 800ppmC3H6 1714ppmOrC2H5OH 1565ppmO2 10 0vol H2O 0or10 0vol GHSV 50000H 1 Watereffect Ag Al2O3 WhatistheroleofEthanol FormationofanadsorbedenolicspeciesonAg Al2O3 Ag Al2O3 PossibleReactionRouteswithEthanol Ag Al2O3 LeanBurnEngineTest Temperature Ag Al2O3 LeanBurnEngineTest EtOH NOxRatio Ag Al2O3 LeanBurnEngineTest Air FuelRatio NO 800ppmC3H6 1714ppmO2 10 0vol H2O 10 0vol GHSV 50000H 1 Ag Al2O3NO C3H6 Ag Al2O3NO C3H6 Ag Al2O3NO C3H6 TheC2H5OH SCRofNOoverAg Al2O3isafeasiblede NOxtechnologyfordieselandleanburnengineexhaust AnovelsurfaceenolicspecieshasbeenfoundonAg Al2O3surfaceduringtheC2H5OH SCRofNO TheenolicspecieshasahigherreactivitywithNO O2thanacetate resultingintheformationofanNCOspecieswhichisthekeyreactionintermediateintheselectivecatalyticreductionofNO TheAg Pd Al2O3showsahigherNOxconversionduringtheC3H6 SCRofNOthanAg Al2O3does especiallyattemperaturesrangingfrom300to500 Summary SCRofNObylargeHCmolecules overZeolites SCRofNObyC2H4M Iwamoto 2000 Zeolites Highactivityatmoderatelylowtemperature Dispersed coordinatelyunsaturatedcations Highadsorptioncapacity Problemstobesolvedforpracticaluse Hydrothermalstabilty Limitationofreactionratebyslowdiffusionofreactantmoleculesinzeolitepore IntracrystallinediffusiononSCRofNOoverzeolitecatalysts Catalytictestofzeolitecatalystswithdifferentcrystalsizes Zeolitesamples CrystalsizefromN2adsorption mm0 101 290 210 71Si Alratio22207 58 1Cuexchangelevel 1021005247 n hexane 2 2 DMB DiffusioneffectwasobservedincaseofDMBwithlargermolecularsize NO 1000ppm C6H14 1000ppm O2 6 7 H2O 2 Cat Weight 0 10g F 100ml min Cu MFI S 0 1 m Cu MFI L 1 3 m NO SCRbyC6alkanesoverCu MFI Cu MFI S 0 1 m Cu MFI L 1 3 m n octane 2 2 4 TMP Cu MFI S 0 1 m Cu MFI L 1 3 m NO SCRbyC8alkanesoverCu MFI DiffusioneffectwasobservedincaseofTMPwithlargermolecularsize Cu MFI S 0 1 m Cu MFI L 1 3 m NO SCRbyDMBandTMPoverCu MOR 2 2 4 TMP 2 2 DMB DiffusioneffectwasnegligibleoverCu MORwithlargerpore Cu MOR S 0 2nm Cu MOR L 0 7nm MFI0 51 0 56nm MOR0 65 0 70nm 0 43nm 0 43nm 0 62nm 0 62nm n hexanen octane2 2 DMB2 2 4 TMP DiffusioneffectinNO SCRbyHC Intracrystallinediffusioniscontrolledbygeometry MFIMOR0 51 0 56nm0 65 0 70nm nonenonelittlelargenone Catalysteffectivenessfactor Apparentreactionrate Idealreactionratewithoutdiffusioneffect h h Forfirstorderkinetics sphericalparticle R radiusofcatalystparticlek reactionrateconstantD Effectivediffusivity Ratewasmeasuredattheconversionlevelof10to30 0 1 0 5 1 0 Thielemodulus f h Effectoftemperatureoneffectivenessfactor 0 1 0 5 1 Thielemodulus Rk D EffectivenessFactor HighTemp Effectivenessfactorsdecreasewithincreasingtemperatureasusual becauseEa D Ea k Effectofadsorption controlleddiffusionSCRofNObysmallHCmoleculessuchasC2H4 C3H6overCu MFIandCH4 C3H8overCo MOR byC3H8byC2H4 Cu MFI L 1 3 m Cu MFI S 0 1 m NO SCRbysmallerHCoverCu MFI DiffusioneffectwasobservedincaseofC2H4 whichissmallerthanC3H8 Cu MFI S 0 1 m Cu MFI L 1 3 m NO SCRbyC3H6overCu MFI 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time on stream min NOconversionintoN 2 Carbonbalance Cu MFI S 98 Cu MFI L 98 reactiontemperature 573K DiffusioneffectwasobservedincaseofC3H6aswellasC2H4 SlowerdiffusionofC2H4 C3H6cannotbeexplainedbygeometricalfactor becausetheyarenotlargerthanC3H8 0 05 0 1 0 15 0 2 0 25 100 200 300 0 Co Alratio Reactionrate nmolg 1 s 1 673K 0 1 0 5 1 Thielemodulus Rk D EffectivenessFactor NO SCRbysmalleralkanesoverCo MOR C3H8CH4 Co MOR S 0 2mm L 0 7mm CH4C3H8 DiffusioneffectwasobservedevenincasesofC3H8andCH4 LargereffectincaseofC3H8wasduetohigherreactivityofC3H8 ComparisonbetweenCo MORandCu MOR DiffusioneffectwasobservedonlyoverCo MOR Sinceh Cu MOR h Co MOR f Cu MOR k Co MOR D Cu MOR D Co MOR DiffusioninCo MORshouldbeslowerthaninCu MOR whichcannotbeexplainedbygeometricfactor Effectoftemperatureoneffectivenessfactor Effectivenessfactorsincreasewithtemperature k D shoulddecreasewithincreasingtemperature Ea D Ea k DMB TMP C2H4Cu MFI C3H8Co MOR S L forMOR TPDofNOandhydrocarbons Diffusioneffectwasobserved whenoneofreactantswasstronglyadsorbed Adsorption controlledDiffusion Conclusion SCRofNOwithhydrocarbonsoverzeolitecatalystscanberestrictedbythefollowingtwotypesofdiffusionofreactantmoleculesinzeolitechannel Thefirsttypeofdiffusion geometry limiteddiffusion isaconventionalandwellknownonewhoserateisdeterminedbythesizesofdiffusingmoleculeandzeolitepore opening Anothertypeofdiffusion adsorption controlleddiffusion isanewlyproposedonewhoserateisdeterminedbythechemicalinteractionbetweendiffusingmoleculeandexchangedcation Thecatalysteffectivenessfactorinthelattercanchangewiththereactiontemperatureintheoppositedirectiontotheusualcase i e itcanincreasewiththereactiontemperature 如果生活太繁忙了是否考虑一下停下片刻休息一下因为有的时候生活也需要安静下来啊 FormaldehydeandIndoorEnvironments 客观事实 城市人有平均90 的时间是在室内度过 90 的时间在室内 65 的时间在家中在装修2年后甲醛浓度仍然超标煤烟污染 光化学污染 室内污染诱发白血病的主要原因之一全球约4 的疾病与室内环境相关甲醛的污染主要来自建筑和装修材料 室内甲醛及其危害 工业废气 汽车尾气 光化学烟雾城市空气中甲醛浓度0 005 0 03mg m3部分气体在一些时候可进入室内构成室内甲醛污染的一个来源 室外空气的污染 室内本身的污染 来自于建筑装饰材料 大芯板 复合木地板 家用化学品等 凡是有用到粘合剂的地方总会有甲醛气体的释放 对室内环境造成危害 脲醛树脂制成的脲 甲醛泡沫树脂隔热材料有很好的隔热作用 因此常被制成建筑物的围护结构使室内温度不受室外的影响 此外甲醛还可来自化妆品 清洁剂 杀虫剂 消毒剂 防腐剂 印刷油墨 纸张等 如何减少室内甲醛的污染 各种空气净化器 我国已有一些厂家生产净化器产品 但大多数厂家仍然是生产机械过滤 臭氧和空气负离子发生器 国外产品也多属于物理性能的 这类产品主要吸附空气中的悬浮物 对室内甲醛等污染物也有一定的吸附作用 MobileFormaldehydeRemovalUnit 1 物理吸附技术 HEPA HighEfficiencyParticulateArresting areaveryspecialextendedsurfacefilters alsoknownasabsolutefiltersthataredesignedtotrap99 97 ofairborneparticlesassmallas0 3microns Theseinclude dust mold animaldander bacteria mildewandpollen Activatedcharcoalischarcoalfromcoconutshell coalorwoodwhichhasbeensubjectedtoaspecialprocess creatinganextremelylargesurfaceareathatisextremelyporous ThisproducesagreaterABSORPTIONofthepollutinggases volatileorganiccompounds V0C butnotforformaldehyde Activated Charcoal HEPAFilters 如何减少室内甲醛的污染 Activatedaluminaisheatedaluminagranulesimpregnatedwithpotassiumpermanganate Thismediaisabletoadsorbanevenwiderrangeofgaseouscontaminants includingformaldehyde Ozonedoesnotmaskodors butsanitizesanddeodorizes Ozoneisactivatedoxygen havingtheabilitybymeansofachemicalprocess toattachtoallmoleculesintheair Ozonebreaksdown destroysoroxidizespollutantsintheair Theseincludemold mildew bacteria odors formaldehydeandchemicalgasses Theozonereactioncreatedworksinstantaneouslybybreakingthebondbetweentheunwantedmolecules convertingthemtooxygenandwatervapor Activated AluminaFilters OzoneGenerators 如何减少室内甲醛的污染 DevelopmentandApplicationofFormaldehydeAdsorbent Fig 2StructureofL lysineonsepioliteandproposedreactionmechanism Fig 3Developedadsorbentforformaldehyde Fig 1Formaldehydeadsorptionisotherms 25 C ofadsorbents 各种除味剂和甲醛捕捉剂 这类产品可破坏甲醛 苯等有害气体的分子结构 中和空气中的有害气体 进而逐步清除 但要注意使用时机 最好结合装修工程使用 可以有效降低人造板中的游离甲醛 微肽甲醛消可对甲醛释放源进行彻底的隔离与吸附 可瞬间将空气中的甲醛全部吸附分解 从日本引进的甲醛捕捉剂 对甲醛的捕捉率可达99 以上 其使用原理是经与甲醛发生化学反应 生成水 二氧化碳和某种细微固体凝结物 而且经试验证明该凝结物对生物没有不良影响 如何减少室内甲醛的污染 3 化学中和技术 主要选用具有明显的热电效应的稀有矿物石为原料 加入到墙体材料中 在与空气接触中 可发生极化 并向外放电 起到净化室内空气的作用 4 空气负离子技术 如何减少室内甲醛的污染 6 Irradiation UV lightdestroysindoorpollutantsprovidedthepollutantsarewithinacertaindistancefromthesourceofthelight 对于各种人造板中的甲醛 专家们研制了一种封闭材料 称作甲醛封闭剂 用于家具和人造板材内的甲醛气体封闭 可涂刷于未经油漆处理的家具内壁板和人造板 以减少各种人造板中的甲醛释放量 据中国室内装饰协会室内环境监测中心有关专家介绍 上述产品都是在某种程度上降低和减少室内空气中的甲醛污染 而且与室内空气中甲醛的污染程度有关 5 材料封闭技术 如何减少室内甲醛的污染 活性炭等的物理吸附 甲醛的催化氧化 甲醛催化氧化的技术优势 直接将污染物氧化为无害的CO2和H2O 避免了物理吸附的不完全性和饱和性20倍以上的使用寿命和简单有效的使用方式和范围 技术路线比较 ExampleofApplications Aircleanersforhomesandcommercialpropertiesandfancoilunitsforhospitals Photo catalyticaircleaner photo catalyticaircleanerHONEYCLEAN THEPHOTO CATALYTICPROCESSCleansingwithLight ForyearsJapanhassuccessfullybeenusingtitaniumdioxidecolloidsinmanywaysasdetoxifyingandsterilizingagentstocleanindoorairandliquids THEPHOTO CATALYTICPROCESSINPAPER Photo catalyticpaperbringsadditionaladvantages Bacteria toxinsandunpleasantodorsinindoorairarereliablydestroyedandseparatedintotheirharmlesscomponents Justlikeaspiderinanet thebootyiseatenwhereitiscaught Throughtheaircirculationthetoxinsgetintothepaperandarecapturedthere PaperontheOutside ToxinRemoverontheInside Manytitaniumdioxidecatalystsarepositionedonthefibersofthephoto catalyticpaper andtheystarttoworkassoonastheyareexposedtolight Whatisleftoverarehydrogen oxygen carbonandthebuildingblocks theheavymolecules HONEYLECR CN2FeaturesHONEYLECR CN2isacatalystfiltercomprisinganinorganicfiberceramichoneycomb structuredmaterialimpregnatedwithamanganese basedcatalyst Withtheadditionofanadsorbent ittakesonhighadsorptionpropertieswhichcansolvetheproblemcausedbysecondaryregenerativesubstances Thissolvestheproblemofshortfilterservicelifeandensuresalongodorremovallife Moreover duetotheadditionofsilver HONEYLECRisabletodecomposesecondaryproductsandhasantibacterialproperties Examplesofapplications Odorremovalfiltersforrefrigerators HONEYLECR airpurifiersforhomesandcommercialpropertiesandodorremovalfiltersfortoilets HONEYLEUCFeatures Thesubstrateofthisodorremovalfilterisfoamedurethane impregnatedwithamanganese basedcatalystandhighlyactivecarbon Itfeaturesoutstandingacetaldehyderemovalproperties Asthesubstrateissoftandflexibleitcanbeattachedtocurvedsurfaces Examplesofapplications homeuseaircleaners B Hightemperatureserviceodorremovalfilter HONEYLECMFeatures HONEYLECMisacatalyticfiltercomprisingahoneycomb structuredinorganicceramicfibermaterialimpregnatedwithanon preciousmetalcomplexoxidecatalyst Comparedtothepreciousmetalcatalystsofothermanufacturers HONEYLECMisahighlyactiveenergysavingodorremovalfilterthatdoesnotrequireanauxiliaryheaterandwhichself activatesquicklyatrelativelylowtemperatures Examplesofapplications Microwaveovens fishgrillers garbagedisposers HONEYCLEANMINISpecifications PowerSource AC1phasex100Vx50 60HzPowerConsumption 19 18WAirTreatmentVolume 0 5m3 minExternalDimensio