20111214英语国家社会与文化复习提纲.doc

201112英语国家社会与文化复习提纲Chapter1 IntroductionThe flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. The second Nordic Invasion at the end of the 8th century changed the history of Western Europe. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east.invasion from the Roman Empire and its influences (Roman civilization was based on city life in hundreds of walled towns linked by military roads; The Romans introduced Christianity into Britain.) the ancestors of the English and the founders of England: the Anglo-Saxonsthe Norman Conquest and its influences (ppt): The Tower of London (built by William the Conqueror)Chapter 2 the Government of the UKThe UK today is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. The parliament: it was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money. The three institutions in the British parliament (the Queen, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons) are interdependent as they are all involved in the process of legislation.The foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Prime Minister, the Ministry of Defense and the Treasury are involved in making foreign policy.The current British government is the first coalition government since World War II. The two major partiesThe Bill of RightsThe English Civil WarChapter 3 The UK EconomyDominions and colonies The Industrial Revolution (ppt)Britains physical isolation has long been reduced by the development of airlines and more recently by the opening of Channel Tunnel, which links Britain to continental Europe. Thatcherism (ppt) Chapter 4 British Education SystemRed Brick Universities The two oldest universities in Britain are Oxford (University) and Cambridge (University). The 1944 Education Act of the UK (P105) made entry to secondary schools and universities “meritocratic”.Chapter 5 British Foreign RelationsInstitutions involved in making foreign policy.the British MediaThe worlds oldest national newspaper: the Observer (1791) The UKs oldest daily newspaper: the Times (1785)The Advertising Code (P132)The quality press and the tabloidsThe BBCThe British Broadcasting Corporation is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their TV setChapter 6 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in BritainTrooping the Color (on Queens birthday)Chapter 7 American Beginningthe three forces that led to the modern development of Europe Four colonial patterns and their influences1) the settlement in Virginia (the 1st English permanent settlement in North America)2) Puritan New England- Massachusetts Bay3) Catholic Maryland-Lord Baltimore and his feudal plan4) Quaker PennsylvaniaWhat legacies did Puritanism in New England leave to Americans? (P39)Founding fathers: 1.George Washington 2. Thomas Jefferson 3. Benjamin Franklin John LockeBenjamin Franklin and his contributionsNew York, known as The Big Apple, is a city full of opportunities. The American RevolutionThe Declaration of Independence Chapter 8 the Political System in the US and American Economytwo major political parties and presidents out of them: the Democratic Party, formed before 1800; the Republican Party, formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West.Americas first constitutionThe Congress of the United States is divided into two houses: the House of Representatives that comprises lawmakers who serve two-year terms and the Senate that comprises lawmakers who serve six-year terms.the power of the American presidentIndustrial Revolution in America (P83)：The first factory in the United StatesThe best-known stock exchange is New York Stock Exchange, located in Wall Street area of New York City.Chapter 9 American LiteratureWashington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Ralph Emerson and his Nature, Edgar Alan Poes role in American literature, Nathanial Hawthorne and his the Scarlet LetterErnest Hemingway and his major works (P109)Mark Twain and his The Gilded Age(The United States developed very quickly during the period between the Civil War and World War I. Mark Twain described the time as the Gilded Ages in which superficial prosperity covered tremendous poverty and suffering.)The ten years between 1919 and 1929, usually called the “Roaring Twenties” or the “Jazz Age”, a time of carefree prosperity, isolation from the worlds problems, bewildering social changes and a feverish pursuit of pleasure. The masterpiece of T.S. Eliot: The Waste LandToni Morrison won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1993, the first Afro-American writer to receive this honor. Chapter 10 American Educationthe ladder education systemWhat contributions did Puritans make to American education?The Servicemens Readjustment Act, or GI Bill of Rightsthe development of American higher education (ppt)Chapter 11 Social Movements of the 1960sThe civil rights movement, together with the youths anti-war movement, and womens movement during the 1960s had been deeply rooted in US history. The Civil Rights Movement：When? Why? How? What consequences/ influences?Chapter 12 Foreign Relations of the United Statesthe Louisiana Purchase doubled Americas geographical spacethe Monroe Doctrine (ppt)Chapter 13 CanadaThe capital city of CanadaFrench colonists first came and settled Canada.Around the beginning of the 20th century, Chinese laborers came to Canada to build the Canad