GRE-Issue高频分类提纲-elvenring.doc

GRE ISSUE题目分类第二类 行为类/教育类12Peoples attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic.18. “Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.”只有通过被迫对某个观点的质疑进行反驳，并把它与其他观点进行比较/排除异己，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。同意与异议。科学的每次进步以及社会的每次进步几乎都是在质疑中进行的。如，哈维William Harvey敢于质疑盖伦，使得医学又一次进步。William Harvey (1 April 1578 3 June 1657) was an English physician who was the first in the Western world to describe correctly and in exact detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. 又如Vesalius维萨里, Michael Servetus塞尔维特是肺循环的发现人。静脉血液只能朝着心脏方向运行的论证，成为生理学由蒙昧走向科学的例子。只有当出现相反观点的时候我们才有动力去继续深入研究，同时也丰富了观察角度。同时防止懒惰的思想统治思维，不再满足于对某一想象以往的单一认识。分歧是指合理的质疑精神，最重要的人文精神：是科技创新发展的前提；市政官员施政的本质，学生求得真知的动力。质疑精神并不是排除异己，其实是思想交流而非排斥。过分质疑导致的非此即彼会阻碍科学的进步和发展。21Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world.25Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite directionin other words, to make things as simple as possible.27. “No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.”这个世界上，在行动或思维上墨守成规的人是不会获得成功的。新手和老手之墨守成规和成功不能一概吸收也不能一概批判。一个人如果一味墨守陈规，就很难突破前任对他的束缚，很难取得真正的成功。政治上的墨守成规会导致政治制度的僵化Rigid political system，经济上会导致发展死水backwater，学科上会让人变成井底之蛙。创新意识的重要性。一个真正获得伟大成功尤其是成就卓越的人都会具有创新精神、敢于摆脱传统束缚的人。如：著名化学家戴维一生在探索化学元素，最终成为世界上发现化学元素最多的人，同时还开创了许多真空地带，同时也是利用电解法得到碱金属元素的化学家，提拔了助手法拉第。Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and inventor.1 He is probably best remembered today for his discoveries of several alkali and alkaline earth elements, as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. He invented the Davy lamp, which allowed miners to enter gassy workings. Berzelius called Davys 1806 Bakerian Lecture On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity2 one of the best memoirs which has ever enriched the theory of chemistry.3 This paper was central to any chemical affinity theory in the first half of the nineteenth century.Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 and later led him to theories of planetary evolution.第三段：但是我们对于某一领域已有的成就要有批判地吸收。如哥白尼、开普勒Johannes Kepler和牛顿。establish , which laid a foundation of Law of Gravity31Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial.35No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise ones beliefs than to adhere to them.37In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect.62The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient.64Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it.68People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be.71Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others.74The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.75The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others.81. “Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress.”对国家历史的热爱和崇敬往往对国家发展起阻碍作用，而不是推动作用。沙文主义关于改革。适度的爱国主义是促进。墨守成规。过度地爱国导致沙文主义Chauvinism / jingoism。对于国家光辉历史的热爱，有助于激发爱国热情。它是国家民族凝聚力的原动力，通过了解一个国家的历史能够激发民族自豪感。同时，通过了解民族和国家的血泪史也能够提高全体公民的动力。历史是过去真实而客观的写照。回顾历史有助于解决现在很多问题，大量参考经验和失败教训。但是，任何事物都不宜过火。如：过度爱国导致沙文主义对社会发展有害impede。文化单边主义Unilateralism。在全球化背景下，重蹈文化优劣比较的覆辙。19911992年的克罗地亚内战，波黑内战。84. “In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.”在任何领域中，如果不首先接受该领域中过去研究成果的影响，就不可能会有意义重大的成功现在和过去任何现在事物都受到过去重大成就和失败的影响。正如牛顿所说，我所取得的成就是因为无数先辈的肩膀上。What Des-Cartes did was a good step. You have added much several ways, and especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.自然科学领域中巴斯德对李斯特Joseph Lister的影响。路易斯巴斯德（Louis Pasteur） (1821-1895.9.25) 法国微生物学家、化学家，近代微生物学的奠基人。像牛顿开辟出经典力学一样，巴斯德开辟了微生物领域，他也是一位科学巨人。巴氏消毒法pasteurization，李斯特碳酸消毒法listerize社会科学领域，苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德的师承关系；哲学领域：柏拉图、康德、奥古斯丁永不休止的哲学奠基人。艺术领域：巴赫、贝多芬和勃拉姆斯（第一交响曲被誉为贝多芬第十交响曲）。虽然前人经验值得参考，但想取得更大成功，离不开自身的创新精神培养，要在前人基础上不断创新和改善，才能使得该领域不断前行。86Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.87In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries.91Most people think that their deeply held values are the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values.95People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does.99In any realm of lifewhether academic, social, business, or politicalthe only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options.118In any field of endeavorthe sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal.121At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.127Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.136. “The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare.”没有选择的情况少之又少。独立题目不是没有选择，而是不愿意选择。137What we call progress is a matter of exchanging one problem for another.139Every new generation needs to redefine right and wrong in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time.141Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.145A crucial test of character is whether one is able to adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing ones principles.146People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it.148Many people admire idealism, but it usually leads to disappointment or trouble.156Choice is an illusion. In reality, our lives are controlled by the society in which we live.157There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observers expectations or desires.162One often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed.163Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis.165In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority.168Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.175It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual.182It is dangerous to trust only intelligence.184It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data.186Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in todays world.187It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice.188Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it.192Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning.194The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative.199Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from individuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone.206People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do.208. “The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a societys ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people.”人们的眼神、衣着和行动表现了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以通过观察人们的外表和行为来获知这个社会的想法和价值观。社会、价值观论证分析：价值观是指一个人对周围客观事物（包括他人）的意义、重要性的总体评价和看法。这种对事物的看法和评价在心目中的主次、轻重的排列次序，就是价值观体系。提纲：A 对部分人，他们的外表和着装的确能揭示一部分态度和爱好，而且通常情况下同一群体的人的装束有某些共同特点。例如大学教授大多穿着朴素，而摇滚歌星则穿着华丽，两者很少相似。人们的着装或多或少会反映一个人的生活态度和兴趣爱好。A general preference for ready-made, inexpensive clothing might indicate a preference for practicality or for saving rather than spending. And a society whose members prefer to wear clothing that is traditional and distinct may be one that values tradition over modernization.B 然而，正如中国古语所说人不可貌相，不能完全通过一个人外表衣着准确判断一个人的内在。首先，有一部分人并不十分在意自己的衣着和外貌，另外有些人受到各种客观条件限制而无法张扬个性，例如一些大企业要求员工统一着装。C 价值观内在、内心深层次的想法。可以通过许多其他方式来获得，电视、书籍报刊、互联网。209Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.210Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work.211Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an individual person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions.212. “If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable.“只要一个目标是值得去实现的，那么任何努力都是有理由的。不择手段达到目的是合理的。手段与目的A. 目标有价值，的确值得付诸努力去实现。通过实现了一个又一个有价值的目标而得以不断延续和发展的。B. 但不能不择手段，不能单纯为了实现目标而不讲方法、不讲“游戏规则”。人类任何行为活动必须在“游戏规则”下合理进行，也只有这样，努力才更有价值。例如：商业领域中，商家为了最大程度追逐利润、减小成本而采取一些违法行为。However, although these goals are worthy indeed, it does not mean that one can attain it by any means. In the process of attaining these goals, people such as political leaders and other public officials should root in their minds that they can do nothing to harm the welfare of others. In business, the goals of maximizing profits and minimizing costs and expenses cannot be attained by illegal means or at the expense of social well beings. For example, it is unjustifiable for an enterprise to improve its profitability by releasing poisonous water into rivers.C. 要全面考虑正负得失，对实现目标而采取的活动和手段必须加以限制和规定，符合这个社会的思想和价值观。The means taken should be consistent with the ends in view. In the realm of politics, it is justifiable to free Iraq from Saddams autocracy, but would the justification of the goal automatically justify any means to attain this goal such as launching a large-scale war? When it comes to reducing pollution of air and water, would it be justifiable to dismiss the entire industries that are mainly responsible for the pollution? In fact, such a public policy would lead to widespread unemployment and endanger the social stability. In the realm of edu, the goal of finishing a treatise is worthy, however nobody could justify the means of plagiarism, cheating or fabrication to achieve the goal.216Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.225People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else.226People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience.231 Moderation in all things is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, Moderation in most things, since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus.234Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choice, although they would probably deny such a preference.235Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyaltywhether to ones friends, to ones school or place of employment, or to any institutionis all too often a destructive rather than a positive force.236Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful.238Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy.239Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.240Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback.第三类 教育5A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.32A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.34Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplinesthat is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciencescolleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in todays increasingly work-oriented society.39The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree.50. In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该在与自己所教授学科相关的非学术性职业里工作一段时间。教育同意， A. 世界发展太快，以至于书本里的知识常常落后于时代。The pace of technological advancement, social changes and academic progress is so quick that knowledge contained in recently published textbooks often lags current developments.B. 这些相关非学术职业里的经验和经历有助于老师本专业的教学。理论联系实际有助于完善教学体系。Practical working exp in the non-academic world relevant to their major will improve the facultys understanding of the courses they teach.研究类，如数学，物理：理论与实际结合，去外面看可以知道现在的发展，和人们的需要。 技术需要跟上时代。如：电子electronics 最新手机的技术，最新网络的程序，up-to-date，编程programC. 从学生层面说来，拥有职业经历的老师能够帮助学生规划一个更加切合实际的职业生涯，让他们不仅学到知识，还可以分享老师的职业经历。Working exp in relevant professions puts college faculty in a better position to help students adjust from campus to the job market.艺术类：本身就是。比如：画画， 个人创作类sparking interest, and even motivating some students to pursue the field as a career. Secondly, by keeping abreast of the changing demands of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed career decisions.商学院commercial college绝对需要教授有从商经历：很多细节的信息，对市场的把握，案例的分析，消费者的心理。还需要鼓励学生，从家教tutor做起；或者买卖D.但不同的领域：有的领域与时代无关，如哲学艺术；文学类如哲学：没有应用领域，如：研究莎翁诗集。而且过犹不及，过度的校外工作会影响老师的教学质量。Going too far is as bad as not going far enough, meaning redundant outside work may do harm in instruction.51. “Education will be truly effective only whe