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Leader/Government & Public (10)8/167 “It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.”政治领导们在公众面前有所保留经常是必要的,甚至是值得赞许的(45+2)观点:agree in some respects, disagree in other respects1 政府不可能把所有事情都告诉公众,有所隐瞒还是有好处的,尤其是那些涉及到国家安全及社会稳定的信息。A)国防(national defense)信息,不暴露弱点 B)SARS病在全国造成恐慌,政府为了安抚公众情绪,会多报道些积极的信息2 然而,过度的隐瞒信息也会使得政府难以和群众取得沟通,并可能最终破坏民主的根基(While, on the other hand, distribute the government with the rights to freely conceal the information may also ruin the philosophical underpinnings of the democratic climate)3 所以,在涉及到人民生活与利益方面,政府应该办公透明化。A)利于社会稳定,公众了解了政府才能信任政府 B)利于领导者与公众的交流,听取民众的意见和建议 C) 使政府接受监督,防止腐败8/167 “It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician.”有效力的政治领导者在任何时候都告诉真相是不可能的。对于政治家来说,太坦白不是美德 (391)观点:agree to some extent; however, not too excessive1 诚实坦白对每个人来说都是美德。对于政治家,能够树立良好的公众形象,赢得公民的赞赏和支持。例如Lincoln家里很贫寒,他在竞选的时候丝毫没有掩饰自己的贫穷,赢得了下层阶级people from low class的支持2 然而,在某些时候,尤其涉及到国家安全及社会稳定时,有所隐瞒还是有好处的。A)国防(national defense)信息,不暴露弱点 B)SARS病在全国造成恐慌,政府为了安抚公众情绪,会多报道些积极的信息3 但就长远来说,领导者应该tell the truth,而且the government he leads应该办公透明化。A) 正直的人品才能真正获得民众的支持和信任如:Gandhi, Martin Luther King B) 利于领导者与公众的交流,听取民众的意见和建议 C) 政治家们过分的欺骗民众会导致人民不相信政府并导致不满,并最终导致灾难性的后果。45/79 “Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve.”政府官员应该有自己的判断力,而不应该盲目地依从人民的意愿 (01)观点:agree政府官员应该有自己的判断,但也不能忽视人民的意愿1 政治官员通常是杰出的个人the outstanding individuals in the society,他们通常有着较高的学识high wisdom,敏锐的判断力acute judgment,长远的目光long view,所以他们更能作出正确的决定。如:A)邓小平改革开放reform and opening policy,中国经济实现了巨大的进步 B)罗斯福(F. D. Roosevelt)新政(New deal),美国recovery from the Depression and World War II2 at the same time但是,一个人的能力是有限的,不能保证政治家做出的决策总是对的。人民相对而言处在社会的底层,更清楚的了解人民的真正的需求。作为领导着,应该市场保持与群众的联系,及时了解他们的建议,加以思考,作为自己判断的依据,但不是被其左右。相反如果,总是忽略人民意愿与需要,可能会使决策脱离现实意义,进而导致人民的反对。3 nevertheless然而sometimes,it is hard to get consensus over a controversial issue, especially in the reformation, in which the benefits of some people must be touched and the counterviews come forth.这时,领导就要有自己的主见与勇气,将改革进行进行到底,只有经过了一定的时间,人们才能理解领导者的决策的正确。/林肯Lincoln在美国早期废除农奴制的同时,受到了农场主的强烈反对,甚至迫害,但是林肯没有后退,他相信自己的判断与追求,坚信人生来是平等的。最终历史记住了伟大的林肯,这位自由战士。45/79 “Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.”重大的决策应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们,他们比老百姓见多识广,因此具有更好的判断力和远见 (01)观点:1 Admittedly,it is a reasonable assumption that politicians have more expertise and access to more recent and plentiful information on which to base policy decisions than does the general public. 因为政治官员通常是杰出的个人the outstanding individuals in the society,他们通常有着较高的学识high wisdom,敏锐的判断力acute judgment,长远的目光long view,所以他们更能作出正确的决定。如:A)邓小平改革开放reform and opening policy,中国经济实现了巨大的进步 B)罗斯福(F. D. Roosevelt)新政(New deal),美国recovery from the Depression and World War II2 at the same time但是,在做重大决策时,不能忽略老百姓的意见,他们相对而言处在社会的底层,更清楚的了解人民的真正的意愿和需求。作为领导着,应该市场保持与群众的联系,及时了解他们的建议,加以思考,作为自己判断的依据,但不是被其左右。相反如果,总是忽略人民意愿与需要,可能会使决策脱离现实意义,进而导致人民的反对。3 ?Nevertheless当然sometimes,it is hard to get consensus over a controversial issue, especially in the reformation, in which the benefits of some people must be touched and the counterviews come forth.这时,领导就要有自己的主见与勇气,将改革进行进行到底,只有经过了一定的时间,人们才能理解领导者的决策的正确。/林肯Lincoln在美国早期废除农奴制的同时,受到了农场主的强烈反对,甚至迫害,但是林肯没有后退,他相信自己的判断与追求,坚信人生来是平等的。最终历史记住了伟大的林肯,这位自由战士89(leader本身) “Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them”使命造就领导者 0观点:不完全同意,demands成就了leaders,but not create leader;1 The era they exist provide them a stage to展示才能,发挥作用,并取得了巨大的成功。 例:Bill Gates创立微软,带领人们进入PC时代;Chair Mao 领导人民获得解放;邓小平改革开放,中国经济巨大发展;美国Roosevelt 的New Deal,recovery from the Economy Depression and World War II;彼得大帝(Czar Peter),被认为是俄国最杰出(preeminent)的沙皇(czar)。当时俄国十分落后:农奴(serf)增加,合法权利减少;俄国错过文艺复兴(Renaissance)和宗教改革(Reformation)的最好时期;科学停滞不前。而西欧一片繁荣。于是进行了西方化改革:发展科学,改革社会风俗,使得俄国成为列强之一2 Besides opportunities, one must possess certain qualities to be a leader. Individual characteristics , such as wisdom, decision and diligence, are also indispensable for a young aspirant to finally become a leader. 如上面所提到的人,没有一个不是具有非凡的智慧、坚强的性格和过人的胆识,而且经过了不断的努力才成为了有成就的领导者3 Generally speaking,a successful leader is a combination of internal qualities and external conditions. 没有个人能力,无论在怎样的时代和条件下都不会成为一个好的领导者,否则,怎么不是其他人在那个时代站了出来;反之,一个人在领导再有能力,但没有发挥的机会和舞台,人们不需要他,也不会成为好的领导者。结尾:总之,决定一个事物的因素往往不是只有一个,而是两个或多个因素共同作用的结果。Everything has its internal factors and external factors.97 “It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of peoples lives.”尽管很不幸,但这是一个事实,政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。 1观点:确实影响,这是事实,但说是不行就太片面了(但未必是不行)1 政治影响生活:政治决策 have a significant influence on人们的衣食住行the four essential requirements of the people: food, clothing, housing and transportation,乃至生活的各个方面。经济提高生活水平、文化丰富精神生活、科技方便快捷、教育提高素质等等。All these are implemented through the process of political decisions and activities.2 但不一定unfortunate:And whats more, the effects of political decisions and actions on peoples lives should not be inherently regarded as unfortunate things. Sometime people benefit from them. 例:改革开放reform and opening policy、科教兴国country development policy/policy to develop the country by relying on science and education、可持续发展sustainable development policy生活水平提高、教育加强、环境改善。这些都说明是fortunate but not unfortunate。3 正因为影响大,更应决策谨慎,否则真就unfortunate:Government and political leaders should take care in making political decisions and actions so as to create an environment conductive to the development of culture, economy, science, and the arts, 使人民的生活水平(standard of living、living standard)不断得到改善ameliorate。结尾:影响很大,只要决策正确,就不会不幸而是幸,所以决策者应谨慎。105 “The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from its own citizens.”政府愿意接受来自公民的质疑时,是这个国家真正强大的最好证明。3观点:1142 “The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.”当许多公民质疑权威的时候,社会才能更富强 (331)观点:公民对权威的质疑有助于社会的发展;然而在一定时期内,社会是否会更富强在一定程度上还取决于当时的统治者的态度;但纵观人类发展史,质疑还是推动了发展1 On the society level。Helps in bring about a democratic society. 当the majority质疑the minority, 必然存在flaws,了解人民的需要,利于领导者作出更合理的决策2 科技发展方面,勇于质疑权威,促进了科技的进步和发展。例:Copernicus质疑“地心说”提出“日心说”;伽利略Galileo质疑亚里士多德Aristotle的理论,认为不同重的物体下落同速;?3 但是,有时只有公民的质疑而没有决策者的支持并不能是社会更安定繁荣。如:公民对政策和法律提出了质疑,而统治者disregard或强制镇压,会造成社会的不稳定,不利于社会的发展;哥白尼因质疑权威而处死,反而使人们不敢公开的质疑。4 然而,从整个人类发展的过程来看,质疑play a significant role in the progress of human beings. 统治者的镇压最终会被推翻,取而代之的是更合理的社会制度;而哥白尼的理论,随着时间的推移也最终被人们所接受。结论:当公民质疑时,对社会发展有推动作用,但是否更富强还要看统治者的态度;然而从长远看,质疑总是会促进发展的170 “The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people.”伟大国家最可靠的标志不是其统治者、艺术家或者科学家的成就,而是全体人民的福利。(243)观点:Does a nations greatness lie in the general welfare of its people rather than in the achievements of its artists, rulers, and scientists, as the speaker claims? 尽管welfare是其中一个标志,但是作者忽略了“great nation”的真正含义以及welfare与achievements的关系。1 At first blush the speakers claim might appear to have considerable merits. After all, 国家的一个重要责任就是要是提高人民的生活水平,保证人民的general welfare,such as public health and safety, security against military invasions, individual autonomy and freedom, cultural richness, and overall comfort。Therefore,the overall welfare of the general people of a nation is an important indicator of the greatness of a nation. 2 然而,一个国家的人民的general welfare与其统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就是密不可分的(have lot to do with)。科技改变生活,艺术陶冶情操。例:罗斯福;达芬奇;爱因斯坦3 而且,achievements是一个国家是否伟大的一个重要标志。The speaker confused the meanings between“Great” and“good”。“伟大”的意思不只是“好”,除此之外还应该超出好并且有其特殊的贡献,即其统治者、艺术家或科学家的成就对世界的影响和对整个人类社会发展的贡献。瑞士、挪威人民生活很好,但谈不上伟大;中东等国靠输出石油也很富,但不能算伟大。202 “Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.”和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同,最有效力的政治领导者必须经常向公众舆论让步,有时为了折衷要放弃原则(见韦小宝,写的不错) 1观点:承认,政治家有时得迎合公众for some reason,这与思想家和艺术家不同;然而不能放弃原则1 思想家、艺术家另类:通常按照自己的意愿创作和思考,这正是他们的创新和与众不同之处,往往也是他们伟大的原因。如梵高、苏格拉底Socrates, Yet time has proven their value.2 政治领导者领导并依赖人民:political leaders领导人民的同时也需要依赖人民的支持。 A)听取人民意见的好处B)如果他的决定总是与人民的意愿相违背,他的任何决定都将难以实施3 但不能放弃原则:However, politicians should not always compromise and abandon principle in order to conform public opinion. 公众的见识有限,借助45/79中领导需要发挥领导作用,虽然可能会违反一些公众的意愿。邓小平的改革开放结尾:政治家虽然不能想xxx那样完全安装自己的意愿,但也不应该放弃原则。一个出色的politician应该懂得何时妥协、何时坚持Law and MoralityPeople are living in societies that need regulations and laws to maintain their stability and prosperity.Through institution of law the nation can control the violence within a society by restrictions in various forms. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts.Laws are indispensable elements of modern society. Corruption, delinquency, theft, murder, chicanery, and so on can be controlled and lessened through the enactment of laws. Without laws, there would be no justice, stability and protection, let alone improvement and development.By limiting and placing control on peoples behavior, law plays a role in modifying human behavior by providing a standard ethical evaluation.不遵守法律的坏处17 “There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws”有两种法律:公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律,更重要的是,不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律。(961)观点:法律的公平与不公平难以定义;既然是法律就应该遵守;即使有认为不公平的法律,也不该不遵守或违抗1 Firstly,每个人对法律的公正与否都有自己的想法Everyone has his/her own opinion to comprehend justness and unjustness of laws,任何一条法律都有可能对一部分人公正而对另一部分人不公正。2 Secondly, we are living in societies that need regulations and laws to maintain their stability and prosperity. 既然是法律,就应该遵守。法律的作用。 即使对于那些我们自己认为不公平的法律,也不能不遵守或者违抗。Otherwise,如果法律得不到很好的贯彻,有人执行,有人不执行,那么法律将形同虚设,社会秩序就乱了3 Finally,虽然可能有不合理的地方,但法律不是一成不变的,而是随着社会的发展和进步在不断改进的Although has unjustness in some respects, the laws do not keep constant, as many people think, on the contrary, they are challenged and mended with the progress of social development.如果认为不公平,应该采取其他方法而不是违抗。比如向立法机关提出并建议修改。结尾:很难为公平与不公平定一个同一的标准,当面临我们认为不公平的法律是,不应该违抗,而是采取更好的方法。174 “Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.”法律不应该太僵化、太固定。他们应该是灵活的,考虑到各种实际情况、时间和地点。17观点:基本同意,应该灵活;但有些不能变1 随着科技发展和社会进步,法律也在不断发展和完善,以保护人民的利益。As the development of the society, people may find urgent demand to modify laws for the society to well function. 例:With the appearance of Internet crime,it is imperative必要的 to amend the criminal law to include this case so that this kind of criminals should be punished;antitrust law 反垄断法2 对于不同的风俗和习惯,法律条例在不同的地方应该是不同的。例如,中国实行“一夫一妻制monogamy”,一夫多妻polygamy是犯法illegal的,而在阿拉伯国家Arab countries却是合法的;同性恋homosex婚姻在某些国家是合法的,而在其他国家却是不合法的3 然而,法律的基本精神和原则是不能变的,公平equity公正justness,保护合法权益rights and interests。否则会破快社会秩序,降低法律威信,公民丧失安全感。结尾:社会多样化、不断发展,法律也应该发展、多样化;但法律的基本原则不变178 “It is possible to pass that control or place limits on peoples behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in peoples hearts and minds.”控制、限制人们行为的法律可能建立,但是立法不能改变人们的本性,法律无法改变人们的所思所想。5观点:1 控制、限制人们行为的法律可以建立,法律规定了什么能做,什么不能做。2 However,法律对人们行为的限制,会使人们对于是非对错有一个清晰的认识,从而影响人们的感情和思想to some extent。By limiting and placing control on peoples behavior, law plays a role in modifying human behavior by providing a standard ethical evaluation。例:美国南北战争期间发表的解放宣言以及以后制定的种种保护黑人权益的发案改变了美国人对黑人的态度和观点;教育法、消费者权益保护法也在影响着人们的感情和思想,使人们对自身的工作和生活的权益有更好的认识。3 立法不能改变人的本性,180 “Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated.”现代社会的许多问题是法律和司法系统不能解决的,因为道德行为无法立法。(372)观点:The speaker asserts that many laws are ineffective in solving societys problems because moral behavior cannot be legislated. I agree with this assertion insofar as it relates to (constraints on personal freedoms). However, when it comes to (the conduct of business), I think that moral behavior not only can but must be legislated for the purpose of alleviating societal problems.1 许多社会问题通过法律和司法系统很难解决,它们通常受多方面的因素影响。 比如automobile虽然使人们的生活方便了,却对环境造成污染,但不能为了保护环境就禁止automobile的使用;大家都知道吸烟不好,对自己和周围的人构成危害,但不能用法律禁止吸烟,因为影响经济,影响依赖烟草公司生活的工人。对于这些,政府只能通过教育的方式来提高人们对这些问题的认识,虽然不能这些道德行为立法,但可以通过道德教育使问题得到改善。2 但对于某些方面,对道德行为进行立法是有必要而且可以的。比如,当一个人的行为对别人构成伤害,甚至是威胁到了其他人的生命时,对这样不道德的行为必须通过法律来禁止3 另一个例子,when it comes to the conduct of business,the behavior of businesses can be and must be controlled through legislation. (韦小宝)结尾:对于一些社会问题,法律和司法系统难以解决,可以通过教育的方式;但对于某些问题,对道德行为进行立法是有必要的,而且是可以的169 “Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other.”认为政治和道德是两码事的人即不懂政治也不懂道德。(111)观点:同意,who treat politics and morality as though they are mutually exclusive 不懂政治也不懂道德,因为政治与道德不能分隔,密切联系;但是政治和道德并不完全等同1 道德作为维系整个人类文明稳定和发展的重要因素,同样也是政治的基石。Successful political leadership requires a certain measure of public morality as seen in the efforts of the countries leader to serve with societies best interests at heart.尽管领导人在某些时候可能为了自身以及国家的利益会放弃道德水准,但就长期看来,领导人的决定和法律必须时刻考虑到整个社会的道德水准,并积极地宣传道德水准,使得整个社会能够受益于人们道德水准的提2 In contrast(Conversely ), 不遵守道德的政治家会丧失权利In the short term amoral or immoral public behavior might serve a political leaders interest in preserving power, yet in the long term such behavior invariably result in that leaders downfall. 例: Nixon | Hitle3 However,政治和道德并非等同the politics and morality are two subjects that differ from each other.,不能用一般意义上的道德标准来衡量政治we should not equate moral behavior in politics with the simple notions of honesty and putting the other fellows needs ahead of ones own-or other ways that we typically measure the morality of an individuals private behavior.(这一条北范写得不错) 而且,our empirical evidence lend credible support that In Election Day, candidates who hold higher moral standards in most of the cases may loss the last opportunity.结尾:总之,没有道德的政治和领导者是不会成功;而完全依靠道德的政治通常也无法取得很好的效果。两者结合,合理利用Leadership(6)领导艺术:160(p3)43 “To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.” 一个政府官员要想成为以为有成效的领导者,必须有极高的伦理和道德修养 (876)1 ethical and moral standard are must be maintained to be an effective leader. (领导者的道德问题)2 However,政治领域的道德标准和一般意义上的道德标准是不一样的,不能用一般意义上的道德标准来衡量an effective leader。we should not equate moral behavior in politics with the simple notions of honesty and putting the other fellows needs ahead of ones own-or other ways that we typically measure the morality of an individuals private behavior.(类似169第三条)3 Moreover,只具有伦理和道德修养对于一个有效的领导者来说是远远不够的,领导能力,协调能力,处理危机的能力更重要 。(89第二条,领导者的能力)160 “The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.”有效力的领导者最本质的品质就是对特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导者,如果他很频繁地、很轻易地为大众意志而转移的话,那他就一事无成。(642)类似45/791 坚持自己的观点确实重要,尤其触及到某些人的利益而遭到反对时。如:林肯;Chairman Mao. Gandhi 要是领导人只懂得听从大众的意见,永远不能带来深远影响。2 有时也要遵从大众的意见。3 而且,最主要的品质肯定不是坚持。作为一个优秀的领导人还有很多难的可贵的品质,如A对于未来得准确预测,有着长远的目标与眼光,这样做出得决定就会更加得合理 b 对于众多资料信息的分析能力,能够在复杂的情况下,作出良好的判断 c 对于所有公民,工人,下属的仁爱之心,D良好的心理素质,在面对突发时间的时候能够带领人们一起度过难关。这些都是作为领导者十分重要的品质,缺少哪一点都不会是最优秀的领导。123/208 “It is possible to identify a persons politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about peopletheir clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eatreflects their political beliefs.”和一个人相处很短的时间就有可能知道他的政治立场。所有与他们相关的如衣服、朋友、谈话的方式、所吃的食物都反映出他们的政治信仰。(121)1 服饰、朋友、谈话方式、食物都很难反映一个人的政治信仰。 A)服饰品位、职业; B)朋友性格、兴趣爱好,Birds of feather flock together.(人以群分); C)走路姿势性格特点 D)食物地域、习惯2 当然,it is possible to identify a persons politics within a very short time of meeting him or her. 交谈中的政治取向,对某些事件的看法、评论、态度,比如对美伊战争的赞同与否,对台独的看法,都会在谈话予以表露(如果谈及这方面的问题的话)3 但是,外表与谈话都可能会欺骗人,为了达到一定的目的。所以,要想真正知道某人的政治信仰,还需要长期的观察与了解123/208(社会类?) “The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a societys ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people.”人们的眼神、穿着和动作都揭示了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外貌和举止来认识该社会的理念和价值。(895)观点:This statement generalizes unfairly that the way people look, dress and reveals their attitudes and their societys values. In my view, while to some extent the habits and customs of a people are indicators of their attitudes and values and societys ideas and values, it is not enough, however, to recognize .1 有时,眼神、穿着、动作可以揭示人们的某些态度和兴趣2 而且,人们的外貌和举止在一定程度上可以体现出一个社会的理念和价值。 例:几十年前在中国穿衣服都很差不多而且很传统,说明那时候的人想法很偏传统conventional而且不敢表达自己的追求与个性,但现在这种想法已经消失了,服装很多样。说明现在的中国社会比较tolerance;过去,中国人赚了钱喜欢存银行,很少乱花,也从不超前消费,而现在,人们的观念开始转变了,投资、理财、消费,甚至提前消费贷款买房、信用卡。3 但要认识一个社会的理念和价值,仅通过该社会中人们的外貌和举止是不够的。其他方面:法制、教育、文化。 法制阿拉伯允许一夫多妻; 教育美国的开放式教育,体现tolerance; 文化美国的多元文化,体现tolerance 70 “In any professionbusiness, politics, education, governmentthose in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.”在任何领域,商业、政治、教育、政府,掌权者都应该在五年任期后下台。对任何事业而言,取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生力量担当领导。(692)观点:1 及时更新是有益的。对在位者来说,A有激励作用 B防止腐败Absolute power leads to absolute corruption. 2 对于新生力量也是有益的。A让他们看到机会,从而促使他们更努力的工作。B通常来说,年轻力量更能创新3 也存在问题。A) 过度频繁的换届会产生政绩工程。不顾后来在位者的利益,不考虑长远目标。B) 有的职位要求的是稳定性,而且是靠经累积起来的,如:商业或学术权威,不是每个人都能干的。而且对新人来说,不断换届也有问题,他们可能还不熟悉,摸索都需要一段时间。还没干多久又要下台了。4 是否都应该以五年制为任期?1 It is unfortunate but true, that there is no flawless individual in this world. Great success, fame and wealth, awe and respect from subordinates can seduce an init
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