章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture_6课件.ppt

Lecture6 Determiners I 1 WhatareDeterminers Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthepremodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecedeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadword Determinersvs Adjs theseenlighteningManygoodTheusefulMyoldbooksThreeEnglishJohn snew A AdjsdescribetheheadwordbyshowingitscharacteristicsDeterminerspremodifytheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying Identifiers genericvs specificQuantifiers definitevs indefinite 3 限定词与形容词的区别 限定词用以限定名词所指的范围 对名词起泛指或特指 定量或不定量等限定修饰作用 而形容词则是用来表示名词的性质 特征 例如 many few hischildren naughty lovely cleverchildren 限定词一般不用作表语 少数表示数量的限定词few many much除外 而绝大多数形容词都可用作表语 除了few little many much外 限定词没有比较级和最高级形式 大多数形容词有比较级和最高级形式 限定词总是位于名词之前 而形容词作定语时 有的可置于被修饰词之后 B AnicemanNiceaman C a the these goodmana the thesegoodmenFew many little much goodpeopleD peopleoldandyoungBooksancientandmodernPeoplemanyorfew Determinersinclude definitearticle thearticlesindefinitearticle a anzeroarticlepossessivedeterminers my your his etcgenitivenouns John s myfriend sdemonstrativedeterminers this that these thoserelativedeterminers whose which interrogativedeterminers what which whoseindefinitedeterminers every enough nosome any eachcardinalnumeralsordinalnumeralsfractional multiplicativenumeralsotherquantifiers 6 1Collocationsbetweendeterminersandnouns Threeclassesofnouns singularcountnouns pluralcountnouns Non countnouns Determinerswithallthreeclassesofnouns Suchdeterminerssuchaspossessivedeterminers genitivenounsandthedefinitearticleaswellassome any no theother andwhosecangowithallthethreeclassesofnouns Nostudentistoleavetheclassroom Nowordscanexpressmygrief Ihavenotimetowritetoyou Determinerswithsingularcountnounsonly Determinerssuchasa n one another each every either neither manya suchacanonlycollocatewithsingularcountnouns Itshouldbecompulsoryreadingforeveryadult Neitheraccusationistrue Heisgoingtobuyanothercar Determinerswithpluralcountnounsonly Determinerssuchasboth two three etc anothertwo three many a few several these those a great numberofcanonlycollocatewithpluralcountnouns TherearefewthingsIenjoymorethanwatchingfishswimminginthestream Theyhaveinvitedmeseveraltimestotheirhome Inanothertwoweeks itwillbefinished Determinerswithnon countnounsonly Determinerssuchasa little bitof agreatamountof agreatdealof a little much less leastcanonlycollocatewithnon countnouns Thereislittledoubtthatheandhisaccomplicesareguilty TheSquarewasthesceneofmuchfightinginlastyear srevolution IcanspeakabitofFrenchandunderstandmore Determinerswithsingularandpluralcountnounsonly Determinerssuchasthefirst thesecond thelast thenextcangowitheithersingularorpluralcountnouns Myfirstreactionwastohithim buthewasold andmysecondwastoresign Thenextthingheheardwasaninsistentknockingonthedoorofhisroom ThelastthreeshipmentsofgrainforWestAfricahaven tyetarrived Determinerswithsingularandnon countnounsonly Determinerssuchasthis thatcancollocatewitheithersingularornon countnouns Whoeverhadcomewiththisideadeservedamedal Myfamilyhavelivedinthatvillageformanygenerations Ihopetoenjoythatfeelingagainbeforelong Determinerswithpluralandnon countnounsonly Determinerssuchasalotof lotsof plentyof enough most such othercangowithpluralandnon countnouns butnotwithsingularnouns Arethereenoughcakesforeveryone Theydidn thaveenoughinformationabouttheincident Likeallsuchstories thatislargelyamyth Suchoptimismhasbecomestrangelyoutofplace P63Ex 6A theother加复数名词指的是一定范围内 所有其余的人或事物 是特指 Johndidbetterthanalltheotherplayersinthesport 而other加复数名词却是没有明确范围的 另外的人或事物 如 Wemustthinkmoreofothercomrades EXERCISES 1 Whyisthere trafficonthestreetsinFebruarythaninMay A lessB fewerC fewD little2 Onaccountofthetyphoon shipmentwillarrivethisweek A neitherB allC bothD these3 Haveyougot copiestogoround A theotherB enoughC alittleD much4 There s waterinthebottle A fewB anumberofC plentyofD any5 Thereis ironinthisminethaninthatone A muchB agreatdealofC lessD alotof6 Hewrote essaysonVictoriannovelsinhisclass A thenextB themostC theotherD themore7 Hehaspublished shortstoriesinEnglish A agreatamountofB anumberofC anotherD manya8 Wehad rainfallslastsummer A toomuchB littleC alittleD onlyseveral9 carewouldhavepreventedtheaccident A MuchB LittleC AlittleD Afew10 Thestudentsspent theirtimeworkinginthefields A bothB mostC moreD half A A B C C B B D C D 6 2Collocationsbetweendeterminers Determinersfallintothreesubclasses Predeterminers Centraldeterminers Postdeterminers Articlesa an the Demonstrativedeterminersthis that these those Possessivedeterminersmy your etc GenitivenounsMary s myfriend s some any no every each either neither enough what ever whose etc Notethatcentraldeterminersaremutuallyexclusiveandthatnotwomembersoftheabove citeditemseveroccurtogetherinanounphrase Exception David s Hiseveryactionshowsthatheisaverydeterminedyoungman Theenemy s TheireverymovementwasbeingcloselywatchedbythePLAmen Predeterminersarethosethatprecedecentraldeterminers Predeterminersarealsomutuallyexclusive Theyinclude all both half double twice threetimes etc one third two fifths etc what such a an etc Postdeterminersrefertothosethatfollowcentralorpredeterminers Theyarenotmutuallyexclusive Twoormoresuchitemscanco occurinanounphrase Thissubclassincludes postdeterminer postdeterminerseveralhundredguests threeothergirls twomoresheets manymorecopies afewmoresamples anothertwentytons Wordorderofthreesubclassesofdeterminers predeterminer centraldeterminer postdeterminerallthefourteachers pre central post allyourthreebooks pre central post alltheselastfewdays pre central post post bothhistwosisters pre central post predeterminer centraldeterminerhalfhislecture bothhisparents allthetourists suchamisfortunecentraldeterminer postdeterminersthoselastfewmonths somesuchalloy theauthor slastbooks hislastfewwords predeterminer postdeterminerallotherstudents allthreebooks halfsuch somesuch anysuch nosuch fewsuch people P66Ex 6C EXERCISES3 2A Chooseanappropriatecombinationofdeterminerstofillineachblank 1 Hediditin timeittookme A theone thirdB halfaC thedoubleD one thirdthe2 Isaw boysatthecinema A thebothB manyaC boththeD theseveral3 candidatesaregirls A HalftheB ThehalfC TheirhalfD Halfa4 friendsusuallyspeakhighlyofhim A HissomeB HismanyC ManyhisD Somehis D C A B 5 alloymaybeusedtoreplacecopper A SuchaB SomesuchC SuchsomeD Severalsuch6 Areyougoingtobuy rice A alltheseB theseallC allthisD boththese7 dictionaryisenoughforme A SuchoneB OnesuchC SuchaoneD Onesucha8 factorsshouldbeconsidered A TheseallB SuchallC AllsuchD Somethese9 meatistainted A Thatone thirdB One thirdthatC SuchaD Fewsuch10 caseshavebeenreported A SuchfewB SuchsomeC FewsuchD Somethese B C B C B C 1 many much alotof lotsof plentyof等 表示 多 的意思 可用many much alotof lotsof plentyof agood greatmany alargeamountof等 作为限定词many和agood greatmany之后须跟复数名词 much和alargeamountof之后须跟不可数名词 例如 Manyanimalshavediseases MuchinformationisnowtransmittedthroughE mail Wehaveagreatmanyquestionstodiscussatmeeting 6 3Acomparativestudyofsomedeterminers many much alotof lotsof plentyofasindefinitepronouns Haveyoudonealltheseexercises No Ihaven tdoneverymany Haveyoudonemuchhomeworktoday No Ihaven tdonemuch HasshereadanyEnglishnovelsintheoriginal Yes agreatmany Hashespentmuchmoneyonthehouse Oh alargeamount many muchoftentakesuchmodifiersas how too so as as etc Howmanycopiesdoyouneedforyourclass We vehadtoomuchraininthespring Hetooksomanyboxeswithhimthathehadtocallataxi Theycanspendasmuchmoneyastheyneedontheproject Ininformalstyle especiallywhentheydonottakeanymodifiersanddonotappearinthesubjectarea many mucharenormallyusedinnegativeandinterrogativesentences whilealotof lotsof plentyofarecommonlyusedinaffirmativesentences e g Hehasn tgotmuchmoney buthehasplentyof quiteafew quitealotof lotsof friends Whenafewisprecededbyquiteornot itdoesnotdenotetheideaofsmallquantitybutthatof afairnumber of Likewise agoodfewalsodenotestheideaof aconsiderablenumber of Quiteafewofusaregettingworried You llhavetowaitagoodfewweeks a few a little Someisgenerallyusedinaffirmativesentencesandanyisusedinnegativeorinterrogativesentences inconditionalsentencesorinsentenceswithnegativeimplications Ifyouhaveanytrouble pleaseletmeknow Iforgottoaskforanychange some any Whensomeoccursinquestions itisimpliedthatthespeakerexpectsanaffirmativeanswer A Therearesomelettersforme B Aretheresomelettersforme too Whenshowinghospitalitytoherguests thehostessmayask Wouldyoulikesomechocolatecake Whensomeisfollowedbyasingularcountnoun itmeansacertain Someboyhasbrokenawindow Alltheitemsinthisgroupcanfunctionbothasdeterminersandasindefinitepronounswiththeexceptionofeverywhichisadetermineronly Thenegativeformsofallandbotharerespectivelynoneandneither Nonecanbeusedbothforpersonalandforimpersonalreference whilenooneforpersonalreferenceonly e g Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination Noonefailedtheexamination I llhavenoneofyourstupidideas all both every each either neither any eachcannotbeusedtospeakofonlytwopeopleorthings orinphraseslike eachoftheboys theboyseach e g Eachsideofthestreetwascrowdedwithpeople Each Everysideofthesquarewascrowdedwithpeople Whenthinkingofawholegroup weuseevery andwhenthinkingofoneatatime weuseeach Compare Everystudentfailedtheexamination Eachchildwillfindhisownpersonalroadtosuccess Anyisusedtorefertooneoutofthreeormorethanthreepeopleorthings whileeithertotwopeopleorthingsonly Askanymanyoumeet Hisgiftwasunknowntoany ofthem excepthimself Theseareallfree takeany ofthem youlike TherearetwoflightsforBeijinginthemorning Youcantakeeither one Wehavetwocopiesleft Keepeitherforthefile P72Ex 6F 1 A Doyouneedmoremilk B No thereistoo already 2 Ican topenthislock Theremustbe keythatwillopenit 3 peoplewillbelieve storyyoutellthem 4 On sideofthestreettherewereassembledalotofsoldiers 5 Whentheshipwassunk allthesailorsweredrowned oneofthem 6 Thepresidentgotdownfromtheplaneandshookhandswith onewaitingattheairport much some some any either every each Lecture7Determiners II Articles A Thedefinitearticleisusedtodenotethefollowingnotions i Theuniquereference e g thesun theMiddleEast ii Thespecialreference e g theCentralPark theOxfordDictionary iii Thespecificreference e g Howdoyoufindthepicture Differencesbetweenthedefinitearticleandtheindefinitearticle B Theindefinitearticleisusedtodenotethefollowingnotions i Todenote any one e g auniversitystudent anhonestman ii Todenote every each per e g Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway iii Todenote thesame e g Idon trememberasoloistwhosingssowell 7 1Genericandspecificreference GenericReference SpecificReference Article DefiniteSpecificReference IndefiniteSpecificReference AnaphoricSR CataphoricSR SituationalS GenericReference Atigerisdangerous Thetigerisdangerous Tigersaredangerous Thetigersaredangerous Whichonesmean referencetoawholeclass ratherthantoindividualandspecifiedmembersofit the asingularcountnoun Thehorsehasbeenreplacedbytherailroad thewindshipandthesteamship the adjectivesoradjectivalparticiples Thesickhavebeencured thelosthavebeenfound andthedeadhavebeenrevived GenericReference Thezeroarticle pluralornon countnouns MybrotherWilliamisplanningtobealawyer a an asingularcountnoun Carrotsaremyfavoritevegetable Unityisstrength Knowledgeispower Definitespecificreference 确定特指 impliesthatapersonoranobjectcanbeidentifieduniquelyinthecontextoraccordingtothecommonknowledgesharedbyspeakerandhearer Thedefinitearticle the ismostfrequentlyusedinthissense DefiniteSpecificReference Weownadogandacat Thedogisbrown andthecatiswhite Thedogandthecatarethesameoneswehadlastyear Inthecaseofindefinitespecificreference 非确定特指 thepersonorthingreferredtoisalsoaspecificobject butisnotdefinitelyidentified Thiskindofreferentialmeaningismostcommonlyexpressedbytheindefinitearticle a an Incertaincontextsandsituationsthezeroarticlecanperformthesamefunction IndefiniteSpecificReference Ihavelostabutton Imetanoldmaninthestreet There saletterforyou AbookIwanthasbeenacquiredbythelibrary Sheputcarrotsinthestew Thestreetsarecleanandareshadedwithtrees Wife I mjustbackfromthemarket What sinthepaper s today Shutthedoor please How sthecoughtoday Heturnedontheradio What sontheradio Maryasked WhyisFatheroutofwork Johnwaselectedchairmanofthestudents union 冠词的用法 第一次提到的单数可数名词前面用不定冠词a或an 这一名词再次出现则要用定冠词the Amancameuptoapolicemanandaskedhimaquestion Thepolicemandidn tunderstandthequestion soheaskedthemantorepeatit Ihadabananaandanapple IatethebananaandgavetheappletoClint 在谈到说话人和听话人双方都知道的事物时 要用the 比如在自己家的房间里 我们要说thelight thefloor thedoor thewindow thecarpet 例如 Canyouturnoffthelight please thelightinourroom Shutthedoor please Howdoyoulikethefilm A Doyouneedthecartoday honey B Yes Ihavealotofthingstodo Whydon tIdriveyoutoworktoday C OK Butbesuretofillthecarupwithgas 表示世界上独一无二的事物 theearth thesky theequator themoon theworld theuniverse 形容词或副词最高级 序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时 它们前面一般要用the 例如 theonly bestwaytocopewiththeproblem ThisisthefirsttimeI vecometoBeijing 在乐器 乐队 合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the 例如 theBeatles thePhiladelphiaOrchestra play learntheguitar learnthepiano注意 运动项目前不用the 如playchess playfootball basketball tabletennis 专有名词前带有表示职业的词语或限制性修饰词时 要用the 海洋 江河 海湾 山脉 群岛 沙漠 以复数形式出现的地理名称 带有of词组的岛名 一般要用the 组织 机关 机构 公共建筑 车船等名称前 大多用the 许多报纸 杂志名称前带the 度量衡名称之前常用the 1 有水无湖 海 洋 海湾 河等 都用the 单个湖不用the 但多个湖用the theRedSea thePacificOcean thePersianGulf theYangtzeRiverTheGreatLakes 五大湖 LakeErie 伊利湖 2 有球无星 地球 月亮用the 行星不用the Mars Venus 3 有山无峰 TheHuangshanMountains 黄山 MountEverest 珠穆朗玛峰 Mount orMt Tai 泰山 4 有独无欧 偶 独一无二的 theearth themoon thesun用the 欧洲等七大洲不用the Europe Africa Asia NorthAmerica 5 有 足 族无球 运动 种族用the theIndians 印第安人 球类运动baseball basketball6 有文无章 历史性的文件用the 小说等的章节不用theTheConstitution 宪法 chapterone7 学而不专 学校放在词组的前面时用the 专有名词放在词组的前面时不用the TheUniversityofFudan FudanUniversity 4 何时不用冠词 表示独一无二的身份前一般不用冠词 例如 Elizabeth QueenofEngland TheyelectedHenrychairman Henrywaselecte