高频提纲_Issue.doc

041 Nonmainstream areas play vital rile Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science. 一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及通灵和超自然在社会中扮演着至关重要的角色，它们满足了人们的那些主流科学满足不了的需要。Disagree with concession1、Admittedly,解释主流思想无法解释的问题。也是人类对未知事物的探索。占星学的问题。Prevalent for centuries.2、心理安慰psychological solace in life。人类自身命运的问题shift the burden of making difficult choices and decisions to some nebulous authority outside themsilves. 3、Despite their merit in relieving some individuals from regret and fear for unknown future, many of these non-mainstream areas are acutally harmful to the whole society. undue belief in some paranormal energy may then develop into cult邪教组织: the 1978 Jonestown mass suicide and killings by followers of American cult leader Jim Jones that claimed 913 lives. 4, 它们不是永远保持这样的地位，而是会被科学所否定，或上升为科学 Neverhteless, we cannot rule out the possibility that such non-mainstream areas may be justified one day when convincing evidence is found. For example, some reasonable yet unjustifiedexplanations have been brought forward that people reported with psychic powerif they actually domay be so because of special receptor in their brain that catches brain wave from others and interpret them as extrasensory perceptions. Another could-be example is the theory of psycho-analysis originated by the Austrian scholar Sigmund Frued, in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and conflicts, has been doubted by mainstream scientists since the day it was brought up. 094 Courses outside the students field & truth of educationUniversities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated. 94 大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程，因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是教育的真谛所在。Position: Balance view. I fundamentally agree with the speaker that true education should be based on the learning of a wide scope of knowledge. Overemphasizing the importance of either 专业知识 or that outside his/her field may lead to a rather jeopardizing situation. A, 学生需要宽阔的视野Broad ken。发掘自己的真正的兴趣。By exploring subjects outside their own major, one may find in a new field where their real interest lies. First, 当代社会鼓励人们不要一辈子只从事一项工作。丰富人生。enrich their experience as an educated individual. Make the life colorful. Second, 即使不将其他学科作为将来的主要工作，也可以增加一项兴趣（photography）B、Benefit the study of their own major, 指导本专业的学习，交叉学科，学科渗透 various disciplines are interrelated today (biophysics, chemical biology)。学科之间no longer are separated from each other. Knowledge “outside the field” can often throw light on . 学物理的重视数学基础。学生物的重视化学基础。研究人文历史的需要科学的手段和思想来验证假设。Da Vinci, the knowledge in anatomy has greatly contributed to his achievement in arts. C、一些人文类课程应该是所有专业的学生都要学的。道德，人文素质等远比专业知识重要。perceiving the basic moralities as a citizen. National cohesion, civil patriotism. D、Of course, 学生仍将已自己的专业为capital。Unduly distracted attention might harm the study in his/her own major. After all, major is defined as the field of academic study in which the student specializes. 131- Reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a societyThe arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等）展现了一些隐含的想法，社会de推动作用。 AgreeA. 定义art: The arts aim at depicting the feelings and attitudes of individuals in a society, and true art is the product of the artists authentic passion, a manifestation of the artists unique creative impulse, and a creation of the artists own spirit.B. Paintings and music most vividly reflect the spirits and character of a society. For supporting examples, we may look at the western classical music. Bach, master of Baroque school in 18 century, most of whose compositions were sacred music, a strong reflection of the feudality world of that time. Haydn and Mozart, the 音乐和社会是相互推动的作用 the development of the two are actually intertwined. grave impact on each other.C. Literatures tell not only the experience of a society, but alsothe hidden ideas and impulses. Many literatures have hence become masterpieces. Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the greatest Chinese classics, a complex brilliant and profound drama, has been most widely studied by both general public and scholars for its detailed depiction of the late 18th century life. The rise and decline of the prominent family Jia actually is regarded as an epitome the overall history of the Qing dynasty. 050-Education: Academic field & Professional relevant to the coursesIn order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作。 Requires case-by-case analysis, 不能一概而论: Whether to do, depends primarily on the specific academic area.1、某些课程的知识与实践联系非常紧密tightly，教师通过工作，可以加深对他们知识的了解better comprehension of the cutting-edge and controversial issues, 提高教学兴趣 fresh insights and contagious excitement，并且提高他们将知识与实践相结合link的能力Knowing whats most required in actual work, they may also help the students better prepared，这对他们提高教学质量，是由帮助的。例如computer science, business and management, 2、但是，某些课程，例如理论物理，其目的不在于应用于实际，而在于弄清一些问题。而学生上这门课的目的也是为了今后的学习打基础或者准备专门从事这方面研究。那么，实际工作，无论对于教师自身能的提高还是教课的质量都是没有什么帮助的。3、进行实际工作，也不能占用太多时间，要在时间允许的情况下进行。197-Interconnection of nationsThe material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries.一个国家的生活质量提高和社会的安定是和其他所有国家的生活质量提高和社会安定密不可分的。Agree1、economic方面，国家之间联系紧密，全球的资源resources，进行distribution of the market，每个国家都需要从其他国家进口一些资源import and export，另外，旅游业是某些国家的支柱。not merely connected, but actually interwoven with those of other countries.2、Scientific and technological方面: Science knows no boundaries. 是全人类的进步. 资源共享, the Human Genome Project, 6 countries participating, and the result accessible all over the world.3、政治方面，别国政坛的不稳定，会通过两国之间已经签订的各种协议而影响到一个国家。This is especially true in the issue of antiterrorism. 反恐，现在的犯罪很多都是国际组织所为，他们往往在另外一个国家策划，而犯罪过程也通过辗转几个国家。243-Value of civilization & Arts, ScienceThe true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather than in its scientific accomplishments.文明的真正价值反映在艺术家的创作上，而不是科学成就上。Disagree1、两者都是文明的真正反映. They both reflect the true value of a civilization。文明反映在人类知识水平的提高，同时也表现在对这些认识的表达方法上。2、科学体现了人类知识水平的提高。3、艺术是人们表达思想的手段的提高。138-Role of MistakesOnly through mistakes can there be discovery or progress. 不犯错误就不会有发现和进步。Agree1、应该承认，我们并不希望犯错误，我们希望一次就能成功。如果能够这样，那么我们用于发展的时间将大大缩短。2、但是，这是不可能的。在探索未知世界的过程中，没有提示我们该走那一步。我们的下一步，很有可能是错误的，它必须建立在我们之前的基础上，或许这已经是错误的了。Our next step is very probably be wrong which is be based our existed experience that might have already been wrong. 而现在，我们也学已经完全掌握了自然的规则。3、有人说，错误对进步没有用。这话错了，我们可以从错误中总结出宝贵的经验，找出那些地方值得保留，应该修改。一个试探性的tentative计划的失败，将为我们寻找正确的方向提供有用的信息。无论如何in any case，最起码的，一个错误证明了，there is no way in this direction。4、Then we shall come to only. It is attempting to conclude that people also make discoveries and progresses without making mistakes. The confrontment with mistakes and failures has been necessary; imagine a circumstance in which every thing one tries is correct, then query whether there is any correct concept at all. 177-Knowledge offers us different perspective on the worldThe study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes.对学术的研究改变了我们观察世界的方法。研究了这些学术定律之后，我们看到的世界还是和以前一样，但是却换了一个视角。 Agree1、客观世界的规律是不随时间的推移而改变的。Impersonal、external2、物理学：当我们只有牛顿力学的知识时，我们认为世界上有着绝对的时间和绝对的空间，并且，世界上事件的发生都是导致他们发生的时间的确定的结果。the 但是当我们学过了相对论后，我们发现，时空界限变得模糊。当我们学过了量子力学后，我们会发现，这个世界充满不确定。3、天文学：开始我们信奉地心说Geocentric Theory，我们观察的角度是我们所在的地球。到日心说Copernicuss Theory，我们观察世界的角度变成了太阳系之外的某个位置，现在的宇宙学说，认为宇宙没有中心，这时候我们是在宇宙之外来看宇宙的。4、生物学。了解任何其他生命在进化中的地位。了解世界的奇妙是生物的挣扎、适应，而非造物主的智慧。4、随着科学技术的发展，我们看问题也会更加全面和深刻。056-Focus of government: immediate social problems Vs anticipated problems of futureGovernments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future. 政府应该把更多的精力放到解决眼前实际的问题中，而不要放到未来可能会产生的问题中。Case-by-case analysis: nature of the problem.1、应该承认，解决当前问题是重要，因为这些问题不解决，有可能发展成为要花许多钱才能解决或根本解决不了的大问题。贫困，恐怖主义，环境污染，疾病，事业2、但是，放在长远问题上也是重要的。因为，今天所谓的“长远问题”，将使我们子孙的“现实问题”，或者更快一些，是几十年后我们的“现实问题”。如果我们现在不做准备，到问题出现之后，再去解决，那有可能太迟了。may become disasters3、有些问题，不是通过一代人的研究就能够解决的，必须经过几代人的努力，没有某代人开始进行基础性的研究，那么这些问题永远不可能解决。口中男女比例失调，如果不予以考虑，将来会出现一系列的社会问题如犯罪和心理问题，再比如，环境问题，如果早考虑，可能不会像现在这么严重。4、要分清轻重缓急。requires careful and in-depth investigations.121-Protection of endangered speciesAt various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species. 在过去不同的时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以，现在我们花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种是没有多少价值的。DisagreeProfessor Edward Wilson of Harvard University, one of the leading authorities in the field of environment, predicted that an average of 100 species disappear from our planet every single day due to human behavior.1、应该承认，在历史的每一个时期，都有动物在因为自然的原因灭绝。Dinosaur, natural selection, according to Darwins theory of evolution. Perhaps due to their over-weight, difficulties in moving, and lack of fernprobably their only food. 2、但是，在人类社会出现，特别是工业发展之后，动物灭绝的速度明显加快了，这说明，人类在加速动物的灭绝。Pollution, deforestation, over hunting, weve been destroying the natural environment around us. the dodos in the island of Mauritius, became prey of exogenous animals like dogs and pigs introduced by human immigrants, or became meals on the table,3、很多动植物，对保护和改善环境是有利的，是我们人类生存所必需依赖的基础 co-existing animals and plants. 有些人会说，该灭绝的就让他灭绝吧。但是，如果我们放弃保护濒临灭绝的动物，当这些动物灭绝之后，the diversity of species decrease, threatening the natural balance of the biospherethe only habitat for all the creatures on earth, including human beings.4、Of course, we make efforts to save the endangered species only to the extent that the act does not threaten our own existence. 190-Funding artsAs long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate - and, perhaps, even cruel - when one considers all the potential uses of such money.当人们挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生活最基本的技能时，用来支持艺术的公众资源就显得很不合适了，或者更残忍一些，当考虑全部用途。Disagree with concession1、I agree with the speaker insofar as large amount of investigation and financial support in art必须在基本满足人民生活需要之后。因为，人的基本生活需要，是他们从事或欣赏艺术的前提。After all, art is not a fundamental need for human beings, as a creature, to survive. 2、However, even in the most developed world, poverty and lack of skills still existas long as these concepts are comparative ones, and as long as people are diverse in characteristics, differences exist. Does this mean art never should be supported by public resources? 3、即使在最困难的时候，政府也应该维持对某些艺术创作的支持，因为，A. 艺术有鼓励人们团结一致of solidarity，共度难关overcome the temporary difficulty的作用。B. the area of art is also creating jobs and values to the society. 4、另外，在这样一个时刻，政府也应当维持现有艺术品的保存工作，因为这些艺术品是祖先的遗产，国家的精神支柱，它们受到破坏，有可能降低当代人，甚至是后代人的士气morale。048-Who made the history, the famous few or the people?The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten. 对历史的研究把太多的重点放在对某些个人上。而历史上一些重大的事件和发展趋势不是由个别名人决定的，而可能是由那些已经被人们淡忘的人制造的。Disagree1，History informs us that 名人往往是历史事件中的关键人物key individual，或者历史潮流的领导者leader or initiator，从他们身上更容易总结出历史发展的规律。it is almost always a key individual who provide the necessary impetus and initial spark for what otherwise would be a group effort. 举例. And this is especially true in scientific inventions and discoveries.2, As to the first contention, that the study of history has overemphasized the individuals, undue attention to the effort and contributions of various groupstends to obscure the cause-and-effect relationship with which the study of history is chiefly concerned. 2、In addition，名人更容易研究，因为对他们的记载recordation比较多。例如，在中国，有五千年来对皇帝emperor、贵族aristocrat、思想家、科学家等的详细记载。The例子 is just one example of an historical pattern in which it is individual who have been ultimately responsible for the most significant development in human history. 4、但是，大众和名人是不一样的，名人的思想不一定能够代表大众的思想。and gradual shifts in sociopolitical trends may sometimes instigated by the mass too. These areas include demography, in culture traditions and mores and in societal attitudes and values. 如果有可能，也需要多研究。028-Facts Vs Thought28 Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little. 28 学生们只有在学习了事实的来龙去脉后才有必要记住这些事实。只学习事实本身的学生是学不到多少东西的。Balance view. I agree that facts and theories are both important in the study of any academic disciplines, and that lacking perceptions of either of the two would lead to far less effective studies. However, the speakers assertion that facts should always come after theories is unwarranted. In my opinion, .1） 有些事实和现象是用来解释原理to make vivid the dry facts, enabling students to understand the ideas better. 这种FACTS只是一条学习知识的途径。我们不能浅尝辄止。要善于挖掘concepts behind the FACTS。This is especially true in academic disciplines that tightly linked to practice. 化学实验，往往要求我们从现象来解释机理，后者重要。2） 有时候记住FACTS是不必要的，我们需要培养的是critical thinking, rational deducing, 这些FACTS完全可以自己推导出来。思维方式与思维能力比记FACTS更重要，举一反三 to draw inferences about other cases from one instance，可以学到更多东西。Analyze, explain, even predict. The aim of education is not to foster a group of students crammed with all kinds of facts but to cultivate the people possessing the ability of logical thinking such as reasoning, deducing and analyzing.3） Yet, theories, concepts, and ideas rarely materialize out of thin air; they generally emerge from empirical observationsi.e., fact. The speaker misunderstands the process by which we learn and, virtually, develop new theories. 一些事实也需要我们枯糙记忆，因为在事实下面的东西隐藏的深。但是在不断重复，熟练之后我们也会理解到其中的奥秘。152Ethics Vs ProfitThe only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies. 对公司的执行官，他们唯一的任务就是在法律允许的范围内，为公司赚尽可能多的钱。Disagree. 1、诚然，多赚钱是重要的，因为这样，公司才能发展，才能在竞争中生存。2、However, the excutive has also other identities. As a contributing citizen, 还有其他职责，不只是赚钱。为社会进步作贡献contribute to the social development、树立良好形象promote the esteem of the company、建立良好的组织结构bring about an efficient and cooperative company structure、为员工提供发挥才能的机会provide chances for the employees to improve their ability。In sum, I agree with the contention insofar as in seeking to maximizea business serves not only itself, but also its employees, customers, and the overall economy. Yet, todays rapid changing business environment and increasing globalization call for certain affirmative obligations beyond the pursuit of profit and mere compliance with enforceable lows and regulations. 170-Indicator of a great nation: Great achievements Vs General welfareThe surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people. 一个富强的国家最有力的证明不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家，而是全体人民的福利。 Balance 1、统治者、艺术家、科学家的成就是重要的依据。因为这代表着这个国家人民的创造力，以及他们对人类社会做出的贡献。It is our scientists, artists, and political leadersor so-called rulerswho by way of their achievements bring the aim of peoples welfare into fruition.2、it assumes that the sorts of achievements that the speaker cites have nothing to do with a nations general welfare.但是这个国家的全民福利，也是重要标准，因为，社会发展的最终目的，是改善人们的生活。每个人生活水平的提高，表明了整个国家的强大。B. Scientific achievements serve to enhance a nations general welfare. a) Advances in the health science have enhanced our physical well-being, comfort, and life span. b) Advances in technology have enabled us to travel to more places, communicate with more people from different walks of life, and learn more about the world much more effectively. c) Advances in physics and engineering make our buildings safer, and enable us to travel to more places, more distant places, with greater safety and speed. C. Artistic achievement is also needed to make a nation a better place for humans overall, providing inspiration and imagination. D. The military and diplomatic accomplishments of a nations leaders provide an integral contribution to the general welfare of any nations populace. The War of Independence3、另外，这两个依据并不矛盾，统治者、艺术家、科学家的成就，提高了人民的生活水平，而全民福利的总体水平的提高，为统治者、艺术家、科学家取得成就提供了基础。113- It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves. 人们通过对社会群体的认同来认识，定义自己。1） 人是社会动物，因此人们都是属于某一个群体的：在学校，属于学生群体；在家里，属于家庭群体；工作了，属于工作群体；对于文化，我们也总是属于特定某个文化群体的,即使在同一个国家里，人们也会形成不同的政党，有一定的政治倾向，different political opinion with different life style；2） 人们需要一定的社会关系。需要社会关系即需要把自己放到一定的团体中并且获得认同感，社会生活中不被孤立，是一种自我保护本能。Maslows need theory: social needs (acceptance, affection, affiliation with a social group)-people have the psychological tendency of identifying with a certain social groups. Childrens socialization with other children plays a critical role in the understanding and psychological development.3） Then next we should look at the main question of this issue: for what reason do we need social identification? 人们在评价，定义自己的时候倾向于把自己放在宏观社会的某个位置上，作为社会的一分子。在社会框架中寻找自己的定位。譬如人们有种族，肤色，国籍，宗教信仰等等社会特征。承认了社会造就