翻译理论集锦.docx

精品文档 1. terms1) translation Translationis the communication of themeaningof a source-language text by means of anequivalenttarget-language text.Whileinterpretingthe facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languagesantedateswriting, translation began only after the appearance of writtenliterature. There exist partial translations of the SumerianEpic of Gilgamesh(ca. 2000 BCE) intoSouthwest Asianlanguages of the second millennium BCE.Translators always risk inappropriatespill-overof source-languageidiomandusageinto the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-languagecalquesandloanwordsthat have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated.Owing to the demands ofbusinessdocumentation consequent to theIndustrial Revolutionthat began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations.Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought toautomate translationor tomechanically aid the human translator.The rise of theInternethas fostered aworld-wide marketfortranslation servicesand has facilitatedlanguage localization.Translation studiessystematically study the theory and practice of translation.2) Translation methods 翻译方法是翻译活动中，基于某种翻译策略，为达到特定的翻译目的所采取的特定的途径、步骤、手段。Literal translation : means not to alter the original words and sentences, it strives to keep the sentiments and style of the original. It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text into consideration at the same time in the ideological context and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.eg:纸老虎 paper tiger word for wordLiberal translation: is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figure of speech. Eg；Adams apple 喉结 sense for sense3) Translation strategies 翻译策略是翻译活动中，为实现特定的翻译目的所依据的原则和所采纳的方案集合。A plan or policy designed for a particular purpose.异化：Foreignization 尽量不要打扰原作者，而是把读者带向原作者。Schleiermacher : “Leave the author in piece as much as possible, and move the reader toward him.”尽量保留原文的语言、文学、文化特质，保留异国风. 归化：Domestication 尽量不要打扰原作者，而是把作者带向读者。Schleiermacher : “Leave the author in piece as much as possible, and move the author toward reader.”具体表现为在翻译中，尽量用目的语读者喜闻乐见的语言、文学、文化要素来替换源语的语言、文学、文化要素，恪守、回归目的语的语言、文学和文化规范4) equivalence Ii was advocated by Jakobson. Through to the 1950s and 1960s, discussions in translation studies tended to concern how best to attain equivalence. The term equivalence had two distinct meanings, corresponding to different schools of thought. In the Russian tradition, equivalence was usually a one-to-one correspondence between linguistic forms, or a pair of authorized technical terms or phrases, such that equivalence was opposed to a range of substitutions. However, in the French tradition of Vinay and Darbelnet, drawing onBally, equivalence was the attainment of equal functional value, generally requiringchangesin form.Catfords notion of equivalence in 1965 was as in the French tradition. In the course of the 1970s, Russian theorists adopted the wider sense of equivalence as something resultingfrom linguistic transformations.At about the same time, theInterpretive Theory of Translationintroduced the notion of deverbalized sense into translation studies, drawing a distinction between word correspondences and sense equivalences, and showing the difference between dictionary definitions of words and phrases (word correspondences) and the sense of texts or fragments thereof in a given context (sense equivalences).The discussions of equivalence accompanied typologies of translation solutions (also called procedures, techniques or strategies), as in Fedorov (1953) and Vinay and Darbelnet (1958). In 1958 Loh DianyangsTranslation: Its Principles and Techniques(英汉翻译理论与技巧) drew on Fedorov and English linguistics to present a typology of translation solutions between Chinese and English.In these traditions, discussions of the ways to attain equivalence have mostly been prescriptive and have been related to translator training.5) Translation studiesTranslation studiesis an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application oftranslation,interpreting, andlocalization. As an interdiscipline, Translation Studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include comparative literature,computer science,history, linguistics, philology, philosophy, semiotics andterminology.The termtranslation studieswas coined by the Amsterdam-based American scholar James S. Holmes in his paper The name and nature of translation studies,which is considered a foundational statement for the discipline.In English, writers occasionally use the term translatology (and less commonly traductology) to refer to translation studies, and the corresponding French term for the discipline is usuallytraductologie(as in theSocit Franaise de Traductologie). In the United States there is a preference for the termTranslation and Interpreting Studies(as in theAmerican Translation and Interpreting Studies Association), although European tradition includes interpreting within translation studies (as in theEuropean Society for Translation Studies).Early studiesHistorically, translation studies has long beenprescriptive(telling translators how to translate), to the point that discussions of translation that were not prescriptive were generally not considered to be about translation at all. When historians of translation studies trace early Western thought about translation, for example, they most often set the beginning atCiceros remarks on how he used translation from Greek to Latin to improve his oratorical abilitiesan early description of whatJeromeended up callingsense-for-sense translation. The descriptive history of interpreters in Egypt provided byHerodotusseveral centuries earlier is typically not thought of as translation studiespresumably because it does not tell translators how to translate. InChina, the discussion onhow to translateoriginated with the translation ofBuddhist sutrasduring theHan Dynasty.6) Translation schools Functional theories of translation Key concepts Functional theories from Germany in the 1970s-1980s mark a move away from static linguistic typologies. Reiss stresses equivalence at text level, linking language functions to text types and translation strategy. Holz-Minttris theory of translational action: a communicative process involving a series of players. Vermeers skopos theory of translation strategy depending on purpose of TT is expanded in Reiss and Vermeen Nords translation-oriented text analysis: a functional approach with more attention to ST. Linguistic school of translation studiesEquivalence and equivalent effect Key concepts The problem of equivalence in meaning, discussed by Jakobson (1959) and central to translation studies for two decades. Nidas adaptation of transformational grammar model, and scientific methods to analyze meaning in his work on Bible translating. Nidas concepts of formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence and the principle of equivalence and the principle of equivalent effect: focus on the receptor. Newmarks semantic translation and communicative translation. Development of bersetzungswissenschaft (science of translating) in the Germanies of the 1970s and 1980s. Theoretical criticisms of equivalence and the tertium comparationis.Roman Jakobson: the nature of linguistic meaning and equivalenceNida andthe science of translatingNewmark: semantic and communicative translationKoller: Korrespondenz and quivalenz Later developments in equivalence 交际翻译流派 The Communicative Translation school. 阐释学派Hermeneutic School of Translation Study代表人物： 施某尔。马赫， 韦努蒂： 1995年 作品译者的隐形The Translators Invisibility.7) Culture turn in translation studiesThe cultural turn: This is the term used in translation studies for the move towards the analysis of translation from a cultural studies angle. The cultural turn meant still another step forward in the development of the discipline. It was sketched bySusan BassnettandAndr LefevereinTranslation - History - Culture, and quickly represented by the exchanges between translation studies and other area studies and concepts:gender studies, cannibalism, post-colonialism or cultural studies, among others.8) translators subjectivityA. The invention of the text. B. The invention of the translator. C. Text style. (Nida： narrative, descriptive, discussion, dialogue.) D. The readship. (Martion Joos: five oclock theory.)9) Categories of translation 10) readers response“if we look at translation in terms of the response, rather than in terms of their respective forms, then we introduce another point of view: the intelligibility of the translation, such intelligibility is not, however, to be measured merely in terms of whether the words are understandable and the sentences grammatically constructed, but in terms of the total impact the message has on the one who receives it.”(Nida & Taber, 1969,22) 2. Important figures in translation history1) F. Tyltler 泰特勒关于翻译理论的传世之作是1790年匿名出版的专著论翻译的原则（EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation），书中最为出色的部分之一是泰特勒给“优秀的翻译”下的定义，即“原作的优点完全移植在译作语言之中，使译语使用者像原语使用者一样，对这种优点能清楚地领悟，并有着同样强烈的感受”。在此基础上，泰特勒提出了翻译的三原则，分别是： A. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.B. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.C. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition. 2) Yan Fu 以社会学为主，天演论 Evolution and Ethics and other essays. 严复是中国近代翻译史上学贯中西、划时代意义的翻译家，也是我国首创完整翻译标准的先驱者。严复吸收了中国古代佛经翻译思想的精髓，并结合自己的翻译实践经验，在天演论译例言里鲜明地提出了“信、达、雅”的翻译原则和标准。“信”（faithfulness）是指忠实准确地传达原文的内容“达”（expressiveness）指译文通顺流畅“雅”（elegance）可解为译文有文采，文字典雅这条著名的“三字经”对后世的翻译理论和实践的影响很大，20世纪的中国译者都深受这三个字影响的。 3) Lin Yutang作者，学者，翻译家，语言学家，新道家代表人物My Country and My People, The Art of Life, Moment in Peking.标准：忠实，通顺，美。即 Faithfulness, smoothness and beauty. 直译：Lireral translation, 死译 Stubborn translation, 意译 Liberal translation, 胡译 Abandoned translation. 他提出了翻译的三条标