中草药资源外文文献

Chinese Herbal Medicines 12 2020 3 13 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chinese Herbal Medicines journal homepage Original Article Chinese herbal medicine resources Where we stand Ran ran Gao a c Ya ting Hu b Yang Dan a Li jun Hao a c Xia Liu b Jing yuan Song a c d a Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193 China b School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China c Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource Ministry of Education Beijing 100193 China d Yunnan Branch of Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Jinghong 666100 China a r t i c l e i n f o Article history Received 21 June 2019 Revised 19 July 2019 Accepted 23 August 2019 Available online 20 December 2019 Keywords bioengineering cultivation CHM resources germplasm resources identifi cation quality analysis a b s t r a c t In recent years the development of Chinese herbal medicine CHM has been challenged by shortages of CHM resources and drug safety concerns related to end products There have been signifi cant effort s by Chinese scholars to tackle these challenges which are revealed by analyzing the research trend of CHM resources via surveying Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs Zhong Cao Yao a representative jour nal in CHM Our study focused on 781 articles in CHM resources from 2013 to 2018 and included four subject areas germplasm resources quality analysis and evaluation cultivation and bioengineering of CHM Discussion and prospective for future investigations were also presented including construct the core germplasm of medicinal plants and expand germplasms combine molecular research with fi eld ex periments and promote the deeper study of cultivation of CHM plants improve the quality evaluation method of CHM and strengthen the identifi cation of Chinese patented medicines promote the sustain able development of CHM resources by utilizing bioengineering and synthetic biology This study helps international scholars understand the status quo of CHM research and provides theoretical support for the healthy modern and international development of CHM and it will facilitate the sustainable devel opment of the traditional Chinese medicine industry 2019 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines Published by Elsevier B V This is an open access article under the CC BY NC ND license http creativecommons org licenses by nc nd 4 0 1 Introduction In 2015 You you Tu was awarded the Nobel Prize due to the discovery of artemisinin a therapeutic drug of malaria extracted from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua L This landmark event shows that Chinese herbal medicine CHM resources play a domi nant role in the new drug discovery Currently more than one third of clinic drugs are extracted and or derived from CHM resources such as irinotecan and composite Danshen Pills CHM resources have had crucial value in the treatment and prevention of various diseases for thousands of years and they have signifi cantly con tributed to improving human health Furthermore CHM resources are also an important source for health care products food fl avors and pigments and cosmetics etc With the progress of internation alization of traditional Chinese medicine Chinese herbs are widely used all over the world Many common herbs have been recorded Corresponding author E mail address jysong J y Song in the United States Pharmacopoeia Japanese Pharmacopoeia India Pharmacopoeia and Korea Pharmacopoeia Chen et al 2014 The market demand for CHM in recent years has signifi cantly increased According to statistics the annual consumption of CHM in China exceeds 40 0 0 0 0 tons of which the main consump tion is wild CHM Zhu Wang Liang He 2 DNA markers based on polymer chain reaction PCR such as Random Amplifi ed Polymorphic DNA RAPD Random Am plifi ed Microsatellite Polymorphism RAMP Amplifi ed Fragment Length Polymorphism AFLP Sequence Related Amplifi ed Poly morphism SRAP Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ISSR and Simple Sequence Repeat SSR 3 DNA sequence markers i e sequence analysis of some gene fragments in the nuclear genome chloro plast genome and mitochondria genome The commonly used genes are rbcL and matK of the chloroplast genome and ITS of the nuclear genome The application of molecular markers in the study of genetic di versity of medicinal plants in Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs is outlined in Table 1 No articles use molecular markers based on molecular hybridization techniques Most studies have utilized the molecular marker technology based on PCR including SSR ISSR SCoT SRAP RAPD AFLP CDDP RAMP and DALP etc For exam ple the genetic diversity of Gastrodia elata germplasm resources was studied by the SRAP molecular marker Chan et al 2014 The ISSR molecular marker was used to analyze genetic polymorphisms and the relationship of Anisodus tanguticus from Gansu and Qinghai Provinces in China Zhang Ren Zhang Shao et al 2018 and soil microbial composition Li Song Wang Wang Deng Ma Their monosaccharide ratio was distinct which is useful in the identifi cation of Astragalus with different growth modes Gao Li Hao Wang DNA sequence differences can be used to generate specifi c restriction enzyme sites that result in changes in the length or the amount of the enzyme fragment for identifi cation Wang Chen Ren the images of physicochemical identifi cation are from Liu Shi and Lei 2017 and Yang et al 2016 the image of molecular identifi cation is from Yu et al 2014 the image of mycotoxin is from D az Nietoa Granerob Alicia Zon and Fern ndez 2018 8 R r Gao Y t Hu and Y Dan et al Chinese Herbal Medicines 12 2020 3 13 was used to identify the donkey skin Tian et al 2013 and Fritil laria thunbergii Li Huang Zhao Vanherweghem Depierreux Tielemans Abramow icz MVA MEP the shikimate pathway and the malonic acid pathway are especially highlighted The main syn thetic routes of CHM natural products are shown in Fig 3 There are many key enzymes in each pathway Although different plants may contain the same components the enzymatic characteristics and the regulatory mechanisms of these key enzymes are distinct in different plants More than 100 papers studied the cloning and expression of key enzymes in different medicinal plants and most of them are related to MVA or MEP pathways e g FPPS in Atracty lodes lancea Jiang et al 2017 and sesquiterpene synthase SES in Dendrobium offi cinale Shen et al 2017 Key enzymes in shiki mate and malonic acid pathways such as chalcone isomerase CHI in Fagopyrum dibotrys Luo et al 2013 and Scutellaria baicalensis Guo Cheng Yang Liu It was found that al lelochemicals signifi cantly reduced the genetic diversity and car bon metabolism of soil microbes in the new reforestation forest of ginseng Li Ying Zhao Field experiments should follow after the molecular mechanism is elucidated 6 3 Improving quality evaluation methods and strengthening the identifi cation of Chinese patent medicine The quality of CHM is directly related to clinical effi cacy and the chemical components are the material base of CHM to exert its effi cacy The effi cacy and safety of drugs can be guaranteed only when the effective components and toxic components of CHM meet the defi ned standards then these drugs can be used in clinical practice The method of determining the content of single or several components to evaluate the quality of CHM has limitations The ideal CHM quality control is to analyze and detect the active components under conditions that ensure the pharmacodynamic substances of CHM are stable However it is very diffi cult to study the basic pharmacodynamic materials and it is more diffi cult to elucidate the pharmacodynamic basis of CHM accurately Q marker the quality control of CHM based on the biological effect benchmark may be a benefi cial supplement to the quality standard of CHM providing a new reference for the research of CHM quality control Liu 2019 Fig 4 Classifi cation of articles in Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs in 2013 2018 Note The Numbers represent the number and proportion of articles in each section R r Gao Y t Hu and Y Dan et al Chinese Herbal Medicines 12 2020 3 13 11 Pesticide residues and heavy metal elements introduced by im proper cultivation and processing and mycotoxins caused by im proper storage will affect the effi cacy of CHM and hinder the use and development of CHM A review summarized the ex trinsic harmful residues contaminating CHMs as well as their types detection methods national and international regulations Liu Qin Dou Yang Ro et al 2006 taxol Ajikumar et al 2010 baicalein and scutellarein Li et al 2019 have been successful The synthetic biology could help solve the problem of CHM ex haustion and contribute to the sustainable development of CHM resources Declaration of Competing Interest The authors 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