初中英语时态总结.doc

.效佳教育 杨凯勋 英语中时态总共有16中，但就初中阶段而言，需要把握好其中的8中就可以了。他们可分为三类：1.一般的：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时。2.现在的：现在进行时，现在完成时。3.过去的：过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时。那么我们下面就这三类来做一下详细的讲解和分析。 1.概念：表示经常性的事情，经常性的动作或一般性事实。2. 基本结构：主语 + 动词原形/be动词（is,are,am）+其他成分。（如主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词要改为第三人称单数形式） 2.1（1） 否定形式：is，are ,am加not;若句子的谓语动词为实义动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原实义动词。 （2） 一般疑问句：若句子的谓语是be动词，那么要把be动词放于句首；若句子的动词是实义动词，就借助助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原实义动词。2.2谓语动词的“三单规则变化”1) 直接在动词原形后加-s.ask-asks work-works get-gets stay-stays2) 以字母s, x, ch, sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-es.watch-watches wish-wishes fix-fixes do-does go-goes pass-passes3) 以“辅音字母加 - y”结尾的动词，要先变y为i再加-es.try-tries study-studies cry-cries fly-flies3.用法a) 表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作。My sister wears glasses. 我妹妹戴眼镜。He often goes to the cinema. 他经常去看电影。【注】询问某人的习惯时，有时还可用ever。如：“Do you ever eat meat?” “No, I never eat meat.”“你吃肉吗?”“从不吃肉。”b) 表示现在(或经常性)的情况或状态。Mother is ill. 母亲病了。He is always like that. 他总是那样。c) 表示现在的能力、特征、职业等。如：He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好。Mr. Smith teaches French. 史密斯先生教法语。d) 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在。Summer follows spring. 春去夏来。Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太4.标志词：通常与一般现在时连用的词有： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), on Sundays，everyday, in the morning, once a week, three times a week等练习题;.1. _Alice often play the piano?. No, she _.A. Do; do B. Does; does C. Does; doesnt 2. _ your pen friend _ in Beijing? A. Do; live B. Do; lives C. Does; live 3. Tom and Mike _ very excited, they will take a trip. A. is B. are C. am 4. I like _ very much. What about you?A. dance B. danced C. dancing 5. I cant find my pen. Let me _.A. go and ask her B. go and ask hers C. go and ask she 6. Fang fang is a good student. She _math. A. does good at B. well do it C. is good at7. The kite _ a bird. A. look like B. is looking C. looks like 8. Bill and I _ good friends. A. is B. are C. am 9. Sandy often _ his homework on Sundays.A. do B. does C. did 10. What do you usually do on the weekend? I _.A. went swimming B. go swimming C. visited grandparents 11. What do you usually do on your holiday?A. saw elephants B. sing and dance C. took picture 12. I _ a student. I go to school _bus every day. A. is; by B. am; on C. am; by 13. I _ a brother. She _ a sister. A. have; has B. has; has C. have; have 14. You _ a student. He _ a teacher. A. is; is B. are; is C. are; are 15. He always _ football games. A. watches B. watch C. doesnt 16. My best friend _ shells. A. collects B. collect C. often 17. She doesnt _ listening to the music. A. often B. like C. likes 18. My mother and I _ always watch romantic films. A. doesnt B. dont C. do 19. -When _ he get home on Friday? -He gets home at four on Friday. A. do B. does C. did 20. Summer _ spring. A. comes after B. comes in C .comes before1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.基本结构：主语+动词的过去式/be(was/were) +其他成分2.1（1）否定形式：若是be动词其形式为：was/were+ not，若是实义动词的过去式，就在实义动词前加didnt，同时还原实义动词。（2）一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原实义动词。2.2 动词原形变过去式的规则变化l 直接加ed work worked looklooked playplayed, l 以e结尾的单词，直接加d：live lived hopehoped useused, l 以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加edstudystudied carrycarried worryworried, l 以元音字母+y结尾的，直接加edenjoy enjoyed playplayed l 以重读闭音节结尾的，双写最后的辅音字母+edstopstopped planplanned 3.用法 1）表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 I got up at six this morning.今天早上我六点起的床。 We visited the factory last week.上周我们参观了那个工厂。 2）表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。 When I was in the countryside, I often swam in the river. 当我在乡下时，我常常在河里游泳。4.标志词 ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 一般过去时练习：写出下列动词的过去式isam_ fly_ study_ are _ drink_play_ go_ make _ does_ dance_worry_ ask _ taste_ eat_ draw_put _ have_ stop_ read_ do _二、句型转换。1. Tom listened to CDs yesterday. (变否定句)Tom to CDs yesterday.2. Father slept all day last Monday. (改一般疑问句) Father all day last Monday?3. I was very busy last week. (改否定句和一般疑问句)I very busy last week. you very busy last week?4. She took the wallet away from the table. (对划线部分提问) She the wallet away from?5. Last weekend, she got up very early. (对划线部分提问) she up very early?6. Jimmy read a book about history.(对划线部分提问) Jimmy ?7. Sally went to the pool yesterday. (改为一般疑问句)_ Sally _ to the pool yesterday?8. They had a party 2 days age. (改为否定句)They _ _ a party 2 days ago.9. We did our homework last Friday. (改为否定句)We _ _ our homework.10. Her weekend was very interesting. (划线提问)_ _ your weekend?11. I played soccer on my computer last weekend. (划线提问)What _ you _ on your computer last weekend?12. Did he study English well? (改为肯定句)He _ English well.13. It was time for lunch. (同义句)It was time _ _ lunch.14. He cant see anything on the blackboard. (同义句)He can _ _ on the blackboard.15、He did some cleaning this morning.(对划线部分提问) he the morning?16、My weekend was very good.( 对划线部分提问) Weekend?17、We went to the mountains last weekend. ( 对划线部分提问) the mountains ?18、He did his homework last night.(改为否定句) He his homework last night.19、John went to the zoo last Saturday. (对划线部分提问) John last Saturday?20、Tom played football this afternoon. (改为否定句)Tom football this afternoon.21、Barry visited his uncle last Sunday.(改为一般疑问句) Barry his uncle last Sunday?22、They went to the beach a week ago. (对划线部分提问) Did they a week ago?三、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1、I (do) my homework yesterday morning2、My brother (go ) to study in America last year.3、Did you go (visit) your uncle yesterday?4、We (take ) the train to Shanghai yesterday.5、I (study) for todays math test last night.6、We (have) fun at your birthday party last night.7、He (not eat ) breakfast this morning.8、Last Sunday afternoon we (play) tennis and (clean ) the room.9、Last night I (study) geography for an hour.四、同义句转换1. It was time for breakfast.It was time breakfast.2. Did they take a walk with their pet dog last year?Did they a walk with their pet dog last year?3. Do you think everyone enjoys his weekend?Do you think everyone .4. Her weekend was very busy.She weekend.5. I can see nothing because it is very dark.I see because it is very dark.1.概念：一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。或者表示计划、打算、准备做的事。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。 2.基本结构：a. will（第二,三人称）/shall（第一人称） + do. b.主语+is/are/am going to doing+其他成分。 2.1（1）否定句：在will/shall+not+do, shall not 和will not 的缩写式分别为 shant 和 wont.在be动词后直接加not.(2)一般疑问句：把be动词或者是will/shall提至句首即可。3用法： （1）一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或情况。 例如：I will(shall) arrive tomorrow.我明天到。 Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空吗？ We wont (shant) be busy this evening. 我们今晚不忙。 （2）在一般将来时的句子中，有时有表示将来时间的 ，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况。例如： Will she come? 她（会）来吗？ （3）在以第一人称I或we作主语的问句中，一般使用助动词shall，这时或是征求对方的意见(a)，或是询问一个情况(b)： a. Where shall we meet? 我们在哪儿碰头？ b. Shall we have any classes tomorrow? 明天我们有课吗？ 在这类问句中，近年来也有不少人用will，特别是在美国。例如： How will I get there? 我怎么去？ （4）be going to+ 动词原形 a.表示计划、打算、准备做的事。例如： We are going to put up a building here.我们打算在这里盖一座楼。 How are you going to spend your holidays? 假期你准备怎样过？ b.表示即将发生或肯定要发生的事。例如： I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪了。（5）用一般现在时表示将来的情况。在主从复合句中，当主句为一般将来时时，在if, as soon as,until,when等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：If it doesnt rain this afternoon, well have a football match.如果今天下午不下雨，我们将进行一场足球比赛。4.标志词tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening ，next year/week/month/hour ，in+段时间 in the future ，this afternoon/Sunday/evening from now on ，one day, someday （未来的）某天 soon实战演练( ) 1. There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be( ) 2. Charlie _ here next month. A. isnt working B. doesnt working C. isnt going to working D. wont work( ) 3. He _ very busy this week, he _ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be( ) 4. There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening. A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be( ) 5. _ you _ free tomorrow? No. I _ free the day after tomorrow.A. Are; going to; will B. Are; going to be; will C. Are; going to; will be D. Are; going to be; will be( ) 6. Mother _ me a nice present on my next birthday.A. wills gives B. will give C. gives D. give1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.基本结构：主语+be(am/is/are)+doing+其他成分 （注：其中be动词体现现在的时间。且其没有任何实际的意义，只是与后面的现在分词一起构成句子的谓语。）2.1（1） 否定形式：主语+am/is/are+not+doing+其他成分。（2）若变为一般疑问句，就把be动词放于句首即可。 2.2 动词现在分词的变化规则： 1.直接+ ing(例：sleep+ing sleeping) 2.去掉不发音的e+ing(例：bite- biting) 3.重读闭音节且末尾只有1个辅音字母，双写辅音字母+ingSit- sitting，plan-planning stop-stopping 4.以ie结尾变ie为y+ing （例：die-dying lie-lying）3.用法 1）表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。-what are you doing? 你在做什么？-I am reading English.我正在读英语。 2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。They are studying hard this term.他们这学期学习一直很努力。Steven is running after Kate. 3)go,leave,arrive,start等动词用现在进行时表将来。Im going to Beijing this Sunday.本周日我打算去北京。 4）若现在进行时与频度副词always,often,constantly等连用，通常表示说话人的感情色彩，或赞许或批评。 He is always thinking of others, not of himself. (表赞许) Tom is always laughing at others. (表批评)4.标志词若在句中出现了now, these days等或当句子中含有listen, look等暗示词时，就用现在进行时。现在进行时练习题实战演练1. What are you _doing_ (do) now? I _am eating_ (eat) bread.2. Its nine oclock. My father_is working_(work) in the office.3. Look, the boy_is puting_(put) the rubbish into the bin.4. _Does_he_cleaning_(clean) the classroom? No, he isnt. He_is playing_(play).5. Where is Mak? He_is running_(run) on the grass.6. Listen, who_is singing_(sing) in the music room? Oh, Mary_is singing_(sing) there.将下列句子改成现在进行时1. Tom can speak Chinese. 2. We have four lessons. 3. I watch TV every day. 4. She works in a hospital. 5. Do you like this book? 6. Kitty and Ben have lunch at about twelve. 7. His father can help them. 8. Danny, open the door. 填空:1. She is _ (walk, walking) now.2. Mother is _ (feed, feeding) birds.3. They are _ (sitting, siting) on the chair.4. Cindy is _ (watch, watching) TV.5. Joe is _ (jogging, joging) in the garden.6. Look, Nick is _ (coming, come).7. The cat is _ (lieing, lying) on the rug.8. Listen, she is _ (singing, sing).9. Look, the girl is _ (run).10. The cat is _ (eat) now.11. Look, the baby is _ (smile).12. My mother and my father are _ (dance).13. Uncle Jerry is _ (drive).14. The fish is _ (swim) in the river.15. She is _ (shop).根据汉语意思填空:1. 你要去哪儿啊? Where are you _?2. Nick 正在爬攀登架. Nick is _ (climb) the jungle gym.3. 他们正在读书. They are _ books.4. 爷爷正在吸烟. Grandpa is _.5. 我在做作业. I am _ (do) my homework.6. 我妈妈正在做饭. My mother is _.7. Jerry在喝柠檬果汁. Jerry is _ lemon juice.8. 他正在写信. He is _ a letter.9. 看! Cindy来了. Look, Cindy is _.10. 我们在唱歌. We are _ now.填入be动词的适当形式1. He _ drinking water.2. The eagle _ flying in the sky.3. Children _ playing in the playground.4. They are _ working now.5. I _ going to the supermarket.6. I _ coming.7. He _ walking in the woods now.9. They watch TV in the evening. 1.概念：（1）强调动作是从过去持续到现在，并有可能继续持续下去。 （2） 强调对现在的影响或结果，此用法容易和一般过去时混淆。两者的区别是：一般过去时有动作发生的时间点，即过去某一时间发生某一动作；现在完成时则没有，即不强调是哪个时间点发生的动作，而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。 （3）在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。2.现在完成时构成：主语+助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词+其他成分 2.1肯定句中：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. 否定句中：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. 一般疑问句中：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. 特殊疑问句中：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词（V-ed）+其他） 2.2动词过去分词的规则变化 (1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-droppeddropped3用法 （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在，也就是说，动作发生在过去，而对现在造成的影响和结果. I have spent all of my money. (现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table. (简已经摆好了桌子) Michael has been ill. (现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (现在已在此地) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用实义动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. for+时段 为时间 since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来） since+时段+ago since+从句（过去时） It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注：短暂性动词（buy,die,join,lose）不能直接与for ，since 连用。要改为其对应的延续性动词 Come/arrive/reach/get to-be in Go out-be out Finish-be over Open-be open Die-be dead Buy-have Fall ill-be ill Come back-be back Put on -be on/wear Worry-be worried Catch a cold-have a cold 1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be+形容词”代短暂性性动词1、be married代marry 2、be ill代fall (get) ill 3、be dead代die 4、be asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be awake代wake/wake up 6、be gone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be missing(gone, lost)代lose c)用“be+副词”代短暂性动词 1“be+on”代start, begin 2“be+up”代get up 3“be+back(to)”代return to, come back to, go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be+介词短语”代短暂性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to 四常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表+相应的介词： 1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at 2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out 4. have become have been 5. have closed / opened have been closed/opened 6. have got up have been up； 7. have died have been dead； 8. have left sw. have been away from sw. 9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed have been over； 11. have married have been married； 12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ； 13. have begun have been on 14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost havent had 16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold； 18. have got to know have known 19. have/has gone to have been in 20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier 五用法注意：1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语） 如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用. 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用 如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, lately, never等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I havent seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet ? 3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. 4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. 5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester. 6.现在完成时的完成用法 现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。 例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去