美国文学选读复习资料.doc

精品American Puritanism 殖民地时期 ( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林 作品：1、Poor Richards Almanac 格言历书- A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.2、The Autobiography 自传-“美国梦”的根源 3、参与起草独立宣言 浪漫主义American RomanticismThe Romantic Period stretches fromthe end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.The social and cultural background of RomanticismThe young Republic wasflourishinginto a politically, economically and culturally independent country.The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.Thedesire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.Romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandmanssocietiesasasourceofcorruption. 二、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加爱伦坡-poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycritic(48poems,70shortstories)Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof“Artforartssake.”Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism(心理分析批评),andthedetectivestory.诗歌的精髓就是追求美小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。ThePoeticPrinciple:1.Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting; 2.Beauty(therhythmicalcreationofbeauty);3.Melancholy忧伤(especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman).代表作：TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍大厦的倒塌Ligeia莉盖亚 AnnabelLee安娜贝尔李TheRaven乌鸦 TheCaskofAmontillado阿芒提拉多的酒桶-gothicnovel人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor,弗图纳多Fortunato，筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。三爱默生Emerson =The chief spokesman of New EnglandTranscendentalism超验主义He was a descendent（后裔） of a long line of New Englandclergymen牧师【pastor】.散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。American Transcendentalism As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also known as “American Renaissance”) flourshed in New Englandfrom the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates inEmerson and Thoreau.Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.Transcendentalism超验主义(+ H. D. Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; )The major features of Transcendentalism: The Transcendentalists placedemphasis on spirit,or theOversoul,as the most important thing in theuniverse. 思想 超灵 宇宙 The Transcendentalists stressed theimportance of the individual.To them, theindividual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会 The Transcendentalists offered a freshperception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝代表作：Nature论自然-theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson； Self-Reliance论自助-是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一一 TheAmericanScholar论美国学者；TheOver-soul论超灵四、NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔霍桑-effectedby超验主义HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.Oneofthemostambivalent（矛盾的）writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.主要成就：美国心理分析小说的开创者浪漫主义小说家心理小说家代表作：MossesfromanOldManse古宅青苔;Twice-ToldTales故事重述;TheMarbleFaun玉石雕像;TheHouseoftheSevenGables带有七个尖角阁的房子 TheScarletLetter红字ManyofhisearlierstorieshadtreatedthemesthatledtoTheScarletLetter.Theme: Puritanseveritytowardsexandmatrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandtruefeelings.TheScarletLetter红字：HesterPrynne-strong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;Pearl-innocent,perceptive;RogerChillingworth-amandeficientinhumanwarmth,trueevilinthestory;ArthurDimmesdale-intelligentandemotional.SymbolisminhisworksHawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒传统andbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebestsymbolists.五、HermanMelville赫尔曼梅尔维尔Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.代表作：WhiteJacket白外衣BillyBudd毕利伯德,Typee泰比,Omoo欧穆,Mardi玛地. MobyDick1851白鲸-百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗（熊福克纳、老人与海海明威、白鲸梅尔维尔）MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelvillesbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.ItisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.TheideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutaTranscendentalistfolly.MobyDickthusrevealsthebasicpatternof19thcenturyAmericanlife:lonelinessandsuicidalindividualisminaself-styleddemocracy.(anegativereflectionuponTranscendentalism)SymbolisminMobyDick：-ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruth寻找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintomansdeeprealityandpsychology.-Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups;factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings;thePequodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable难以理解的,malignant恶性的,andbeautifulaswell. 六H. D. Thoreau梭罗and his workWalden瓦尔登湖not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreaus own transcendental philosophy.七Henry Wadsworth Longfellow朗费罗Features of Longfellows poetic works1) lChief romantic tendencies as humanitarian attitude, love of nature and love of beauty.2) lThe first American poet to write narrative poems.3) lConventional style and subjects4) lGenerally simple ideas expressed musically and powerfully.5) lSimplicity and detachment from the deep problems of contemporary life19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。传统派，励志型。 诗集： 夜吟Voices of the Night 歌谣及其他Ballads and Other Poems 伊凡杰琳Evangeline 海依华沙之歌The Song of Hiawatha 诗歌： 我射出一支箭 I Shot an Arrow. A Psalm of Life 生命颂/人生颂-第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌八、WaltWhitman沃尔特惠特曼美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的自由体（FreeVerse-withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.），ThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass草叶集waspublishedin1855.Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.WritingfeaturesofWhitman-Asingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.-Songsforhimself,forthelabourofcommonAmericanpeople,naturalcreation,theindependenceofthecountry,loveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.-Freeverse,rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.诗歌：我歌唱自我OnesSelfISing噢，船长！我的船长！OCaptain!MyCaptain!九、EmilyDickinson（19世纪唯一出名的女作家）-IDiedforBeauty,becauseIcouldnotstopforDeath.美国女诗人，狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡，对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌，她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生。宅女，想象力，诗歌（死亡、爱情、失败、无标点）Whitman:societyDickinson:innerlifeoftheindividualMostofherpoemsareaboutdeathandimmortality.Natureistoherbothbenevolentandcruel.EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.Mostofherpoemsareaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;manyofthemarebasedonasingleimageorsymbol.作品：要描绘一片草原ToMakeaPrairie 最美妙的胜利感觉SuccessIsCountedSweetest 我是无名之辈ImNobody! TheAgeofRealismThewarledmanytoquestiontheassumptionssharedbythetranscendentalists-naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Ittaughtmenthatlifewasnotgood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.Asaliterarymovement,theAgeofRealismcameintoexistenceafterRomanticismwiththeCivilWarItwasareactionagainst“thelie”ofRomanticismandsentimentalism,andpavedthewaytoModernism.Thisliteraryinterestintheso-called“reality”oflifestartedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingknownasTheAgeofRealism.Thethreedominantfiguresoftheperiod:WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,HenryJamesJameswrotemostlyoftheupperreachesofAmericansociety.Howellsconcernedhimselfchieflywithmiddleclasslife.Twaindealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety.MarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe“life”oftheAmericans,andHenryJameshadapparentlylaidgreateremphasisonthe“innerworld”ofman. 十、MarkTwain马克吐温Writing:humorandlocalcolorismThecharacteristicsoflocalcolorism:-Twainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregioncameaboutas“localcolorism”auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.-LocalColorismorRegionalismfirstappearedinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.HamlinGarlanddefinedlocalcolorismashaving“suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative.”Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenous土产的littleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.-Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.代表作：LifeontheMississippi密西西比河上 TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆索亚历险记 TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝里费恩历险记 -(MarkTwainsmostrepresentativework)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn-ThenoveliswritteninalanguagethatistotallydifferentfromtherhetoricallanguageusedbyEmerson,Poe,andMelville.-Hischaracters,confinedtoaparticularregionandtoaparticularhistoricalmoment,speakwithastrongaccent,whichistrueofhislocalcolorism.-TherichmaterialofhisboyhoodexperienceontheMississippibecametheendlessresourcesforhisfiction,andtheMississippivalleyandtheWestbecamehismajortheme.-Hishumor,akindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayedromanticism,isremarkable.人物：HuckleberryFinn、Jim、TomSawyer、WidowDouglasandMissWatson、PapTheDukeandDauphin(公爵和法国皇太子）HenryJames亨利詹姆斯作品：ThePortraitofaLady一个女士的画像 DaisyMiller黛西密勒Theinternationaltheme:themeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceandthemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.LikeHawthorne,Jamesregardedevilasessentiallyofinwardcauseandrepeatedlyemphasizedmagnanimityandthebeautyofgoodness.PsychologicalRealism心理现实主义Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharactersthoughtsandmotivations.AndHenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Hebelievedthatrealityliesintheimpressionsmadebylifeonthespectator,andnotinanyfactsofwhichthespectatorisunaware.Suchrealismisthereforemerelytheobligationthattheartistassumestorepresentlifeasheseesit.American Naturalism自然主义The impact ofDarwins evolutionary theory达尔文进化论on the American thought and the19th centuryFrench literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism:American naturalism.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral与道德无关的, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity遗传and environment, thatthe destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion湮没in death.代表作家StephenCrane；FrankNorris；TheodoreDreiser；EdwinArlingtonRobinson；UptonSinclair；JackLondon；OHenryStephenCrane：Maggie:AGirloftheStreets街头女郎麦姬；TheRedBadgeofCourage；红色英勇勋章TheOpenBoat；海上扁舟TheodoreDreiser：TrilogyofDesire:1.TheFinancier2.TheTitan3.TheStoic；SisterCarrie；JennieGerhardt；AnAmericanTragedyO.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemThe Modern Period The Modern Period ：The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature) 又称：-The Roaring Twenties (economically) -The Jazz Age (socially) -“lost” and “waste land” (spiritually)，其中，“lost”来源：Gertrude Stein “waste land”来源T.S.EliotThe historic and cultural background -The USAs participation in World Warmarked a crucial stage in the nations evolution to a world power. -By the second decade of the 20th century, the USA had become the most powerful industrialized nation in the world. -There was a decline in moral standard and the first few decades of the 20th century was best described as a spiritual wasteland. There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences. Darwinism (Darwin), Socialism (Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)The Lost Generation The term “Lost Generation” came from Gertrude Stein, who had a salon in her house for English and American expatriates in Paris. The Phrase was a remark she made to a mechanic in Hemingways presence that “You are all a lost generation.” Gertrude Stein used the term to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and some others. Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature during this period : Sinclair Lewis (1930) 第一个获奖的美国人(特点：Main Street, Babbitt); Eugene ONeill (1936); Pearl S. Buck (1938); T.S. Eliot (1948); William Faulkner (1949); Ernest Hemingway (1954); John Steinbeck (1962)十一、F.ScottFitzgerald弗斯科特菲茨杰拉德AmericanDreamIntheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence独立宣言,ourfoundingfathers:heldcertaintruthstobeself-evident,thatallMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongthesearelife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness.作品：TheSideofParadise人间天堂 TheBeautifulandtheDamned漂亮的冤家 FlappersandPhilosophers姑娘们与哲学家们 TalesoftheJazzAge爵士乐时代的故事 TenderistheNight夜色温柔 TheCrack-up崩溃 TheLastTycoon(unfinished)TheGreatGatsbyJayGatsbyisamandrivenbygreed,ambitionand,mostofall,anunwaveringdesireforawomanhemetbeforetheGreatWar,whenhewaspoorandshewasunobtainable.AsGatsbyreinventshimselfinanattempttobuyhiswayintothesocialeliteofLongIslandsGoldCoast,heyearnstorekindlehisromancewiththewomanwhostolehisheartyearsbefore.Butwhenthechancefinallyarrives,ashadowoftragedyiscastoverwhatGatsbylongimaginedwouldbehistriumphantmoment.The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征，以美国梦American Dream为主线。“迷惘的一代”人物: Gatsby盖茨比，Daisy黛西，Tom汤姆，Nick尼克，Myrtle（汤姆的情妇），Wilson（汤姆情妇的丈夫）十二.William Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nobel price:“for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.”“Stream of Consciousness”意识流or“interior monologue”,内心独白is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a characters thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.He often employs stream of consciousness narrative, discards and notion of chronological order, uses multiple narrations, shifts between the present and past tense, and tends toward impossibly long and complex sentences.写作特点、内容： Yoknapatawpha Country-以故乡为原型虚构的，表现南方贵族家庭的没落 Southern family The Town of Jefferson 作品: The Sound and the Fury (1929) 喧嚣与骚动，取自莎士比亚的麦克白 As I Lay Dying (1930) 我弥留之际 Light in the August ( 1932) 八月之光 Absalom, Absalom (1936) 押沙龙，押沙龙！ Go Down Moses (1942) 去吧，摩西 23部长篇小说，11个短篇小说，7个诗集，6个电影剧本，1个电视剧剧本十三.Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特海明威-“迷惘的一代”作家的主要人物Iceberg Principle (Theory):冰山法则The dig