第二讲+早期绘画.ppt

第二讲欧洲绘画简史 之一 早期绘画 AncientEgyptPaintings DuetothehighlyreligiousnatureofancientEgyptiancivilization manyofthegreatworksofancientEgyptdepictgods goddesses andPharaohs whowerealsoconsidereddivine AncientEgyptianartischaracterizedbytheideaoforder ClearandsimplelinescombinedwithsimpleshapesandflatareasofcolorhelpedtocreateasenseoforderandbalanceintheartofancientEgypt AncientEgyptianartistsusedverticalandhorizontalreferencelinestomaintainthecorrectproportionsintheirwork Politicalandreligious aswellasartistic orderwasalsomaintainedinEgyptianart Toclearlydefinethesocialhierarchyofasituation figuresweredrawntosizesthatwerebasednotontheirdistancefromthepainter sperspectivebutonrelativeimportance Forinstance thePharaohwouldbedrawnasthelargestfigureinapaintingnomatterwherehewassituated andagreaterGodwouldbedrawnlargerthanalessergod Symbolismalsoplayedanimportantroleinestablishingasenseoforder Symbolism rangingfromthePharaoh sregalia symbolizinghispowertomaintainorder totheindividualsymbolsofEgyptiangodsandgoddesses wasomnipresentinEgyptianart AnimalswereusuallyalsohighlysymbolicfiguresinEgyptianart Color aswell hadextendedmeaning BlueandgreenrepresentedtheNileandlife yellowstoodforthesungod andredrepresentedpowerandvitality ThecolorsinEgyptianartifactshavesurvivedextremelywelloverthecenturiesbecauseofEgypt sdryclimate Despitethestiltedformcausedbyalackofperspective ancientEgyptianartisoftenhighlyrealistic http en wikipedia org wiki Ancient art UnknowedartistsBookoftheDeadca 1200BC TheGoddessofIsiswallpaintingca 1380BChttp en wikipedia org wiki File C3 84gyptischer Maler um 1360 v Chr 001 jpg Fayummummyportraitofayoungwoman2ndCenturyLouvre Parishttp en wikipedia org wiki File Fayum 34 jpg AncientGreecePaintings hemostprestigiousformofAncientGreekpaintingwaspanelpainting nowknownonlyfromliterarydescriptions theyperishedrapidlyafterthe4thcenturyAD whentheywerenolongeractivelyprotected TodaynotmuchsurvivesofGreekpainting exceptforlatemummypaintingsandafewpaintingsonthewallsoftombs mostlyinMacedoniaandItaly Paintingonpottery ofwhichagreatdealsurvives givessomesenseoftheaestheticsofGreekpainting Thetechniquesinvolved however wereverydifferentfromthoseusedinlarge formatpainting Itwasmainlyinblackandgoldandwaspaintedusingdifferentpaintsthantheonesusedonwallsorwood becauseitwasadifferentsurface http en wikipedia org wiki Ancient art NAMASacrificeauxCharites6thcenturyBCNationalArchaeologicalMuseum Athenshttp en wikipedia org wiki File NAMA Sacrifice aux Charites jpg BilingualamphorabytheAndokidesPainter ca 520BCHeraclesandAthenaStaatlicheAntikensammlungenMunichhttp en wikipedia org wiki File Athena Herakles Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2301 A full jpg AncientRoomPaintings InGreeceandRome wallpaintingwasnotconsideredashighart Themostprestigiousformofartbesidessculpturewaspanelpainting i e temperaorencausticpaintingonwoodenpanels Unfortunately sincewoodisaperishablematerial onlyaveryfewexamplesofsuchpaintingshavesurvived namelytheSeveranTondofromcirca200AD averyroutineofficialportraitfromsomeprovincialgovernmentoffice andthewell knownFayummummyportraits allfromRomanEgypt andalmostcertainlynotofthehighestcontemporaryquality Theportraitswereattachedtoburialmummiesattheface fromwhichalmostallhavenowbeendetached Theyusuallydepictasingleperson showingthehead orheadandupperchest viewedfrontally Thebackgroundisalwaysmonochrome sometimeswithdecorativeelements 19 Intermsofartistictradition theimagesclearlyderivemorefromGreco RomantraditionsthanEgyptianones Theyareremarkablyrealistic thoughvariableinartisticquality andmayindicatethesimilarartwhichwaswidespreadelsewherebutdidnotsurvive Afewportraitspaintedonglassandmedalsfromthelaterempirehavesurvived ashavecoinportraits someofwhichareconsideredveryrealisticaswell PlinytheYoungercomplainedofthedecliningstateofRomanportraitart Thepaintingofportraitswhichusedtotransmitthroughtheagestheaccuratelikenessesofpeople hasentirelygoneout Indolencehasdestroyedthearts http en wikipedia org wiki Ancient art MummywithaninsertedpanelportraitofayouthA D 80 100MetropolitanMuseum NewYorkhttp commons wikimedia org wiki File Metropolitan Mummy with portrait of a youth Roman jpg FayummummyportraitDepictionofawomanwitharinglethairstyle anorangechitonwithblackbandsandrod shapedearringsRoyalMuseumofScotlandhttp en wikipedia org wiki File Fayum 11 jpg VillaofMysteriesfrescos 65 50BC Pompeiihttp archives evergreen edu webpages curricular 2006 2007 greeceanditaly villa of mysteries frescos 65 50 bc pompeii index html Seatedcitharaplayerwithgirlbehind WallpaintinginRoomHoftheRomanVillaofP FanniusSynistoratBoscoreale Italyca 40 30B C Fresco 721 2x721 2in 186x186cm http www metmuseum org toah works of art 03 14 5 TheCatacombofSt CallixtusinRome CatacombPainting GoodShepherd Orants andtheStoryofJonah 4thCenturyA D TheCatacombofSaintsPeterandMarcellino Romehttp www utexas edu courses ancientfilmCC304 lecture27 detail php linenum 3 PictureoftheprophetJonahbeingthrownintotheSea CatacombofSaintPeterandSaintMarcellino Rome Itally 4thcentury http en wikipedia org wiki File Jonah thrown into the Sea jpg ByzantineMosaicPaintings ThetermByzantineartreferencesartisticworksproducedduringtheriseandfalloftheByzantineEmpirewhichstartedsometimearoundthe5thcenturyandendedwiththefallofConstantinoplein1453 TheByzantineeraconsistedofthefollowingperiodsofwhichtheartworkweofferisfrom EarlyByzantineArt TheAgeofJustinian TheSeventhCenturyCrisis Iconoclasm MacedonianArt ComnenianArtandPalaeologanAge Mosaicistheartofcreatingimageswithanassemblageofsmallpiecesofcoloredglass stone orothermaterials Itmaybeatechniqueofdecorativeart anaspectofinteriordecoration orofculturalandspiritualsignificanceasinacathedral Smallpieces normallyroughlyquadratic ofstoneorglassofdifferentcolors knownastesserae diminutivetessellae areusedtocreateapatternorpicture http en wikipedia org wiki Mosaic BasilicadisanVitaleRavenna Italy JustinianwithBishopMaximian clergy courtiers andsoldiers Mosaic S Vitale Ravenna 547CEhttp en wikipedia org wiki File Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna 003 jpg Justinianindetail EmpressTheodoramosaicinSanVitale Ravenna c 547 Theodoraindetail VirginandChildwiththeemperorJohnIIComnenus 1118 1143 andhiswife HungarianprincessIrene HagiaSophia Istanbulhttp en wikipedia org wiki File Istanbul 2009 Comnenus Mosaics JPG TheComnenusmosaics equallylocatedontheeasternwallofthesoutherngallery datefrom1122 TheVirginMaryisstandinginthemiddle depicted asusualinByzantineart inadarkbluegown SheholdstheChildChristonherlap HegivesHisblessingwithHisrighthandwhileholdingascrollinHislefthand OnherrightsidestandsemperorJohnIIComnenus representedinagarbembellishedwithpreciousstones Heholdsapurse symbolofanimperialdonationtothechurch EmpressIrenestandsontheleftsideoftheVirgin wearingceremonialgarmentsandofferingadocument TheireldestsonAlexiusComnenusisrepresentedonanadjacentpilaster Heisshownasabeardlessyouth probablyrepresentinghisappearanceathiscoronationagedseventeen InthispanelonecanalreadyseeadifferencewiththeEmpressZoemosaicsthatisonecenturyolder Thereisamorerealisticexpressionintheportraitsinsteadofanidealizedrepresentation Theempressisshownwithplaitedblondhair rosycheeksandgreyeyes revealingherHungariandescent Theemperorisdepictedinadignifiedmanner http en wikipedia org wiki Hagia Sophia Comnenus mosaics IconpaintingandChristianityinByzantium nicon fromGreek eik n image isareligiousworkofart mostcommonlyapainting fromEasternChristianityandincertainEasternCatholicchurches Morebroadlythetermisusedinawidenumberofcontextsforanimage picture orrepresentation itisasignorlikenessthatstandsforanobjectbysignifyingorrepresentingiteitherconcretelyorbyanalogy asinsemiotics byextension iconisalsoused particularlyinmodernculture inthegeneralsenseofsymbol i e aname face picture edificeorevenapersonreadilyrecognizedashavingsomewell knownsignificanceorembodyingcertainqualities onething animageordepiction thatrepresentssomethingelseofgreatersignificancethroughliteralorfigurativemeaning usuallyassociatedwithreligious cultural political oreconomicstanding http en wikipedia org wiki Icon ChristtheSaviour Pantokrator a6th centuryencausticiconfromSaintCatherine sMonastery MountSinaihttp en wikipedia org wiki File Spas vsederzhitel sinay jpg 12th centuryiconofArchangelGabrielfromNovgorod called Golden LockedAngel currentlyexhibitedintheStateRussianMuseumTemperaonwood 49x38 8x2 8 RussianMuseum SanktPetersburghttp en wikipedia org wiki File Goldenlocks jpg OurLadyofVladimir 12thcentury theholyprotectressofRussia nowintheTretyakovGallery http en wikipedia org wiki File Vladimirskaya jpg HolyMadonnaofKazanPrice 15 95Stock Icon18651 2X41 2 LacqueredFoilonwood 我不是在卖广告 LegacyofByzantinePaintings SantaMariaMaggiore Rome ca1295 St Mark sBasilica Venice detailofitsmosaicshttp en wikipediaorg wiki File Veneza118 jpg RomanesqueStylePainting RomanesqueartreferstotheartofEuropefromapproximately1000ADtotheriseoftheGothicstyleinthe13thcentury orlater dependingonregion TheprecedingperiodisincreasinglyknownasthePre Romanesque Thetermwasinventedby19thcenturyarthistorians especiallyforRomanesquearchitecture whichretainedmanybasicfeaturesofRomanarchitecturalstyle mostnotablyround headedarches butalsobarrelvaults apses andacanthus leafdecoration buthadalsodevelopedmanyverydifferentcharacteristics InSouthernFrance SpainandItalytherewasanarchitecturalcontinuitywiththeLateAntique buttheRomanesquestylewasthefirststyletospreadacrossthewholeofCatholicEurope fromDenmarktoSicily RomanesqueartwasalsogreatlyinfluencedbyByzantineart especiallyinpainting andbytheanti classicalenergyofthedecorationoftheInsularartoftheBritishIsles andfromtheseelementsforgedahighlyinnovativeandcoherentstyle Frescopaintinghasbeenmoreadverselyaffectedbytheaccidentsoftime butseverallargecycles aswellasnumerousotherfragmentsofRomanesquewallpainting havesurvived ThelargeandrelativelyunbrokenexpansesofwallspacewithinRomanesquebuildingspresentedanexcellentgroundfortheworkofthepainter andthebasicformsofRomanesquefrescopaintingaretypicallymonumentalinscaleandboldincoloristiceffect AmongtheforemostexamplesofthisartstilllargelyextantarethecyclesofSaint SavininwesternFranceandSant AngeloinFormisinSItaly StsSavinusandCyprianaretorturedc 1100FrescoCrypt AbbeyChurch Saint Savin sur Gartempe ThechurchofStSavin sur Gartempe somethirtymileseastofPoitiers containsthemostextensivecycleofRomanesquewall paintingsinFrance Thoseinthecryptrepresentscenesfromthelivesofthetwopatronsaintsofthechurch StsSavinusandCyprian Theywerebelievedtobetwofifth centuryChristi