高中英语疑难知识荟萃.doc

高中英语疑难知识荟萃1.To whom it may concern(ed),用于书信开头，未能明确收信者是谁时，意为“敬启者、XX负责人、致某某”。例如： To whom it may concern(ed),Now we want to complain something about the students Dining Room. To whom it may concern(ed),Im writing to complain about a train delay.2.on which to base 介词+which+不定式=定语从句The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds_his arguments in favor of the new theory. A.to be based on B.to base on C.which to base on D.on which to base (D)Without facts,we cant form a correct opinion,for we need to have actual knowledge_our thinking. A.on which to base B.which to be base on C.which to base on D.which to base (A)3.下列动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词常用（should）do/be done的形式。一坚持 insist二命令 order;command三建议 advise;suggest;propose四要求 desire;demand;request;require4.suchas与suchthat 从句的区别This is such an interesting book as I have ever read many times.This is such an interesting book that I have ever read it many times.又如：He is such a nice teacher that we all respect him.He is such a nice teacher as we all respect.5.个性比较arise, arouse, rise, raise原形意义过去式过去分词现在分词arise(vi.)出现； 发生；起因于arosearisenarisingarouse(vt.)唤醒；激起arousedarousedarousingrise(vi.)升起；起身；上升roserisenrisingraise(vt.)举起；唤起；提高；饲养raisedraisedraising轻巧识记用arise，arouse，rise，raise的相关词语完成下列小片段One of the problems that the Nuclear accident in Japan is that the price of salt sharply, because some salt businessmen the price on purpose, saying there would be short of salt. As a result, many people became worried and joined in buying salt. At last, the government the worried people via medias real report.arose from；rose；raised；aroused6.prefer的句型及相关改写 Prefer sth. Prefer to do sth. Prefer doing sth.Prefer sth.to sth.Prefer doing sth.to doing sth.Prefer sb.to do sth.Prefer that sb.(should) do sth.Prfer to do sth.rather than do sth.Would rather do sth.than do sth.Would do sth.rather than do sth.We would prefer him to start off early.We would prefer he start off early.7.关于不定式的主被动式以及末尾加介词的问题When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸困难而且天气很冷时，她却说这将是一次有趣的经历。(1)本句属于“主语系动词形容词不定式”结构，在本结构中，常用主动形式表示被动含义。使用此结构须具备两个前提条件：A常用形容词：difficult, hard, easy, comfortable, pleasant, interesting, exciting等；B不定式和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.(选自2011年高考上海卷阅读简答)然后，没有明显的原因，这项工作似乎更难做了，虽不能说更不令人满意了。The article is easy to understand.这篇文章容易理解。点睛不定式若是不及物动词时，应加上结构上或意义上所需要的介词。The man is hard to work with.这个人很难共事。(2)在“主语及物动词形容词不定式”结构中，不定式常用主动形式表示被动。I find the lecture difficult to understand.我发现这个讲座很难理解。(3) 在“主语及物动词(have, give, show .)宾语不定式”结构中，如果主语和不定式是主谓关系，不定式常用主动形式表被动。否则，在表示被动意义时，不定式仍需要用被动式。试比较：He has nothing to do now.他现在无事可做。Have you anything to be taken to your parents?你有要带给你父母的东西吗？比较：Since you are going to Xian,do you have anything to take to your son?Im going to Xian soon.Do you have anything to be taken to your son?”Do you have dirty clothes to be washed,Sir?”asked the servant.8.个性比较injure, wound, hurt, harminjure多指意外事故造成的伤害，也可指对名誉、地位的损害wound指人在战斗、攻击中受伤，身体上出现明显的伤口，多指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤hurt多指精神上受到伤害，也可指身体上的疼痛harm指身体或精神上的损害或对周围事物的危害。意为“伤害，损害，有害于”。常用短语do harm to“对有害”轻巧识记9. 关于“许多”“若干”的短语a large/great/good number ofa great/good manya good few +可数名词复数+复数谓语quite a few a great/good many of+pron +the/these/those/ones+pl.n.many amore than one +单数可数名词+单数谓语 mang a+单数可数名词+单数谓语=many +复数名词+复数谓语more than one +单数可数名词+单数谓语=more +复数名词than one+复数谓语a great/good deal ofa large/great amount of +不可数名词+单数谓语quite a littlelarge amounts of+不可数名词+复数谓语a lot/lots ofa great/large quantity of +可数名词复数+复数谓语或不可数名词+单数谓语plenty ofgreat/large quantities of +可数名词复数或不可数名词+复数谓语10.Thousands of families were killed and many children were left without parents .成千上万的家庭被毁，许多孩子成了孤儿。(1)many children were left without parents是left many children without parents的被动结构，without parents是介词短语，作主语补足语，表示主语的状态。(2)leave作使役动词，意为“使处于某状态”。构成的句式为： 现在分词：表示主动，进行 过去分词：表示被动，完成Leave+obj.+oc+ 不定式：表示将来的动作 介词短语 形容词 表示状态 副词Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine.(选自2010年高考天津卷阅读D)常识告诉你下大雨要带雨伞，但预报天气晴朗时你就会把伞放在家中。He went out, leaving his papers lying open on the desk.他出去了，把文件摊在桌子上。The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.大部分的菜客人们没有动，因为它们不可口。10. make use of pay attention to等的句法变式make good/full use of好好、充分利用make the best /most of充分利用make the least of 利用最差 在正常使用make use of之后，还需注意：(1) 把use提前，使用被动语态(2) 把use提前用作先行词，其后接定语从句Every minute should be made use of to learn more knowledge.His success lies in the use that he can make of every chance to improve himself.We should consider what use can be made of such a material.My grandmother said that the best use should be_the emp