世界化石能源使用情况ppt.ppt

FOSSILFUELS85 oftheworld scommercialenergy COAL OIL NATURALGAS 20richestcountriesconsume 50 ofcoal80 ofnaturalgas65 ofoil U S energyconsumption 9 COAL Fossilized condensedcarbon richfuel 10Xreservesofoil gas last200yearsatpresentrate Coalmines Surface strip mine WesternU S Underground shaft mine EasternU S Coalcheaper butpolluting MuchEasternU S coalhashigh sulfurcontent moreexpensivetomineMuchWesternU S coalhaslow sulfurcontent cheapertomineButmininginsemi aridWestmoredamagingtoland Heatvalueofcoaltypes AnthraciteBituminousSubbituminousLignite 51 ofU S useincoal Energylostfromcoal 10 lostontransmissionlines strayvoltage 65 lostinpowerplants Effectsonhealth BlackLungDisease miners Respiratoryillnesses public Effectsonland CoalsludgereleasesHardpanatstripminesMountaintopremovalHugewateruseSlurrypipelines Effectsonair Greenhousegases3 4sulfurdioxide1 3nitrogenoxides1 2carbondioxideToxicsMercuryUranium Acidrain Acidityofrain pHof6 0Killsinsects crabspH 5 0Killsfish trees SourcesofNitrogenOxides NitrogenoxidesandsulfurdioxidecreateacidrainTallstacksdepositfarther Coalscrubbers Thefuture Hydrogenfuelcells NATURALGAS Methane otherGasesinbedrock Advantagesofnaturalgas CleanertoburnHalfasmuchCO2ascoalMoreefficient10 energylost60 yearsupplyatcurrentrates Disadvantagesofnaturalgas DifficulttotransportPipelinesLiquifiedNaturalGas LNG tankersCanbepolluting dangerouswhenextractedMethanebeddrillingpollutes OIL PETROLEUM Buriedorganicmatterrichinhydrocarbons OilConsumptionbySector 1998 2020 3 16 32 可编辑 Provenoilreserves 465billionbarrelsconsumed1trillionbarrelsleft22billionconsumedayear45yearstogo Partynow 1800 2200 2600 GlobalOilProductionforResourcesof1800 2200 and2600BillionBarrels DistributionofEstimatesofUltimatelyRecoverableWorldCrudeOil 1975 1993 WorldCrudeOilProduction WorldCrudeOilPrices economiccrisesinoilstates Globaltrendsinoil GrowinguseinChina 10 year Japan EuropedependonMideastNewreservesaroundCaspianSeaNearlysizeofSaudiArabiaIncreasingsourceofmajorwars humanrightsabuses Kuwaitoilwellfires 1991 PersianGulfandCaspianSea Oil naturalgaspipelines U S trendsinoil Diversesources notMideast Venezuela Nigeria etc OpeningdomesticsourcesAlaskacontroversyPollutingtechnologies OilshaleextractionSyntheticfuels coal to oil ExxonValdez Alaska1989 Attemptstocontainspill Clean upefforts PrinceWilliamSoundfishingindustrydamaged OilinEcuador Ecuador2ndlargestS Americaproducer70 ofexportsDrillinginAmazonrainforest Oppositiontooilcompanies Constructionofroads pipelinesonIndianlandsDisplacementofIndians deforestationOilleaksintoriverslargerthanValdezspill EcuadorIndianoccupations Texacowithdrew1992 Arcometdemands LawsuitagainstTexacoinU S courts 1999 OilinNigeria LargestproducerinAfrica mainlyInNigerDelta Nigeriahadmilitarygovernmentsin1990s EnvironmentalproblemsinNigerDeltaregion HomelandofOgoni Ijawgroups Gasflaringhazards Oilspillsinmangroveswamp Ogonienvironmentalprotests Oilcompaniescolludewithmilitary ManyOgonikilledbymilitary OgonileaderDr KenSaro Wiwaexecutedin1995 ShellOilpays transportssoldiers Nigerianwomenprotest 2002 Protestagainstpollution lackoflocaljobs I