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1992年考研翻译真题解析71There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.结构分析:全句属于there be +N. 结构,全句还包含了一个morethan 的比较结构,前后结构对称,都是接了一个句子。agreement 后面跟了on the kinds of behavior 做其后置定语,behavior 后面又跟了过去分词referred to by the term作其后置定语;而than there is 后面又省略了一个相同的词汇agreement. 所以全句理解为:There(there be结构的翻译增加泛指主语) is more(比较结构) agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than(比较结构) there is 省略(agreement)on how to interpret or classify them(指代关系).参考译文: 人们对(智力)这个词所指的各种行为的看法一致,而如何对其进行解释或分类,人们的看法则不尽相同。测试点:比较结构;介词和过去分词做后置定语,省略;指代关系举一反三:more A than B短语的译法:1. 如果这个结构前后接的是短语,则通常翻译成为:与其说B,不与说A;或翻译成:有A无B。比如:He is more brave than wise. 与其说他聪明,不与说他勇敢。然后意译为:他有勇无谋。2. 如果前后接的是句子,则常翻译为:有A,而没有B。72Intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to-it was not designed for such purposes. 12. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.结构分析:全句是用不定式To criticize it for such failure做主语(it指代什么,需要到上文去寻找,因为it是单数,应该到前面去找到一个单数名词,而前面两个句子都是用it做主语,所以再往前找到第一句的主语intelligence test,所以it应该指代前面的智力测试,)such failure属于名词指代的重要考点;(因为failure表示“没有”的意思,因此我们可以往上去找一个带有否定意思的词语,根据层层指代,such purposes, not supposed to, 再到not measure character, social adjustment,我们由此可以推断such failure 指代智力测试不能测试人的性格等特点的情况)。 谓语是is roughly comparable to (comparable to这一词组表示类比,可译为“如同一样”)criticizing a thermometer forvelocity。(for是动词criticizing要求的)。参考译文: 批评智力测验没有测试孩子的性格等情况,大概犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。测试点:代词和名词指代;动词(criticize)+(for)介词短语;形容词短语举一反三:在翻译中遇到代词时一定要到前面去找其指代的内容,一般说来it, they, them都要求把其指代的名词说出来。指代的依据一般是就近原则和单复数原则。比如it只能指代前面的单数名词或整个句子。73. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a valid or fair comparison.结构分析:Now since相当于now that, 引导的是个状语从句,一直到matter结束,状语从句结束时应该用逗号,但英语经常把状语从句后的逗号省略,主句是we must be后面部分,be sure of 后面接的that宾语从句必须要省略介词of。宾语从句里用the scale 做主语,后面接了介词加which引导的定语从句,the scale的谓语是provides.测试学专业词汇:subjects试验对象;scale尺度;参考译文: 既然对智力的测试是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象作比较时,我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。测试点:状语从句;定语从句;宾语从句;专业词汇举一反三:1在be+ 形容词+of+ that从句这个结构中of必须要省略,但接其它从句介词of不能省略,比如:be aware that(意识到);be confident that(有信心);还有关于测试学的专业词汇要多记。2英语中的状语和状语从句放到主句前面,但在结束之后经常省略逗号,因而造成翻译理解的障碍,要特别注意学会断句。但状语从句放到主句后面的时候,不用打逗号。比如:According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because outsider competitors will continue to exist。这句话里用了according to介词短语做状语,但后面没有用逗号,全句应该这么理解:According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because outsider competitors will continue to exist。另外还有As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past. 全句需要在future后面打个逗号,句子的层次就很清楚了。74The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.结构分析:全句的主句The first two must be equal for all who are being compared;其中for是个介词,理解为“对.来说”;all 是个代词,意思是所有被比较者,who引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的代词all. 被动结构是are being compared,应该理解“做比较”。if引导的是个条件状语从句,主语是any comparison,后面的介词短语是个固定短语,in terms of (就.而言,从方面);第二被动结构是is to be made,应该翻译成主动意思。equal属于熟词生义,理解为“一样的,同样的”。参考译文: 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。测试点:状语从句;定语从句;被动结构;介词短语in terms of举一反三:熟悉英语的被动句子的翻译,尽量翻译成为主动的意思。75On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.结构分析:On the whole是个介词短语,放在句首,要单独翻译。全句的主语是such a conclusion;被动结构can be drawn做谓语;介词短语with a certain degree of confidence做状语,修饰前面的动词drawn。but表示“但是” 的意思,后面接了两个句子并列:第一是only if(只要)the child can be assumed to(被动结构)have had the same attitude towards the test as the others (others指代其他孩子);其中短语the sameas.理解为(与.一样);with whom 引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的代词the others。代词he指代前面的孩子。第二个并列结构是and only if引导的条件状语从句;被动结构was not punished翻译成主动,by lack of相当于for lack of (因为缺乏);which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词information。参考译文: 总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须能够假定,这个孩子对测试的态度和与其进行比较的其它孩子是相同的;并且能够假定,他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受惩罚(被扣分测试点:并列结构;被动结构;定语从句;固定短语。)。举一反三:介词短语是个特殊成分,要单独考虑,比如in a manner(以一种方式);to a large degree/extent(在很大程度上)。词义理解时要根据专业定词义,这篇文章是对孩子的智力做测试,因此很多词汇应该围绕测试来思考。1993年考研翻译真题精解71The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression_r_r_r of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.结构分析:分号相当于汉语的句号,因此整个句子分为两个分句,第一个句子的主语是the method of scientific investigation,谓语是is,nothing but 是个短语,意思为“只不过,仅仅”,the expression_r_r_r of the necessary mode of working of the human mind是个固定名词短语,其核心成分是expression_r_r_r,它后面接了很长的介词短语做其后置定语,翻译时由后面往前面翻译,第二个句子的主语是it (指代前面的the method),by which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词mode,定语从句里的主语是all phenomena,从句的谓语用了两个并列的被动语态。参考译文: 科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动必要的表达方式,这一科学方法也仅仅是对一切现象进行推理并给以精确而严谨解释的那种方式。测试点:后置定语和定语从句;固定短语;名词短语;举一反三:“名词+介词+名词+介词”是个翻译必考的短语,这个短语的核心成分是最先出现的名词或并列名词,翻译时要求由后面往前面翻,希望广大考生特别注意。72There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.结构分析:逗号相当于句号。这一句子是由not that.but that引导的一个并列分句结构,并列两个句子,翻译成为:不是因为而是因为。在not that引导的从句里面由the scales和the balance两个并列名词做主语,且in the one case 和In the other (后面省略了与前面相同的词case)属于词组并列;谓语是differ in(在方面有不同);后面的or是个并列连词,连接principles和manner这两个名词短语。第二个从句有省略,应该理解为but it is that,从句的主语是the latter(翻译成“后者”,指代前面的名词the balance),than是个比较连词,and并列的前面是个名词much finer apparatus,后面并列的不是个介词,而是个形容词词组much more accurate in its measurement。参考译文: 这并不是因为一方面(指面包师或卖肉者)所用的磅秤和另一方面(指化学家)所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别,而是因为与前者相比,后者是一种更精密的仪器,因而在计量上必然更精确得多。测试点:并列结构;省略结构;指代关系;举一反三:并列结构包括词、短语和句子的并列,在理解时一般要参照对比并列连接词后的词语,综合考虑是词或词组的并列,还是句子的并列。英语中经常出现固定短语的并列,比如bothand; betweenand; such.as.; the same.as等,这在我基础班和公开课里讲到过。73You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories.结构分析:本句的主谓是you have all heard,it做形式宾语,一般不翻译,repeated做it的宾语补足语,可以理解为“多次”,后面三个that引导的宾语做真正的宾语。在第一个宾语从句里面,men of science做主语,谓语是work,介词by means of做方式状语;第二个宾语从句里的by the help of these operations做方式状语,主语是they,介词短语in a sort of sense是个固定成分,单独翻译;第三个宾语从句是由and that 引导的,两个介词短语out of these 和by some special skill of their own做方式状语,these因为其是个复数名词,所以指代前面的natural laws(自然规律)。参考译文: 你们都曾多次听说过,科学家是通过归纳法和演绎法来工作的;在某种意义上说,他们用这些方法设法从自然界中找出某些自然规律;然后他们根据这些规律,用自己的一些特殊的本领,来建立起他们的理论。测试点:从句并列;形式宾语it; 代词指代举一反三:it经常在翻译里面做形式主语和宾语,在表达时一般不翻译出来。介词短语要多记,因为它经常是单独翻译的。74And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.结构分析:形式主语It 和被动语态使用时,一般要求把被动翻译成为主动,有时没主语时,还要补上其主语。By no means是个固定短语,意思是“绝对不,根本不能”,these processes指代前面的科学家的思维活动,and that 引导的是第二个主语从句,从句的主语they指代前面出现的名词these processes。To be acquired是个被动语态,应该翻译成主动形式。参考译文: 许多人以为普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,同时还认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。测试点:被动语态;that引导的并列主语从句;固定词组;代词指代举一反三:被动变主动翻译方法;形式主语it一般不翻译。75Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning,of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.结构分析:本句主语there be的句型。one是个代词,意思是“人或人们”,who引导的是个定语从句,in the course of the day(在一天当中)是个固定介词短语,set sth. in motion(表示使.开始/行动)是个动词短语,但由于set的宾语a complex train of reasoning太长,所以把它的宾语放到后面去了,介词短语of the very same kind修饰前面的动名词reasoning,固定短语the same.as(与.一样)中间插入了一个though differing in degree让步状语成分,that是个代词,指代句子里面的reasoning(推理活动),引导词which修饰前面的that,引导的是个定语从句。参考译文: 大概不会有人一整天都没有机会来进行一连串复杂的思考或推理活动,这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动,尽管复杂程度不同,但在性质上是完全一样的。测试点:宾语后置;定语从句;插入结构;固定短语;that的用法举一反三:宾语后置是近几年的考试热点,它一般是某些动词短语的宾语太长,为了避免头重脚轻,所以放到后面去了。还有课堂上提到的that的5大考点,一定要记住,每次都会考到,另外固定短语the sameas,定语从句等也经常考到。希望广大考生把这道题作为重点复习的内容。1994年翻译进阶版According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.结构分析:本句的主谓非常清楚,是science moves forward,但句中用了they say 这个插入成分,判断英语的插入结构一般看其前后是否有逗号,在翻译时一般要把它提到句首来翻译,they这个代词在该句中找不到指代的内容,因此只有往前面的句子中去寻找一个复数名词,且必须是人的意思,因此只有第一句里面提到a new school of scientists(新学派科学家)。 然后该句用了not so much(与其说).as(还不如说)这个短语,注意英语中的并列词组其后接的单词要么是同义词,要么是反义词,因此这个结构后面接的两个介词through和because of 可以看作是同义词,因此多义词through应该也翻译成“因为”。名词短语The insights of great men of genius的中心词是insights,因为名词短语的核心成分一般是最先出现的名词,翻译时应该由后往前翻译为:天才伟人的真知灼见。介词短语like(像)improved techniques and tools修饰前面的名词more ordinary things,翻译时也是由后往前翻译。参考译文:他们(新学派科学家)说,科学的发展与其说是因为/源于天才伟人的真知灼见,还不如说是因为/源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。测试点:插入结构;后置定语;固定短语;代词指代举一反三:插入结构一般要提到句子最前面来翻译;后置定语采取由后往前的翻译方法,固定短语要熟记。最后代词指代的名词一般要看代词本身是单数还是复数,指人还是指物,然后再到前面去寻找。72. In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.结构分析:in short是个固定介词短语,翻译成“简而言之”,主语是a leader of the new school,谓语是contends,但它后面省略了宾语从句引导词that,在宾语从句里,the scientific revolution是主语,as we call it是个完整的主谓宾结构,而且前后有逗号,可以看作是个插入成分。Was largely是谓语,后面的名词短语the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments是个常考的名词+名词+名词+介词+名词+介词+名词结构,其后的介词应该修饰前面的三个并列名词短语,其中a series of是个固定短语。That引导的是个定语从句,修饰的是其前面名词短语的核心成分the improvement and invention and use,定语从句引导词修饰前面的名词有很长时,一般有两个.依据:第一看其前面的核心名词是哪个;第二看引导词后面的谓语动词来定。从句中the reach是个名词,应该把它看作是宾语,但很难理解其意思,in innumerable direction(朝难以计数的方向) 修饰前面的动词expanded。参考译文: 简而言之,新学派的一位领袖人物坚持认为,也正如我们所称作的那样,科学革命主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。测试点:宾语从句;定语从句;插入结构;名词短语73Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.结构分析:全句是个被动句,over the years是个介词短语,表示”多年来”的意思,主语是tools and technology,后面接了个介词短语as a source of fundamental innovation做其后置定语,谓语部分是have largely(在很大程度上) been ignored by,后面是介词by的宾语。名词短语philosophers of science 可以理解为:科学思想家们。参考译文: 多年来,作为根本性创新源泉的工具和技术本身在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。测试点:被动语态;后置定语;词汇理解74Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.结构分析:本句的主语是Galileos greatest glory,谓语是was,that引导的是个表语从句,从句的主谓部分是he was,表语是后面的名词the first person,这个名词后面又接了个不定式短语作后置定语,这个结构的后面又接了个不定式to prove,作目的状语, that引导的是个宾语从句,从句里的主谓是the planets revolve around,rather than是个固定短语,意思是”而不是”,后面省略了与前面相同的动词短语中的动词revolve。词义理解:glory(光荣)属于抽象名词,翻译表达时应把它具体化,可以表达成:成就或贡献。Newly invented 属于副词+动词过去分词构成的复合形容词,再比如constantly applied efforts(不断做出的努力)。动词turnon(把对准)属于动词+介词的考点。参考译文: 伽利略的最伟大的成就在于他在1609年是第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,以此来证实行星是围绕太阳转而不是围绕地球转的。测试点:表语从句;宾语从句;后置定语;词组理解75Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.结构分析:本句是由whether(究竟是)or(还是.)引导的主语从句,谓语是depends on, 宾语是the issue,后面的of which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词issue。词义理解:financing和finance是有区别的,financing是由动词转化而来的动名词,因此应该翻译成:资金投入或经费投入;类似的词语还有很多,比如schooling(学校教育), reasoning(推理活动), marketing(市场营销或销售)等。Pure science是个固定短语,常翻译成:纯理论科学,比如pure disciplines(纯理论学科)等。Vice versa是个短语,意思是:反过来。At the expense of(以为代价) 相当于at the price/cost of 词组。Driving force (驱动力/动力).参考译文: 政府究竟是以技术为代价(减少对技术的经费投入)来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。测试点:主语从句;定语从句;固定短语 1995年翻译精解 The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.结构分析: 本句的主语是the target,但是该词不能直译为目标,属于名词指代,应该把它的指代内容要翻译出来,在前面一句里提到标准化考试已经成为人们的抨击目标,由此可见,target指代把标准化考试作为抨击目标这一做法。后面是由for引导的一个状语从句,状语从句里的主语是critics,谓语是divert attention from,宾语是the fault,最后是由that引导的定语从句,修饰前面的名词fault。核心词汇: lie with(存在于,后面常跟人作宾语);介词后面的in表示“在.时”;ill-informed(消息不灵通,对不了解);incompetent(不称职的,不恰当的);divert attention from(偏离注意力,没有注意到);参考译文: 把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的,因为在抨击这类测试时,批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。测试点:状语从句;定语从句;指代关系72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.结构分析: 首先引导词how放到句首,考虑其引导的是个主语从句,其谓语是depends on,宾语是the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used,后面接着用了and on这个并列连词,但是省略动词短语中一个相同的动词depends,属于并列加省略的现象,with which引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词skill and wisdom,从句中的it指代前面出现的名词information。核心词汇: be validated by 为所证实;depends upon 取决于;reliability 可靠性;appropriateness 适应性;interprete 解释参考译文: 这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性,还取决于用来解释这些信息的技能和才智。测试点:主语从句;被动语态;名词短语;并列和词组省略;定语从句73. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.结构分析: 引导词whether toor both放到句首应该考虑是作句子的主语,由固定词组whether(是)or(还是),但词组并列时经常把相同的一些部分省略,因此or both中间省略了to use这两个相同的单词,both这个代词指代前面出现的名词tests和other kinds of information;谓语是depends upon和并列谓语and (depends)upon.后面的such.as.是个固定短语,翻译成:诸如.的.核心词组: whetheror;in a particular situation(在特定情况下);concerning关于;comparative validity(相对效度);such as(像.一样)参考译文: 因此,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是在某一特定情况下两者都采用,这取决于有关相对效度的经验依据,还取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。测试点:词组并列和省略;后置定语;74. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.结构分析: in general 是个固定介词短语,要单独翻译。这个句子的主语是 the tests,谓语是work,后面的most effectively做状语,when引导的是个状语从句,从句中的主语是the qualities,不定式to be measured做后置定语,can be most precisely defined做谓语,and least effectively 和前面的most effectively 构成反义词并列。When引导的是状语从句,在状语从句里what is to be measured or predicted又做从句中的主语,其谓语是cannot be well defined。核心词汇: In general 一般说来;work most effectively最为有效;be most precisely defined 最精确界定;to be measured 要测定的。参考译文:一般说来,当所要测定的特征能最精确地界定时,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。测试点:状语从句;后置定语;并列结构;主语从句;被动语态75For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析: 这个句子的主语是they,指代的是前面出现的复数名词tests。谓语是do not compensate for 和and thus do not tell两个并列动词。How引导的是个宾语从句,因为其后接了形容词able,所以how常翻译成“多么”的意思。宾语从句里的主语是an underprivileged youngster是主语,谓语是might have been, 后面用了虚拟语气的倒装和省略现象,had he grown up相当于if he had grown up,最后是个固定短语under more favorable circumstances(在更好的环境下)。核心词汇: compensate for 弥补;gross 总的,大体上的;social inequality 社会不公;thus 因此;tell 说明;underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的;under more favorable circumstances 在更好的环境下。参考译文: 例如,测试并不能弥补这种大体上的社会不公,因此也不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。测试点:并列结构;宾语从句;虚拟语气倒装和省略;1996年翻译真题精解版 The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.结构分析: 这两个句子的主谓都相对简单。第一个句子的主语是some of these causes,而第二个句子的主语是代词others,它指代前面出现过的名词causes。但是第二个句子的谓语后的表语reasonable consequences后面接了一个很长的后置定语,首先是介词of修饰consequences,然后又是介词in science修饰前面的名词advance,最后是现在分词being to some extent self-accelerating修饰前面的名词science。这种后置定语现象在英语中很普遍。核心词汇: causes(原因);reasonable results(必然结果);particular advances(特定进步);to some extent/degree(在某种程度上);self-accelerating(自我加速)参考译文: 在这些原因中,有些完全是社会需求的必然结果/自然而然地来自社会需求,而另一些原因则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。测试点:名词的后置定语;词义理解与表达72This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.结构分析: 该句的主谓是this trend began,后面的during the Second World War做时间状语,when引导的是个定语从句,修饰前面的时间名词。在when引导的定语从句里,several governments做主语,came to the conclusion做谓语和宾语,后面的引导词that因为它不在句中做任何成分,所以that引导的是个同谓语从句。在同谓语从句中,the specific demands做主语,引导词that因其在后面的从句里做make的宾语,所以引导的是个定语从句,在定语从句中a government做主语,wants to make of做谓语,its scientific establishment做前面动词的宾语。Cannot generally be foreseen in detail是个被动结构,做同位语从句中主语the sp

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