零基础英语班八年级.doc

零基础英语班讲义八年级（上）一、 相关知识点1. cheer sb. on 为某人喝彩2. prefer (doing) A to (doing) B 比起做B更喜欢做A3.exercise （c）“体操、练习、功课”；（n）“锻炼、运动”4. do sb. a favor = help sb. = give sb. a hand 帮某人的忙5. mind/practice doing sth. 介意/练习做某事6. with the help of sb. = with ones help 在某人的帮助下7. turn on 打开；turn off 关闭；turn up 调大；turn down 调小8. have fun = have a good time = enjoy oneself 玩的愉快、过的高兴9. at least 至少10. stand for 代表11. feel like doing = want to do sth 想要做某事12.follow/ take ones advice 接受某人的建议13. whats the matter? = whats wrong = whats wrong? 怎么了？14. stay up = sit up 熬夜不睡觉15. have/ take some medicine “服药” medicine 不可数名词16. enough adj. “足够的，充分的”放在名词前后都可以 adv. “足够地，充分地” 放在形容词之后17. as well know = it is well known 众所周知18. go ahead 常在情景交际中出现 “开始做、着手做”19. prevent/stop sb./sth (from) doing sth. 阻止某人、某物做某事20. keep away from 远离 ; keepaway from 让远离21.in ones spare time = in ones free time 在某人的空闲时间里22.used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 Be used to do sth. 被用来做某事 Be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事23. lend sth. to sb 把某物借给某人 borrow sth. from sb./some place 从某人或某处借来某物24. agree with sb 同意某人的观点、看法；agree to do sth 同意做某事 agree on/about sth 在某事上去的一致，同意某事25. give sb lessons“给某人上课”；还有“教训某人”之意26.much、a little、even、far可用来修饰形容词比较级表程度的加深27. on the earth “在地球上” on earth“在世界上”、“究竟、到底”28. take the place of = take ones place “代替”; take place “发生”29. protectfrom 保护免受的伤害30. regard/consider as = think ofas 把视为31. in a minute = right now = right away 立刻，马上32. of great value = great valuable “很值钱的、贵重的”34. be fond of = love = like = enjoy= prefer doing sth 喜欢做某事35. feed on 以为食； live on 以食为生，以为主食36. thousand、hundred等词前面如果有明确数字，不加s和of；但是如果前面什么都没有，或者有many、several等词时，即可加s又可加of37. mend“修理、修补” 一般用于衣服、鞋袜等小东西，偶尔也用于道路门窗；而repair则用于建筑、堤坝、机器、车辆，二者一般不能互换。38. begin with = start with “以开始”练习题1.-_ do you water the plants? - Twice a day. A How long B How soon C How often D How much2. Do you mind _ up the music? A to turn B turning C turn D turned3. -Would you mind passing me that book? -Of course not. I will do it _. A in a minute B right now C right away D A,B and C4. I want to be a basketball player. So I basketball every day. A practice to play B play the C practicing playing D playing the5. My friend, Michael, will come _ me _, because he hopes I can win. A cheer; for B cheer; on C to cheer; for D to cheer; on6. PRC stands _ “the Peoples Republic of China”. A for B up C in D /7. -Which sport does Lily prefer, singing or swimming? -She prefers _ to _. A sing; swim B singing; swimming C singing; swim D sing; swimming8. Mike had a cold. He _ some medicine this morning. A take B drank C ate D took9. We must keep ourselves _ so that we can enjoy a better life. A enough health B healthy enough C health enough D enough healthy10. -What should we do _ the flu? -Sorry, I dont know. A prevent B to prevent C preventing D prevented11. We should keep away _ the fire because it is dangerous for us. A to B from C with D for12. I am hungry. I _ eating some chocolate. A would like B feel like C need to D had better13.-Its seven twenty. - Oh, its time for class. -Dont worry _ it. We are coming _ a minute. A about; on B about; in C on; about D in; about14. Lilys room is _ to hold. A enough big B big enough C such small D enough small15. Some telephone cards are of great _. So collecting telephone cards is some peoples hobby. A value B valued C to value D valued16. My teacher _ say,“Work hard to be a good student.” A was used B was used to C used to D used17.- Could you _ me your bike, please? - Sorry, I will use it. You can _ Jacks. A borrow; lent B borrowed; lend C borrow; lend D lend; borrow18. You are right. I agree _ you. A with B of C about D on19. Tiger feed _ small animals. A at B for C of D on20. At first, only two _ people came to the city, but later _ people came here. The city becomes bigger and bigger. A hundreds of; thousand B hundred; thousands ofC hundreds; thousands of D thousands; hundreds of二、感叹句感叹句是用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子，句末通常要用感叹号。通常由what、how和引导。（通常省略主语和谓语）What + 名词/名词短语（+主语/谓语）How + 形容词/副词（+主语/谓语）1.what修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种形式： （1） What+a(an)+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！What an apple this is! （2）What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！ What kind women they are! 2.由How引导的感叹句 其结构是：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！ How hard the worker are working! 3.what与how引导的感叹句，一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。 What an interesting story it is!=How interesting the story is! what a beautiful bulding it is!=How beautiful the building is! 在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。如： What a nice present!（省略it is） How disappointed!（省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语）练习题 1、- _good time we had at the party last night!-Yes. It was _exciting party that I would never forget it.A. What, so B. How, such C. What a, such an D. How a, so an2、-_ day it is! - Lets go out and enjoy the sunshine!A. What a lovely B. How windy C. What a rainy D. How lovely3、_ terrible weather we had last Sunday!A. What B. What a C. Such D. How4、_ useful the book is! We can know well about the city from it.A. What B. What a C. How D. What an5、Look! _ building the Bird Nest is!A. What a great B. What great C. How a great D. How great6、- _ good news it is! The pandas are found alive after the earthquake.-Its so _.A. What a, excited B. What, exciting C. How a, excited D. How, exciting7、-_beautiful day! Shall we go for a picnic? - Good idea.A. What B. How C. What a D. How a 8、_ fun it is to be with girls of mu age in the summer course in Britain!A. How B. What C. What a D. How a9、- _ clever the girl is! - So she is.A. How B. What C. What a D. How a10、_ nice hat it is!A. How B. What C. What a D. How a11、_ interesting talk Mr. Black gave us!A. How B. What a C. What an D. How an12、_ music she is playing!A. What nice B. How nice C. What a nice D. How nice a 13、Mary got good grades in school. _ excited she is!A. What B. What a C. How D. How a14、What a funny person_! We all like talking with him.A. it is B. is he C. is it D. he is15、- we will build a subway in Fuzhou before 2014.- Wow, _！Will it pass our place?A. what an excited news B. how excited the news is C. what exciting news D. how exciting news16、_ information he offered us! We all thank him.A. What useful B. What useless C. How useful D. How useless17、_ dangerous it is to ride fast on a busy road.A. What B. What a C. How D. How a18、-_ kind girl Nancy is！ - Yes, she is always ready to help others.A. What B. What a C. How D. How a19、_ Mrs. Smith is!A. How kind woman B. What a kind woman C. What kind woman D. How a kind woman20、_ its blowing!A. What strong B. How strong C. How strongly D. What strongly三、形容词、副词比较级最高级一）形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成：1. 单音节词和少数双音节词比较级和最高级的规则变化：规则原级比较级最高级1.在词尾后直接加-er/esttalltallertallest2.词尾是e，只加-r/stnicenicernicest3.以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变i再加-er/esthappyhappierhappiest4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加-er/estthinthinnerthinnest2. 其他双音节词或多音节词,在该词前面加-more/mostbeautiful more beautiful(the) most beautiful3. 由形容词加ly构成的双音节词和多音节词,都是在该词前加-more/most.quickly more quickly(the) most quicklydifficultly more difficultly(the) most difficultly4. 不规则变化:good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest（二）形容词比较级和最高级的用法：1. 原级的用法:用于两者之间对比，意思为“和相同”as.+形容词原级+as B2. 比较级的用法:1）A+形容词比较级+than+ B形容词比较级前用much, even, still, a little，far, a lot, a bit, much more修饰。Very, so, too, quite 不能修饰比较级。2）数字+形容词比较级+than3）比较级+and+比较级，表示“越来越”4）the +比较级，the +比较级结构，表示“越就越”5）which/who +is +比较级3. 最高级用法：用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,最高级前加the，最高级前有物主代词，序数词和名词所有格时，不加定冠词，后面跟带in或of表范围的短语。one of the +最高级+名词复数，谓语动词用单数（三）副词比较级和最高级的用法：1. 原级主要的句型：1）as+副词原级+as not as/so+副词原级+as2）too+副词原级+to do sth.3）so +副词原级+ that4）副词原级+enough to do sth.2. 比较级的用法：1）比较级+than。当前后使用的动词相同时，通常用助动词来代替后面的动词，该动词或助动词可以省略。2）比较级+and +比较级3）the morethe more3. 最高级的用法：副词最高级前一般有the，也可省略。练习题1. You must write as _ as you can. A. more carefulB. carefullyC. carefulD. care2. In our English study reading is more important than speaking, I think.I dont agree with you. Speaking is _ reading.A. as important asB. so important asC. the most importantD. the same as3. Jim is running _ Bruce. Theyre neck and neck.A. faster thanB. as fast asC. as faster asD. more slowly than4. Lesson Three is _ Lesson Two. Its much more difficult.A. not so easy asB. easier thanC. as difficult asD. less difficult than5. This story is not _ as that one.A. more interestingB. less interestingC. so interested D. so interesting6. The boy doesnt speak _ his sister, but his written work is very good.A. as well as B. so good asC. more better thanD. more worse than7. Now Helen works _ than before.A. more carefullyB. more carefulC. much carefulD. much carefully8. It takes _ time to go to Beijing by plane than by train. A. moreB. fewerC. longerD. less9. It is _ today than yesterday. Shall we go swimming this afternoon? A. the hottestB. hotC. hottestD. hotter10. The population of Shanghai is _ than that of Shijiazhuang.A. smallerB. largerC. lessD. large11. Of the two pencil-boxes, the boy chose _ one.A. less expensiveB. the least expensiveC. the less expensiveD. the most expensive12. Of the two Australian students, Masha is _ one. I think you can find her easily.A. tallestB. the tallerC. tallerD. the tallest13. Which is the _ season of the year? Summer.A. hotB. hotterC. hottestD. hotest14. Of all the stars, the sun is _ to the earth.A. farthestB. the farthestC. nearestD. the nearest15. Of all the subjects, I like Chinese _. A. moreB. betterC. wellD. best16. John is my _ friend of all the classmates.A. goodB. betterC. bestD. the best17. Jinmao Tower is _ building in Shanghai. A. highB. tallC. highestD. the highest18. Li Ping writes _ in his class.A. more carefulB. more carefully C. most carefulD. most carefully19. Whos _ in your class?A. strongB. strongerC. strongestD. the strongest20. This street is much _ than that one. A. straightB. straighterC. straightestD. more straighter21. 30,000 dollars is a large amount of money, but its _ than we need. A. far moreB. very muchC. far lessD. very little22. Jack is a little _ than Peter. A. strongB. strongerC. strongestD. the strongest23. In our city, its _ in July, but its even _ in August.A. hotter; hottestB. hot; hot C. hotter; hotD. hot; hotter24.In the exam, the _ you are, the _ mistakes youll make.A. careful; little B. more careful; lessC. more careful; fewD. more careful; fewer25. The more you learn, the more _ you can get a job. A. easilyB. easierC. easyD. easiest26. _children there are in a family, _ their life will be.A. The less; the betterB. The fewer; the betterC. Fewer; richer D. More; poorer27.I will give you some picture books. The _, the _.A. more; betterB. many; better C. most; bestD. much; better28. Which would you like _, basketball or football?A. goodB. betterC. bestD. well四、冠词用法 冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示的主语数量或者特征。冠词分为不定冠词a，an、定冠词the和零冠词三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指。一、不定冠词用法不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在以辅音开头的词前，an用在以元音开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。1. 用于可数名词的单数形式前，表示一 There is a tiger in the zoo.2. 表示一类人和东西 A tiger can be dangerous.3. 表示某一个的意思 A gentleman wants to see you.4. 表示同一的意思 The two shirts are much of a size.5. 表示每一的意思 We go swimming four times a week.6. 用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业 My mother is a teacher.7. 第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个 Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.8. 在such a，quite a句式中 He is quite a good actor. Dont be in such a hurry. 9. 在感叹句 what.的句式中 What a pretty girl she is!11. 用在某些表示数量的词组中：a lot of / a couple of / a great many / a dozen也可以用 one dozen/ a great deal of 沙漠河流与群山，列岛海峡与海湾。阶级党派国家名，组织团体与机关。方位朝代独一词，会议条约与报刊。乐器建筑影剧院，复姓年代海洋船。特指提过人共知，限定抽象单名前。序数全家名词化，序数最高festival前。抓打人体某部位，带language指语言。还有许多惯用法，定冠可添不可删。莫忘规律有例外，灵活使用是关键。二、定冠词用法1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物，这是定冠词的基本用法。Beijing is the capital of China. 2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。 Open the window please. 3.指上文已经提到的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”） On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. 4.指世界上独一无二的事物。 the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空the world 世界5.用在序数词、形容词最高级前。 The first truck is carrying a few baskets. 第一辆卡车装运一些筐。 表示两者间“较的一个”时用定冠词 The older of the two noblemen took a light. He is the taller of the two boys. 6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 the Great wall长城，the Summer Palace颐和园， the Peoples Farm人民农场，the Science Museum科学馆 7. the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。注意：像这类句子还有如下两种写法A horse is a useful animal. 或者Horses are useful animals.8. 用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。 the rich富人 the poor穷人 the sick病人 the old老人， the young年轻人 the blind盲人 the dead死人 9. 用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妇俩”。 The Turners are going home on a train. 10. 表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加theplay the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴 *中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡)the+n发明物 必须是单数 who invented the telephone? 11. 用在表示海洋、河流、山脉、群岛及国家和党派名词前。 the East China Sea 东海 the Huai River 淮河 the Jinggang Mountains 井冈山 the United States of American 美国 the working class 工人阶级 the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 13. 在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用 the，而不用人称代词。 take sb. by the arm 抓住某人的手臂 hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸 be red in the face 脸红 be lame in the right leg 右腿瘸 等结构中,名词前要用the14. 用在某些固定词组中。 all the same 仍然all the time 一直 all the year round 一年到头；at the age of 在岁时； at the beginning of 起初; 开始at the end of 在的尽头/末尾； at the entrance of 在门口；at the foot of 在脚下； at the head of 在的前面；at the moment 此刻； at the same time 同时；by the side of 在附近； by the time 到时候；by the way 顺便说； catch the post 赶上邮班；do the shopping/washing 买东西/洗衣服； give.the message 捎口信给；go to the classroom 去教室 in the end 最后；终于in the hat 戴帽子的； in the middle of the day 中午；in the morning/afternoon / evening 在上午/下午/晚上；in the open air 在户外、在野外；jump the queue 不按次序排队； lead the way to 引路、指路；look the same 看起来很像 on the earth 在地球上；tell the truth 说实话； the day after tomorrow 后天；the day before yesterday 前天； the high jump/ jump 跳高/远; the next day/year 第二天/下一年 the people 人民;the starting line起跑线 三、不用冠词的情况 1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。 Im going to England next week for a holiday. 2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词my, your, his, her等；指示代词this/ these, that/those; 不定代词some, any等及所有格限制时。 下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前; 专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭; 复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前; 颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔The letter is in her pocket. 3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。 My father and mother are teachers. 4.在星期、月份、季节、节日前。 The best time to come to China is in spring or autumn. Today is Thursday, September 10th, Teachers Day. 注意 如果月份、季节等被一个限定性定语修饰，则要加定冠词。 He joined the Army in the spring of 1982. 我国的节日前用定冠词 the Spring Festival春节 the Mid-Autumn Festival中秋节5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。 Happy Teachers Day! Here it is, Mom! 6.在学科名称、三餐饭和球类运动名称前。 I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject. Can you play basketball? We are going to play football. 7.某些固定词组中不用冠词。 与by连用的交通工具名称前 by bus, by car, by bike, by train, by air/plane, by sea/ship 名词词组 day and night日日夜夜, here and there 到处介词词组 at home在家，in surprise惊奇地，at noon在中午，on foot步行，at night在晚上on duty值日，at work在工作，on time准时，for example例如，on business经商，in school在上学，on holiday在度假，in class在上课，on show展览，in hospital在住院，on top of在顶部 ，in bed在床上 go短语 go home回家，go to bed上床睡觉， go to school去上学，go to work去上班，go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼 介词短语与冠词一.、当下列名词指其“主要目的”，即与其相关在行为时，要用零冠词。at table 在进餐 at the table 在桌子旁边at desk 在读书 at the desk 在课桌旁at school 在上学 at the school 在学校里in class 在上课 in the class 在班级里面in bed 卧床 in the bed 在床上in prison 坐牢 in the prison （因事）在监狱in hospital 住院 in the hospital （因事）在医院 go to school 去上学 go to the school （因事）去学校go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed 在床上go to hospital 去看病 go to the hospital 去医院 take place 发生 take the place 代替in place of 代替 in the place of 在.的地方in case of 万一 in the case of 就.来说out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 完全不可能二.通常使用不定冠词的短语 after a while 过了一会儿；all of a sudden 突然；as a rule 通常；as a result 结果，因此；as a matter of fact 事实上；as a whole 大体上；at a loss 不知所措；in a hurry 急忙；in a way 在某种程度上；in a word 总而言之；Its a pity that 令人遗憾的是；put an end to 结束；come to an end 结束come to a conclusion 得出结论；have a good time 玩得愉快；have a rest 休息一下；have a cold 感