通用考博英语阅读理解讲义(1).doc

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考博英语阅读理解讲义主讲：金威复习计划Plan词汇方法:快速多次背单词范围:六级6000（高中2000/四级2200/六级1800）拓展:托福词汇习惯：2个小时：80-100个。考博大词只要求会认,不要求会写,会用。写作提前备好，只用胸有成竹的句型和词汇。多认单词,背单词重点背名词,动词和形容词.精通历年真题（1）把文章中的每个单词都要认识；（2）把文章中的每句话都分析；长句的分析：结构；修饰成分；分析文章结构；分析题目；分析选项；所选文章的类型：1、六级和考研考过的文章；2、专四、专八和托福中的文章；六级和考研测试的方向：close reading。1、通过真题学会基本的语言 2、获得所考院校考试的基本方式、模式及解题思路。泛读定量，定范围做泛读，泛读训练的目标： 1、练速度 2、练猜测和跳跃 3、文章背景，学科背景定范围原则：和要考的目标学校的难度、风格、选材类似的文章 1、英美报刊选读英美时文选读 2、对自己院校模式不确定的按照清华模式，四、六级模式，中级模式（1）英语文摘（2）英语世界（3）英语学习（4）英语沙龙 3、泛读一些六级历年考过的文章。作模拟题复习语法，作模拟题，和所考试题类型相似的模拟题1、定语从句：先行词，关系代词；限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。模式： n.+that/which.从句。同谓语从句也是n.+that从句。2、分词状语（1）现在分词：表示主动。（2）过去分词：表示被动。 3、独立主格结构，补充，插入语。例如： I came in，(with) a book in my hand.4、名词性从句。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同谓语从句。5、虚拟语气（1）用虚拟的时候，说话的真实意思与字面意思相反。（2）虚拟语气的时态要往后退一格。和将来相反用不要买：朗文英语语法张道真英语语法薄冰英语语法 阅读理解题解题步骤：第一步扫描提干提炼关键词1、归纳共性词出现两次以上的词，基本上就是由此看出文章中工作者所给的结论。 3、重点关注有“author”字眼的题干。第二步通读全文抓住中心1、 通读全文：通读也称略读或跳读，是以抓住文章主旨和文章结构为目的的一种快速阅读方式。通读中要把握两个原则： （1）首段原则文章的第一段或前四分之一尽量逐字逐句读懂，如遇到不懂的信息，有必要重复和回读。英美人文章观点80%出现在第一段或前四分之一处。文章的第一段或前四分之一处是命题的重点。（2）首末句原则（主题句原则）其余各段重点抓住段落主旨（往往分布在首句或末句或转折后）。在主旨明确的基础上，细节、数字、论据、引言等信息可粗略阅读或跳过不读。 2、抓住中心：抓住中心就是明确下面三个问题 （1）第三步分清题型，避免错误陷阱1、细节题 2、主旨题 3、判断正误题4、生词短语题(故意考生词，得看懂上下文) 5、例证题6、推理题 infer imply（1）真推理：答案文中没说过，但是依据原文理应成立。 （2）假推理：不需要推理，看哪个选项是符合原文的。 7、句子理解题 8、作者态度题 9、指代题错误选项的七种设计方式： 1、偷换概念 2、正反混淆 （1）较难词替换（2）单数否定（基数否定） 3、时态错误4、扩大范围（逻辑上） 5、无中生有（无关常识）答题一定要以文中的说法为准，不能依据常识。 6、答非所问（尤其是细节题） 7、虚拟语气做题思路如何准确定位，怎样做细节题。三大定位原则： 1、信号词定位原则：利用题干中的信号词将题目与原文的某个位置迅速建立联系。信号词首选大写字母，数字和专有名词。 2、 自然段分布原则：标准化的英语考试，出题顺序与原文行文顺序保持一致。3、观点句、长难句定位原则。 二、破解生词的方式方式1：模糊处理；（可以根据上下文确定词性、褒贬义和大致意思范围，则无需知道该单词的精确含义。例句： Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.方式2：利用定义关系破解生词；句中含有refer to, mean, define,be regarded as词，则是定义句。例句： Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologist(地质学家)s as hot spots. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earths surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.方式3：利用标点符号(冒号之后为解释; 分号前后并列关系; 括号是补充解释说明的; 破折号之后也是解释说明)方式4：利用逻辑关系；（反义关系；并列关系；递进关系；让步关系=转折；因果关系）方式5：利用重现关系。重要的东西不只一次会出现，而且会用多个词表达那个意思。总会有自己认识的。 方式6：利用词根词缀去破解生词。-ology学科 -tic学科应该认识300个词根词缀。diameter直径prolog序言monolog独白、自言自语 supercilious傲慢的cilia睫毛anthropology人类学 philanthropy 博爱photophilous适光的，喜光的 -phobia恨acrophobia恐高症waterphobia恐水症 photophobia畏光症Sinophobia恐华，反华 autocratic 专制独裁monopolize垄断蒋争英语词汇的奥秘 刘毅字根字缀词典三、长难句的解析1、破解长难句的目标有三： （1）找出句子的主干结构 （2）分清修饰关系定语（）；状语 ；插入语等辅助成分<>； （3）抽象概念具体化 2、常见长难句的语法结构： （1）定语从句（2）状语从句（状语从句必须要有连词引导）when-时间状语从句 if-条件状语从句because/for-原因状语从句 so-结果状语从句it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, （3）分词状语(现在分词:表示主动|过去分词:表示被动)和独立主格结构I came in holding a book. I came in armed with a torch.（4）名词性从句：主语从句|宾语从句|表语从句|同位语从句 （5）倒装结构 This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression.（6）省略结构前面说了的东西后面就可以省略那个成分。 （7）强调句型例子：When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.（8）形式主语或形式宾语（9）虚拟语气（时态降一格；说话人的真实含义和句子的字面意思为相反。） 3、破解长句的基本顺序（1）将主句和从句分开，重点是主句 （2）将主句和分词状语分开，状语不重要 （3）插入语最后看或跳过不看四、标点的使用1、分号：分号前后往往是语义并列关系，分号前后只需看懂简单的一句。2、句号：句号用来分割句子，以句子为单位可以将段落切分成逻辑部分，便于抓住段落的重点。3、 逗号：在长句中两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后往往是补充插入成分（尤其是非限定性定语从句和独立主格结构），可跳过不读。“Scientific” creationism(科学创世论), which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. 4、 冒号：冒号前后往往是解释说明的关系。 插入的关系，可跳过不读。6、 括号：功能有两个：(1)补充解释；(2)解释生词； 7、 引号：引号功能主要有二：(1)引言,引述；(2)表示比喻,暗喻或者反语;(形容词加引号才是反语)Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. 五、做题思路1.词汇短语题1、标志：题干中明确指出原文的某个单词或短语(往往是超纲生词)，要求根据上下文理解其含义。2、解题思路：该单词或短语认识与否不重要，重要的是上下文意思以及作者的观点(如果一个划线词是简单的大纲2、解题思路：要熟悉一些英美人的主流价值观支持进化论，抨击创世论；经济周期论天道酬勤论；生死由命论。 七、做题思路3.例证题1、标志：example / illustrate / case / demonstrate / show 2、解题思路：该例子看懂与否不重要，重要的是例子所支持的观点(1)返回原文，确定该例子。(2)80%向上，20%向下，搜索该例子所支持的论点(3)从选项中找出一个同义关系作为答案。例证题的常见错误选项分两种：(1)只谈例子本身(2)列举无关常识。 八、做题思路4.指代题：one），要求确定其指代关系。2、解题思路(1)返回原文，确定该代词；(2)90%向上，10%向下搜索其指代的词，词组或句子。衡量指代的唯一标准不是语法，而是上下文句意的连贯，判断指代的唯一标准不是语法，而是上下文语意的通顺与连贯；(3)从选项中找出一个同义关系作为答案。 九、做题思路5.判断正误题1、判断是问对还是问错；2、判断正误题大体是对细节提问，所谓对是指符合原文或比原文范围小，所谓错是指与原文有矛盾或原文未提及。如下是命题所在：(1)细节处；(2)长难句；(3)多重否定句。 十、做题思路6.推理题1、标志：题干中出现如下词：infer、imply 2、解题思路：推理题往往是就文章中的细节信息提问。细节题要注意：（1）准确定位（2）将选项与原文逐一核对 3、出题思路：推理题的正确选项尽量是原文的同义改写或与原文意思最为接近，不要无中生有和推的过远。 十一、做题思路7.句子理解题：1、标志：题干中明确指出原文的一整句话，该句往往是长难句、比喻句、抽象表达句或固定成语，问这样的句子什么意思。 2、解题思路：该句子的字面意思不重要且往往没陷阱，重要的是上下文的意思和作者的观点。 十二、做题思路8.作者态度题1、标志：attitude / inclination 一般选项是与态度有关的单词2、解题思路：作者态度分为明确的三类：六、做题思路9.细节题1、标志：题干针对原文的细节，论据，例子，引言，原因提问且题干中含有信号词。2、解题思路：(1)准确定位；(2)学会破解长难句；(3)将选项逐一与原文核对，不要凭印象做题；(4)要掌握常见的错误选项陷阱和正确答案的设计方式。正确答案一般有三种模式：(1)同义词替换；(2)偶数否定（双数否定）；(3)缩小范围(主旨题除外)。 Real policemen, both Britain and the United States hardly recognize any resemblancebetween their lives and what they see on TVif they ever get home in time. There are similarities, of course, but the cops dont think much of them.The first difference is that a policemans real life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be usedto prove them in court. (第1题) He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more(更重要的是), he has to apply it on his feet(独自地), in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someone he has to talk to. Little of his time is spent in chatting to scantily clad(衣着暴露的辣妹) ladies or in dramatic confron- tations with desperate criminal. (第2题)He will spend most of his working lifetyping millions of words on thou- sands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guiltyor notof stupid, petty crimes.(警察的平凡日常生活，从事例行工作) Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal; as soon as hes arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attackswhere failure to produce results reflects on the standing of the policelittle effort is spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up most wanted men.(第3题)Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do thatMuch of this has to be given by people who dont want to get involved in a court case. So as well as being overworked, a detective has to be out at all hours of the day and night interviewing his witnesses and persuading them, usually against their own best interests, to help him.A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in which the real one lives(第4题). Detectives are subject to two opposing pressures(两种截然相反的压力): first as members of a police force they always have to behave with absolute legality, secondly, as expensive public servants(花经费的公务员)they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways. (用违法的手段来保护法律)If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindednessas he sees itof citizens, social workers, doctors, law makers, and judges, who, instead of stamping out crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is reaching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical. 1It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal lawA. so that he can catch criminals in the streets B. because many of the criminals he has to catch areC. so that he can justify his arrests in courtD. because he has to know nearly as much about law as a professional lawyer (和原文太一致的选项，别选) 2The everyday life A. exciting and