语法专项 5 名词性从句.doc

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第五部分名词性从句名词性从句, 即宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句, 是高中语法学习的一个难点。准确理解并熟练运用名词性从句, 分清其与形容词性从句即定语从句的区别是高中语法学习的重点之一。本讲分析名词性从句的构成及用法, 并从常用的连接词入手, 分析解答常令学生困惑的问题。一、知识点拨(一)宾语从句(Object Clause)问题一：与“说”相关的动词后面的宾语从句如何构成?同学们在初中阶段时就开始接触宾语从句了。当将一个直接引语转为间接引语时, 就是在构造一个与“说”相关的动词后的宾语从句了。在直接引语向间接引语转化的过程中, 应就不同的句型类别进行不同的处理。而不同的句型类别都应根据转述者和转述时间对宾语从句中的人称、时态及状语作相应的调整。1. 陈述句：不需调整语序, 只要对人称、时态或状语作一定的变化即可。通常, 若主句中的动词为过去时, 则从句中的时态也要相应后退一格。但如从句部分是客观真理, 时态则无须变化。如： She said, “I will visit Shanghai Museum tomorrow. ”She said(that)she would visit Shanghai Museum the next day.The physics teacher said, “Water freezes at zero degrees Centigrade. ”The teacher said(that) water freezes at zero degrees Centigrade.2. 疑问句：可分为一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两类。(1)一般疑问句：转为if或whether(是否)引导的宾语从句,且调整为陈述句语序, 即主谓宾的顺序。 有时可用或whetheror not的结构。如：I asked whether (or not) they had got the news.(2)特殊疑问句：保留原有的疑问词, 且调整为陈述句语序。但当疑问词即是句子中的主语, 则无需变换语序。如：He asked. “Where can I meet them?” He asked where he could meet them. He asked. “What is the matter?” He asked what was the matter.3. 祈使句：可不再转为宾语从句, 而是用“命令性动词+人称代词(宾格)名词+不定式”的结构来表达相近的意思。如： The librarian said, “Dont make so much noise, please. ”The librarian askedtoldrequested the readers not to make so much noise.4. 感叹句：可保留感叹词。也可转化为“陈述句+修饰词”的结构。如：He said,“What an excellent impression you have made on the customer!”He said what an excellent impression I had made on the customers.或He said with admiration(that)I had made an excellent impression on the customer.5. 特殊结构：可根据句子的意思作灵活的变通。如：He said to me, “Merry Christmas!” He wished me a merry Christmas.“Lets light a fire and cook our meal over it.”said the children.The children suggested lighting a fire and cooking the meat over it.问题二：其它动词后面的宾语从句如何构成?掌握了与“说”相关的动词后的宾语从句的构成, 其它动词后的宾语从句也就不难理解了。 须注意两类动词：1. 表示说话者认知的动词：know, believe, think, explain, guess, hope, agree, understand, realize, suppose, expect等动词后既可以跟that引导的陈述分句作宾语, that常被省略；又可以跟疑问分句。 如： They have explained (that)they need more time.I dont know who you met at the party.值得注意的是：(1)有些表示猜想的动词后从句中的否定式通常前移至主句中。如：I dont think he is the right person for the job.(2)反意疑问句通常是对复合句中的主句发问, 但若主句为I thinkbelievesuppose时, 则对从句发问。如： He thinks vegetables are good for our health, doesnt he?I think vegetables are good for our health, arent they?语法专项 名词性从句 1(3)回答对think, believe, guess, hope等词提问的一般疑问句时, 可用缩略式. 即肯定回答用so；否定回答用not或dont so。其中hope的否定回答只能用not。如：Do you think/hope/guess/believe it will rain tomorrow? Yes. I thinkhope/guessbelieve so. =Yes, I think/hopeguess/believe(that)it will rain tomorrow.No. I dont thinkbelieve/suppose so.=No, I dont think/believe/suppose(that)it will rain tomorrow.No. I hope/believeguess not. =No, I hope/believe/guess(that)it will not rain tomorrow.(4)wonder(想知道), doubt(怀疑)等动词本身带有不确定性, 故后面多跟疑问分句。注意, doubt在肯定句中，后接if或whether引导的宾语从句；在否定句和疑问句中后接that引导的宾语从句。如： I wonder whose watch it is. I doubt ifwhether he will come tomorrow.I dont doubt (that) he will come tomorrow.2.(1)suggest, advise, order, demand, insist等动词后用“(that) should do ”的结构, 此时should可被省去。如：Connie suggest my hair(should)be short enough to keep tidy.He demands that he(should)be told everything.(2)动词wish后的宾语从句多为不可能实现的愿望, 故常将时态后退一格以示虚拟。如： I wish I could fly.I didnt do well in the final exam. I wish I had gone over my lessons thoroughly.The crop doesnt promise a good harvest, but they still wish they would have a good one.3. 双宾语与复合宾语中的宾语从句(1)有些动词后带有宾语从句作为其直接宾语, 同时带有一个人称代词或名词作为其间接宾语。如：She told me where the post office was.He reminded us that everything in the laboratory should be handled carefully.The company explained to their employees that a pay rise was out of the question.(2)在含有复合宾语“动词+宾语从句+宾语补足语”的结构中. 往往因为宾语从句过长而将其放到句末, 同时用it来充当形式宾语。如：They made it a rule that there was a quiz every week. I find it strange that he should have said that.We think it certain that hell fulfill the task on time.We regard it as true that he has defended the championship.问题三：介词后的宾语从句如何构成?1. that引导的宾语从句一般不能直接跟在介词后面。但须注意的是：(1)介词except, but, in后面可跟that引导的宾语从句。如：He cares nothing about the factory except that it will bring him great profits.He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.(2)在有些含有介词的短语后可加上形式宾语it, 再跟上that引导的宾语从句, 形成depend on it that, rely on it that, insist on it that, see to it that等结构。 如：You may depend on it that they are valuable.Ill see to it that all the lights are switched off before I leave.2. wh-词引导的宾语从句可以充当介词的宾语。如：I have no idea of what it means. It all depends on whether they agree or not. We walked over to where they were sitting. Thinking had moved toward the question of how we might change the weather at will.问题四：形容词后的宾语从句如何构成?形容词后的名词性从句也被称作形容词补足语, 多用于certain, sure, unaware, glad, afraid, frightened, happy, pleased, sad, sorry, surprised, upset等表示认知或情感的形容词后。如： I am afraid(that)there is no time for anymore shopping.I am not aware whether he wishes to go with us. He was not certain what they should do next.(二)主语从句(Subject Clause)问题一：引导主语从句的连接词有哪些？语法专项 名词性从句 2从属连词that, whether；连接代词和疑问代词who, what, which；连接副词和疑问副词when, where, how, why。问题二：主语从句后的谓语动词是单数还是复数?当一个从句作为句子的主语时, 因其为抽象概念. 谓语动词用单数。如：What he told me was only half-truth. How they went there is not clear.问题三：that引导的主语从句如何转换成用形式主语it的结构?如果主语从句太长, 而谓语又较短, 为了避免头重脚轻。往往用 it作形式主语, 而将真正的主语从句后置。常见的用it作形式主语的结构有：1. It is a pity/a fact/a wonder/a shame/an honor/ no wonder等名词+that ”如：It is a pity(that)you havent attended the concert.2. “It is+形容词+that ”如：It is likelypossible that he will accept the offer.It is obvious that we must apply other method of settling the problem.该主语从句在以下情况会出现虚拟语气：(1)“It is+ necessaryimportantessential/advisable等表达说话者强烈意愿的形容词+that (should)do ”, should可以省略。如：It is important that every student(should)learn a foreign language.(2) It is+ strange/surprising /amazingimportant/essential, advisable等表达说话者强烈情感的形容词+that should do ”, should不可省略。如：It is surprising that he should be so rude to a lady.3. “It is+过去分词+that ”(1)“It is +announced/ believed/ considered/ expected/ estimated/ hoped/ known/ reported/ rumored /said / supposed/thought/whispered等过去分词+ that ”：其中有些结构可转化为不定式“ be believed/ expected/ estimated/known/reported/said等过去分词+to do sth”。如：It is said that the memorial hall can seat an audience of 5,000.The memorial hall is said to seat an audience of 5, 000.(2)以下结构中通常使用虚拟语气：“It is+ suggested/ adviseddemanded, ordered, requested等过去分词+that (should)do ”, should可以省略, 如：It is suggested that students (should) check their answers before handing in the paper.4.“It seemsappearshappens that ”：该结构也可转化为不定式“seemsappearshappens to do sth”。如：It happened that Jerry ran across his enemy Tom in the street.Jerry happened to run across his enemy Tom in the street.5. “it occurs to sbIt strikes sb. that ”如： It never occurred to me that you meant that.(三)表语从句(Predicative Clause)问题一：引导表语从句的连接词有哪些？that, whether, as if：连接代词和疑问代词who, what, which；连接副词和疑问副词when, where, how, why问题二：表语从句中要注意哪些问题?1. The reason(why )is that 当主语是reason时, 表语从句用that引导，而不用because,以免出现“原因是因为”这样的重复。如： The reason why I didnt attend the meeting was that I had been ill.2. onesthe suggestion/adviceorderdemand is that (should)do 当表语从句是用来说明如suggestion, advice, order, demand这类词的具体My advice is that you(should)take more physical exercise.(四)同位语从句 (Appositive Clause)问题一：引导同位语从句的连接词有哪些?引导同位语从句的常用连接词有：语法专项 名词性从句 3从属连词that. whether；连接代词和疑问代词who, what, which；连接副词和疑问副词when, where, how, why问题二：同位语从句通常作哪些名词的同位语?同位语从句通常所解释、说明的名词有：advice, belief, decision, doubt, fact, feeling, idea, information, news, promise, proof, question, story, thought, truth, view, word等We could not shake the feeling that time was catching up with us.问题三：名词doubt后的同位语从句用什么连接词引导?名词doubt在肯定句中，后接whether引导导的同位语从句；在否定句和疑问句中，后接that引导的宾语从句, 如：There is some doubt whether hes qualified for the new job.I have no doubt that hes qualified for the new job.问题四：如何识别被隔离开的同位语从句?有时，为了句子的平衡，同位语从句和它具体说明的名词之间会被其他成分隔开。如： The story spread in the village that he had lived alone in the mountain for many years.Word came that the president would visit China the next day.(五)宾语补足语从句前面介绍了名词性从句的四种基本类型, 即宾语从句, 主语从句, 表语从句，同位语从句。根据名词性从句在复合句中所充当的成分，另一较常见的类型是宾语补足从句。如：You can call it whatever you like. It is reform that has made our factory what it is today. (六)难点解析问题一：不同连接词所引导的名词性从句有哪些不同种类?1. 陈述分句：由 that 引导的名词性从句，that只起连接作用, 没有词汇意义, 也不要从句中作任何成分, 如：That they are poor does not make a difference to me. (主语从句)The trouble is that everybody seems only to care about his or her personal interest. (表语从句) The fact that the factory is in heavy debt is not known to the public yet. (同位语从句)2. 疑问分句(1)一般疑问分句：由连词if或whether 引导的名词性从句. 如：I dont care whetherif people think it right or wrong. (宾语从句)Whether he knows or not makes no difference. (主语从句)The only thing Id mind would be whether you really love them. (表语从句)The question whether the equipment meets our needs should have been considered earlier. (同位)(2)特殊疑问分句：由wh-疑问代词或疑问副词引导的从句. 如：I wonder what made him say so. (宾语从句)Why he failed to come puzzled me. (主语从句)What troubled him was where he could get the money. (表语从句)We have to solve the problem who was at fault. (同位语从句)【注意】此时whether和其它wh-词引导的主语从句也可以用it作形式主语, 如：It doesnt matter whether they like it or not. It is not known to anyone how this happened.3. 名词性关系分句：由连接代词who(ever), what(ever), which(ever)或连接副词where(ever), how(ever), why, when引导的名词性从句, 无任何疑问性质, 通常相当于一个包含定语从句的名词短语。如： I wrote what I saw. (宾语从句)(=the thing, things which I saw)Whoever did that made a serious mistake. (主语从句)(=Anyone who did that)This was how it happened. (表语从句)=（the way in which it happened)【注意】此时的主语从句通常不用it来做形式主语.问题二：如何辨析特殊疑问分句与名词性关系分句?wh-词既可引导特殊疑问分句，又可引导名词性关系分句。而且在两类分句中不仅起连接作用还担任句子成分。两者区别在于：1. 意义不同：特殊疑问分句中的wh-疑问代词或疑问副词是用来提出一个问题的，只是由于充当从句而恢复成了陈述句语序；而名词性关系分句中的wh-连接代词或连接副词则无任何疑问的含 语法专项 名词性从句 4义，通常相当于一个包含定语从句的名词短语。如：Did you hear what h