英语词汇学chapter6.ppt

Chapter6 SemanticClassificationofWords 1 Semanticclassificationofwords 1 Definition Itmeansthatvocabularyunitsareclassifiedonthebasisofvariousmeaningrelationbetweenwordsontheparadigmaticaxis 2 Paradigmaticrelations ItexistsbetweenwordsnotonlydefinethewordmeaningbutalsofunctionasthemaincriteriaunderlyingthesemanticclassificationofwordsForexampleCommonconcept ascriteriontoclassifywordsintosemanticfieldSemanticrelation ofsimilarity contrastandinclusion lexicalitemsintosynonyms antonymandhyponyms 2 Thesuperordinate thehyponym 1 genusVSspeciesGenus aclassofthingsmadeupoftwoormoresubordinateclassesorspecies Forexample flower genus rose tulip species 2 Hyponymy ThedefinitionofhyponymyHyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion Itreferstotherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenthegenus generallexicalitem andthespecies specificlexicalitems Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthesuperordinate upperterm 上义词 Thespecificwordsareknownashyponyms lowerterm 下义词 Hyponymy literature prose fiction drama shortstory novelette novel poetry Hyponymy swimming boxing runningrace wrestling weight lifting hurdlerace running relay sprinting long distancerace gymnastics athletics ballgames sports Thesemanticfieldtheory 语义场理论 Thevocabularyofalanguageisnotsimplyalistingofindependentitems butisorganizedintoareasorfields themembersofwhicharejoinedtogetherbysomecommonsemanticcomponent Thewholevocabularycanbedividedupintofields Wordsineachfieldaresemanticallyrelatedanddefineoneanother Vocabularyisseenas anintegratedsystemoflexemesinterrelatedinsense JostTrier aGermanlinguist Thesemanticfieldtheory emotion joy love hate fear grief Implicationsofsemanticfieldforvocabularylearning character virtue easy going aggressive arrogant self conceited modest considerate sympathetic extrovert introvert amicable Ambitious honest loyal obedient strong willed Iron willed trustworthy obstinate stubborn unyielding confident Thesemanticfieldtheory Mostlanguagessharesamesemanticfields TimeSpaceAgeKinshipFoodColorEmotion Thesemanticfieldtheory Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguages thuslexicalgaps 词汇空缺 occur ThesemanticfieldofkinshipMembersinEnglish 13 father mother son daughter brother sister uncle aunt nephew niece cousin husband wife MembersinChinese Thesemanticfieldoffoodhotdog sandwich hamburger豆腐 馒头 3 Synonymy 1 DefiningsynonymSynonymyisatermusedinsemanticstorefertoamajortypeofsenserelationbetweenlexicalitems Lexicalitemswhichhavethesamemeaningbutdifferinmorphemicstructure phonologicalformandusagearesynonyms Therelationshipbetweenthemisoneofsynonymy Absoluteorperfectsynonyms wordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects i e bothingrammaticalandlexicalmeaning includingconceptualandassociativemeaning Spoundingandcomposition wordbuildingandword formation malnutritionandundernourishment Relativeorpartialsynonyms wordswhicharesimilarornearlythesameindenotation butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreeofagivenquality Itisthistypeofsynonymsweshalldealwithhere 2 Sourcesofsynonymy Twosources fromAnglo Saxon Natives fromFrench LatinandGreek Borrowed Doublets Brotherly N fraternal B Homely N domestic B House N mansion B Triplets Kingly N royal F regal L Time N age F epoach L Sourcesofsynonyms Borrowing Sourcesofsynonyms Borrowing Sourcesofsynonyms DialectsandregionalEnglish Sourcesofsynonyms Figurativeandeuphemisticofwords Sourcesofsynonyms Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions 3 Semanticallysynonymousfield 同义语义场 Baseonsemanticsimilarity synonymsareusuallyarrangedintosynonymicgroupsorsets Withinthisgroupsthereisthemostgeneraltermknownas synonymicdominant 主导同义词 Thesynonymicdominantisthecommondenotationalcomponentthatbringstwoormorewordstogetherintoasynonymicgroup 同义词群 whichcanbecalledasemanticallysynonymousfield Semanticallysynonymousfield ImplicationsofSemanticallysynonymousfield General specificSay speak murmur scream retort argue protest claim state declareMonotony vividnessWehavebutoneaimandonesingle irrevocablepurpose WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestigeoftheNaziregime Fromthisnothingwillturnus nothing Wewillneverparley wewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgangs WinstonChurchill Barbiedoll s fashion fashions costumes outfits apparel dress 4 Differencesbetweensynonyms 1 DifferenceinmeaningIdeographicorrelativesynonymsarethosethatdenotedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality Forexample amazevsastound DifferenceindenotationP117 look stare gaze eye peep glance laugh chortle chuckle giggle guffaw snicker snigger titter extend increase expand makeone sway threadone sway digone sway breakone sway pushone sway shoulderone sway elbowone sway wormone sway Differenceindenotation let allow permit want wish desire rich wealthy big large huge chilly frigid icy cold frosty cool Cool chilly cold frosty frigid icy 2 Differenceinemotionalandstylisticcolouring Somewordsmaydifferonlyintheiremotiveorevaluativemeanings thedenotationsofwhichremainthesame Forexample statesmanvspolitician Differenceinconnotation DifferinemotionalcoloringDifferinstylisticcoloring 3 Differenceincollocation distribution Somewordsarecollocationallyrestricted namely theyoccuronlyinconjunctionwithotherwords Forexample rancidbacon addledeggs Differenceincollocation empty box street room vacant seat chair apartment blank check ablanksheetofpaper alarge notbig amount number quantityof greatcourage confidence wisdom makeefforts takemeasures Differenceincollocation accuse of charge with rebuke for reproach with for alumpofsugar asheetofpaper asliceofmeat bread acakeofsoap achunkofwood aflockofsheep goats birds aherbofcows elephants zebras antelopes aschooloffish whales dolphins aswarmofants bees wasps locusts astableofhorses aprideoflions Differenceindistribution Pre modifierVSpost modifier HeisthegreatestlivingnovelistinEngland HeisthegreatestnovelistaliveinEngland Don tdisturbthesleepingoldman Don tdisturbtheoldmanasleep Discriminationofsynonyms Thelosingteamwasfromfurthercompetition Firefightersabigfire Themeetinghasbeenbecauseoftheflu Thegovernmentthetaxonalcohol abolish cancel extinguish eliminate extinguished eliminated cancelled abolished Discriminationofsynonyms Shemadeanofideasshewantedtopresentinhertalk Ihavereadtheofhisbook Thechemistrybookhadaattheendofeachchapter abstract outline summary outline abstract summary Discriminationofsynonyms Itistojudgeaforeigncultureonlybyitsfood Therewasanideathattheearthwasflatandmotionless Youwereverytotrusthim absurd ridiculous silly ridiculous absurd silly Discriminationofsynonyms Readingthemindonlywithmaterialsofknowledge itisthinkingthatmakeswhatwereadours Thishotelcanupto500guests Wecan tthatexpensivesportscar Thecompanythecustomer swishandsentthedeliveryovernight Thetallbuildingabeautifulviewoftheocean accommodate afford furnish furnishes accommodate afford accommodated affords Discriminationofsynonyms ThebosshimstronglyforhisnegligenceThepolicehimoftheft Thepolicehimwithmurder accuse charge rebuke rebuked accused charged Discriminationofsynonyms AnlackoffoodbroughthungertotheIraqipeople Itisthatyoustudyhardfortheexamoryouwillfailit Improvedconsumerconfidenceistoaneconomicrecovery Wehaveanneedforhelp wearerunningoutofwater acute critical crucial urgent acute critical crucial urgent Discriminationofsynonyms Itiswhethertheeconomywillgetbetter Hischangesofrecoveryfromillnessare Hehassomeideasaboutwhattodo butnothingspecific Hisdirectionsconfusedus wedidnotknowwhichofthetworoadstotake ThepoetryofEzraPoundissometimesdifficulttounderstandbecauseitcontainssomanyreferences ambiguous obscure vague unclear dim unclear dim vague ambiguous obscure 4 Antonymy 1 DefiningantonymyThetermisusedfor oppositenessofmeaning wordsthatareinoppositionareantonyms 2 Antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofthemorphologicalstructure 3 Antonymsclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticcontrast 1 ContrariesContrariesshowatypeofoppositenessofmeaning illustratedbysuchpairsaswide narrow old young big small etc Gradability bySapir meansthatcontrariescanbeplacedatbothextremeofascale betweenwhichtheremaybegradablelexicalitems hot warm cool coldbeautiful pretty good looking plain uglyold young open close big small poor richbeautiful pretty good looking plain ugly 2 Complementaries 绝对反义词 互补反义词 Complementariesrepresentatypeofbinarysemanticcontrastwhichadmitsofnogradabilitybetweentheitems Theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositeness Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem non gradable dead alive present absent male female true false approval disapproval capable incapable boy girl single marriedPrefixes dis in il ir im un 3 Conversives 换位反义词 关系反义词 Conversivesdisplayatypeofoppositenessofmeaning illustratedby forexample buy sell give receive parent child above belowThisthirdtypeconsistsofrelationalopposites Husband wife fianc fianc e employer employee debtor creditorAbove below infrontof behind up downBuy sell give receive go come gain lose Semanticincompatibles 多项不相容词 North south east westSpring summer autumn winterJanuary February March DecemberSunday Monday Saturday Awordcanhavemorethanoneantonyms FreshFreshbread stalebreadFreshair stuffyairFreshflowers fadedflowersFreshlook tiredlook Stylisticpurposeoftheuseofantonyms Toachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideastogether toexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthought Unitedwestand dividedwefall Hopeforthebestandpreparefortheworst Visibledarkness avictoriousdefeat acleverfool anopensecret painfulpleasure cruelkindness Itwasthebestoftimes itwastheworstoftimes itwastheageofwisdom itwastheageoffoolishness itwastheepochofbelief itwastheeraofincredulity itwastheseasonofLight itwastheseasonofDarkness itwastheSpringofHope itwastheWinterofDespair wehadeverythingbeforeus wehadnothingbeforeus wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway CharlesDickens ATaleofTwoCities 5 Homonymy 1 DefininghomonymyLexicalitemswhichhavethesamephonologicalorspellingform butdifferinmeaningarecalledhomonyms Suchalinguisticphenomenon identityofformanddiversityofmeaning iscalledhomonymy 2 Homographs homophonesandfullhomonyms 1 HomographsWordsthathavethesamespelling butdifferinsoundandmeaning Forexample bow v bow n lead v lead n 2 HomophonesWordsthathavethesamephonologicalform butdifferinspellingandmeaning Forexample air heir sea see cent scent 3 Fullhomonyms Wordsthatareidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaning Forexample ball ball party match match gameorsportsevent 3 Sourcesofhomonymy 1 DivergingmeaningdevelopmentT