语言学精品课ppt-04.ppt

Topic4 Morphology Definitionofmorphology Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed 1 Morphemes 1 1 ThedefinitionMorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulelementsoflanguage Theycannotbefurthercut Itistruethatthewordfriendshipconsistsof10letters buttheselettersinisolationaremeaningless Thepossiblesmallestmeaningfulsegmentsofthewordarefriendandship 1 2Typesofmorphemes FreeMorphemescanoccurindependentlyaswords Freemorphemescanbefurtherdividedintolexicalmorphemes whichhavespecificmeaningsthemselves suchasman desk tough andgrammaticalmorphemes whichdonothaveanyconcretemeaningbythemselvesbutindicaterelationshipbetweenlexicalmorphemes suchasshe but off Boundmorphemes Boundmorphemesarethoseelementsofwordsthatcannotstandindependently Theyhavetobeboundorconnectedtofreemorphemes Master 1996 4 Therearetwocategoriesforboundmorphemes derivationalaffixesandinflectionalaffixes EnglishMorphemesBoundMorphemesFreeMorphemesRootsRoots1DerivationalInflectionalLexicalGrammatical ContentFunctional PrefixesSuffixesSuffixes Prefixes dis dislike discontinuousun uneasy unconscious unfavorablein incorrect inconvenientmis misinform mistake misplaceover overdo overhear overpopulatebe belittle enen enlarge em embody Syntacticfunctionsofderivationalendings Changesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword Occurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemes Occursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded Inflectionalaffixes Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes Inflectionalsuffixes e s s e s ing e d e d er est Syntacticfunctionsofinflectionalendings Doesnotchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem Indicatessyntacticorsemanticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes FreeRoots Equaltofreemorphemesincertainsense Readthefollowingparagraphandthenlabelallthemorphemesinthechartaftertheparagraph Someexamplesaregivenforyou Oneofthemostpicturesqueandimpressivepartsofthebazaaristhecopper smiths market Asyouapproachit atinklingandbangingandclashingbeginstoimpingeonyourear Itgrowslouderandmoredistinct untilyouroundacornerandseeafairylandofdancingflashes astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightofinnumerablelampsandbraziers Morphemeidentifying counterantidisestablishmentarismdeactivation 1 3 Somesyntacticfeaturesofmorphemes TrueorFalse 1 Althoughthevastmajorityofprefixesdonotchangetheoriginalwordclass thereareprefixesthatareclass changing a be em en 2 Suffixesarebasicallyclass changingmorphemes 3 Thefunctionofaprefixtendstobesemanticallyoriented thatis itaddsnewmeaningtoabase 4 Morphemesvaryinsize Neithersyllablesnorlengthareanyguidetotheiridentification Theessentialcriterionisthatamorphemecannotbecutupintosmallersyntacticsegments 5 Inflectionalendingscanbeaddedtoderivationalones butnotvice versa 6 Amorphemecannotbemadeupofonephoneme 7 Thesyllabicstructureofawordanditsmorphemicstructuremustcorrespond 8 Derivationscanmakethewordclassoftheoriginalwordeitherchangedorunchanged 9 Thefollowingwordscontainsomederivationalmorphemeswhichchangethepartofspeechclassofthewords expresident profiteer booklet undo disobey tallish illogical 10 Alanguagemayhavemorephonemesthanmorphemes 2 Morphologicalrules Rulesforgoverningtheformationofnewwords 3 Morphologicalanalysisoflanguagedata Morphologicalrules Noun lyadjectivefriendly daily lovelyAdjective lyadverbquicklyAdjective izeverb 4 Compounding 4 1 Typesofcompounds4 2 Featuresofcompounds 4 2 1 Orthographically acompoundcanbewrittenasonewordwithorwithoutahypheninbetween oreastwoseparatewords E g armchair follow up thunderbird 4 2 2 Syntactically thepartofspeechofthecompoundisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement icy cold headstrong greenhouse TypesofcompoundsNoun nounhandbook sunshineAdjective nounhighway deadlineVerb noundriveway breakwaterAdverb noundowntown overburdenNoun verbtoothpick snowfall faceliftVerb adverbfollow up kick offAdj n edblue eyedNumeral nten meterathree minutetalk 4 2 4 Phonetically thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstsyllable whilethesecondsyllablereceivessecondarystress Andinanounphrasethesecondwordisstressed Allomorph Phoneme p p Morpheme s pluralmarkerofnounsAllomorphs s z is would wud w d d In im ir il er agent or Root stem base Root Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity Intermsofderivationalandinflectionalmorphology a rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved Boundrootandfreeroot Stem Astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironoroftworootmorphemesasinacompoundlikehandcuff Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasinmouthful underestimate Therefore astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded Lookatinternationalistsagain Inthisword nationisarootandastemaswell Alltherestnational international internationalistarestems thatpartofwordformwhenallinfl