高中英语语法入门词类及句子成分.doc

词类及句子成分 词类实词名称用途例词句法作用名词n.(noun)表示人或事物的名称boy, book, table, man主、表、宾、补、定、同代词pron.(pronoun)代替名词、形容词或数词I, you, it, we, their主、宾、表、补、定、同数词num.(numeral)表示数目或顺序one, two, twenty, third, fifth主、表、宾、定、同动词v.(verb)表示动作或状态work, study, 谓语动词：谓interesting, injured非谓语动词：主、表、宾、补、定、状形容词adj.(adjective)修饰名词，表示人、物的性质或特征red, long, old, good表、补、定、补副词adv.(adverb)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作特征或性状特征here, very, often, pretty, frequently表、状虚词冠词art.(article)表示名词的泛指或特指a (an), the用在名词前帮助说明该名词的含义介词prep.(preposition)表示名词、代词等与其它词的关系in, after, under, on常与名词或与之相当的词构成介词短语连词conj.(conjunction)连接词与词、短语和短语、句子和句子and, if, but, because连接词与词、短语与短语、或句与句的作用感叹词interj.(interjection)表示说话时的感情或口气oh, ah, um, ouch表示说话时产生的情绪自测：根据对词类概念的理解，指出下面单词的词类： 1. deep 2. finger 3. fly 4. delicious 5. through 6. first 7. here 8. but 9. ah 10. they 根据常见的后缀辨别下列单词的词性：1. scientist 2. conversation3. beautiful 4. loudly 5. famous6. government 7. lively 8.safety 9.traditional 10. illness判断下列句子中划线单词的词性：1. Mary dances well.2. His father is reading.3. Nothing can live without water.4. Mr. Green works in a university.5. I have had this pen for two years.6.You may keep this dictionary for two weeks.知识点应用：结合所学词类的相关知识，分析空格部分所缺词性。A. food B. because C. regularly D. asleep E. improve F. change G. preventing H. stop I. enough J. maintain K. keepingThere are many things you can do to _1_ your memory, such as using various memorizing methods as well as taking special care of your health.It is important that you _2_ stimulate your brain to make your memory more efficient. For example, you can do activities that you do not usually do and _3_ your daily habits. Learning a new skill helps your brain develop. When trying to memorize something, you should focus your attention and concentrate on the most important things about it. Do not allow other thoughts to enter your mind _4_ this will lower your chances of remembering things accurately.An excellent way to help memory is to link information with pictures. Try to see the images in your mind. Taking notes, being organized and _5_ a diary will also be useful tools.Healthy _6_ and plenty of vitamins (维他命) are essential for your memory to work properly. Drinking a lot of water also helps maintain your memory. You must allow your brain to have _7_ sleep and rest too. When you are _8_, your brain stores memory. Not enough sleep can, therefore, cause problems with storing information. In addition, being tired will _9_ you from being able to concentrate well. Caffeine in tea and coffee is very good at _10_ sleepiness and helping concentration, but some people believe they may cause problems with memory.In order to concentrate well, you must be relaxed. Generally keeping fit and having regular health checks are both important as well, and not just for improving your memory. 句子成分句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语、同位语等。 主语 (subject)： 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。The sunrises in the east.(名词)Helikes dancing.(代词)Twenty yearsis a short time in history. (数词)Seeingis believing.(动名词)To seeis to believe.(不定式)What he needsis a book.(主语从句)Itis very clearthat the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)自测：指出下列句中主语的中心词The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. 谓语： 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practices running every morning.2. 复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2) 由系动词加表语构成。We are students.自测：选出句中谓语的中心词I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wallThe days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summerDo you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. busThere will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoonDid the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast 表语： 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste, remain等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。He is ateacher.(名词)Is it yours?(代词)Five and five isten.(数词)He isasleep.(形容词)The picture ison the wall.(介词短语)The speech is exciting. (分词)His job is to teach English. (不定式)His hobby is playing football. (动名词)Time is up. The class is over. (副词)The question iswhether they will come.(表语从句)自测：挑出下列句中的表语The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon they all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。They went to see an exhibition yesterday. (名词)The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. (代词)How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. (数词)They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词)He pretended not to see me. (不定式短语)I am fond of listening to popular music. (动名词短语)I think (that)he is fit for his office. (宾语从句)宾语种类： (1) 双宾语 (间接宾语+直接宾语)。Lend me your dictionary, please. (2) 复合宾语 (宾语+宾补)。They elected him their monitor.自测：划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?自测：挑出下列句中的宾语My brother hasnt done his homework.He teaches us English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of thestudents in the school want to go swimming, how about you? 补足语：用来补充说明主语或宾语用的。 宾补：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词 (如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。We elected himmonitor.(名词)We will make themhappy.(形容词)We found nobodyin. (副词)Please make yourselfat home.(介词短语)Dont let himdo that.(省to不定式)His father advised himto teach the lazy boy a lesson.(带to不定式)Dont keep the lightsburning.(现在分词)Ill have my bikerepaired.(过去分词)We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句)自测：1.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?2.翻译1. 我觉得很难解出这道数学题。(work out)2. 对电子产品一无所知，我发现自己落伍了。(find)3. 家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏。(play)4. 安全系统不会允许你进入大楼，除非你有正确的密码。(unless) 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分表示：Tom is achemistryteacher.(名词)He isourfriend.(代词)We belong to thethirdworld.(数词)He was advised to teach thelazyboy a lesson.(形容词)The manover thereis my old friend.(副词)The womanwith a baby in her armsis my sister. (介词)The boysplaying footballare in Class 2.(现在分词)The treesplanted last yearare growing well now.(过去分词)I have an ideato do it well.(不定式)You should do everythingthat I do.(定语从句)自测：挑出下列句中的定语They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.定语知识点应用：写作技巧之：扩词名词在写作中出现频率很高，为了让作文更加丰满，我们应该首先让名词丰满起来。一般名词的扩词方法有三种：1) 用形容词、名词等修饰，置于所修饰名词前面。比如，Jane is a girl.我们可加入定语成分更确切地描述，并适当对修饰名词的词汇进行升级。修饰人或物的词汇可以有：attractive, amazing, breath-taking, fantastic等。2) 用短语修饰名词，置于所修饰名词的后面。比如，Jane is an amazing girl.名词girl除了可以用形容词来修饰外，还可以用后置短语来修饰。我们可选用介词短语“with long hair”作为girl的后置定语。Jane is an amazing girl with long hair.3) 用定语从句修饰名词。Jane, who impressed me a lot, is an amazing girl with long hair. 状语： 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly. (副词及副词性词组)He has lived in the city for ten years. (介词短语)Once you begin, you must continue. (状语从句)自测：指出下列划线部分的状语种类1. I will go theretomorrow.2. The meeting will be heldin the meeting room. 3. The meat went badbecause of the hot weather.4. He studies hardto learn English well. 5. He didnt study hardso that he failed in the exam. 6. I like some of youvery much. 7. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 8. He goes to schoolby bike. 9. Though he is young, he can do it well. 10. She runs as fast as he does. 状语知识点应用：1. 用适当的连词填空 1. John shut everybody out of the kitchen _ _he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.2. _ you try, you will never succeed.3. I will tell him the news _ _ _ he comes back4. I was about to leave my house _ the phone rang.5. _ we have tried our best, we lost the game.2.翻译1. 由于粗心大意，汤姆错过了这个机会。(miss)2. 他在实验中多次失败，但他相信失败是成功之母。( fail) 3. 你一旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。(once) 同位语： 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive)。这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。 1. 名词用作同位语是大量的。 We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。 2. 代词用作同位语。 They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。 3. 数词用作同位语。 Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？ 4. 不定式与动名词用作同位语。 The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。5. 从句用同位语，即同位语从句 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。 自测：划出下列句中的同位语1. We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 2. They each have an English-Chinese dictionary.3. They two went, we three stayed behind. 4. Their latest suggestion, to focus on primary education, has met with some opposition.5. We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 随堂检测(I) 语法填空1. 指出划线部分在句中充当的句子成分。1.He asked me to come to school very early. 2.There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road. 3.He must be at home now. 4.He wanted to buy some more bananas. 5.The boy on the bike is my little son. 6.You must leave at the moment. 7.Eating too much is bad for health. 8.After running, he felt tired.9.I found it difficult to learn English.10.In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education.2.分析下列句子成分。1. It is a great pleasure to talk with you2. All of us considered him honest. 3. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.4. He broke a piece of glass. 5. He made it clear that he would leave the city.3. 分析句子成分。判断下列各句中的定语、状语、补语和表语成分：定语( )，状语 ，表语和宾语补足语。1)Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.2)When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.3)You wouldnt believe the stuff people will buy.4) The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful.5)Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles often costs Americans as much as $2,000 every year.6) Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.7)With manners, the best rule is the one that works.8)Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.9)The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.10)It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches.4. 词性转换。1. The girl over there is the most _ member in our school singing group. (act)2. Today many Chinese children are having a happy life with their parents while thousands of _ children in Iraq are having a hard life. (home)3. We all like our class teacher because he is a man with a good _. (person) 4. These _ showed great interest in the history of China. (Egypt)5. He always makes his car _ clean so that it looks like a new one. (spot) 6. Todays homework is to _ these new words we have learnt. (memory) 7. The two ways are _ very similar. (basic) 8. They looked _ at the police at the station. (worry)9. We often have _ talks in our English class. (day)10. Its common _ that the sun sets down in the west. (know) 11. The factory has received many _ for letting out dirty water. (complain) 12. Mary says she wants to be a _. (type) 13. She can play wonderful music and never has a _(fail) in her performance.14. Shanghai gave the world a successful and _ World Expo. (forget) 15. The government will _ the road in the following months. (wide)5. 用所给词的正确形式填空。It was a rainy morning two years ago. Shirley Huxham was cycling _1_ (gentle) downhill. As she waved to a friend, her bike slid uncontrollably on the wet road, throwing her to the ground. “Id never even thought of buying a helmet,” she says. For months she was partly paralysed (瘫痪) down her left side and still has _2_ (healthy) problems today.Some might think that Shirley was just unlucky. How _3_ (danger) can it be to fall from a bicycle? In fact, each year on Britains roads more than 200 people are killed and at least 4,000 seriously injured on bicycles. But these numbers dont tell the whole story: the majority of the _4_ (die) and injured were not wearing helmets.A study of bicycle accidents in the US found that helmets could _5_ (reduction) the risk of serious head injury by 85 percent. Yet it is estimated that in Britain, no more than five percent of bicycle _6_ (ride) wear helmets. Why dont more cyclists wear _7_ (they)? People think that helmets look foolish, that theyre _8_ (convenient), and that accidents only happen to other people. One of the wrong ideas bicyclists have is that lower speeds can put them at less risk than motorcyclists, who are legally obliged to wear helmets. In fact, according to a British report, a higher percentage of bicyclists than motorcyclists suffer head injuries. And their injuries can be just as severe.Helmets, however, can make a big _9_ (different). Shirley wasnt just _10_(luck). If she had worn a helmet, she wouldnt have spent months in hospital. Why take the risk? 6. 改为同义句1. Jack is a young man full of energy. Jack is a young _ man.2. We must be confident at any time. We must be full of _ at any time. 3. It is possible for them to win the game. There is _ that they will win the game.4. His dream has come true finally. He has turned his dream into _ finally . He has _ his dream finally.5. As society develops, peoples living standard is increasing. With the _ of society, peoples living standard is increasing.6. To be honest, I dont think we can a chance of winning. _, I dont think we can a chance of winning.7. The school is being constructed. The school is under _.8. The project can benefit the local people. The project can be _ to the local people.9. The book is very important. The book is of great _.10. Because he was angry, he left without a word. He left without a word because of _.7. 翻译。1. 尽可能地多看书，你的作文会有进步的。(and)2. 经过两个小时的讨论，他们决定向经理投诉这件事情。(complain)3. 随着生活水平的提高，人们越来越关心生活质量。(concern)4. 我们都没料到校长会出现在晚会上。(expect)5. 要教育人们注意保护环境并不容易。(educate)课堂小结1.词类有名词，代词，动词，形容词，副词，数词，连词，介词，冠词，感叹词等。2.句子成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语。同位语等。3.句子成分与不同的词类相互对应，在分析句子时应充分考虑各词类在句中充当的成分，保持句子的准确性与有效性。 加油站I. 选词填空(A)A. wastes B. advantage C. discount D. delicious E. mean F. especially G. cheaper H. cost I. attracted J. easily K. sent Shopping used to _1_ actually going to shops, but nowadays, you can shop without even leaving your house. Just sit in front of your computer, click your mouse and your things will be_2_ to your house in a couple of days.November 11th is a big day for people who like shopping online. On that day last year, many online stores offered a big _3_ and free delivery service. The biggest online shopping sites in China, T. and T., sold things worth 19.1 billion yuan in total.“Goods online are often much _4_. It also saves me a lot of time. And we often have more goods on many online stores than in shopping malls,” Wang Xin, an online shopping lover in Beijing, said to China Daily. She stayed up very late for a lot of cheap goods online. She spent several thousand on what she bought that day.Another big _5_ of online shopping is that it helps people get things from different cities, even different countries, with ease 轻松地). “I like eating duck neck very much and I often buy it on Taobao from shops in Wuhan. Its much more _6_ than what our local (当地的) stores sell, but cheaper,” said Zang Xin, a girl in Yangzhou.While enjoying online shopping, many people also have worries, _7_ for middle school student buyers. Young students are easily _8_ by advertisements on the Internet and buy things they dont need.“Middle school students should pay attention to their study. Searching fo