考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析5.doc

Text 1The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles. Indeed, some of the most enduring debates of American economic history focus on the relative roles of the public and private sectors.The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership. Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost two-thirds of the nations total economic output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining one-third is bought by government and business). The consumer role is so great, in fact, that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a “consumer economy.”This emphasis on private ownership arises, in part, from American beliefs about personal freedom. From the time the nation was created, Americans have feared excessive government power, and they have sought to limit governments authority over individualsincluding its role in the economic realm. In addition, Americans generally believe that an economy characterized by private ownership is likely to operate more efficiently than one with substantial government ownership.When economic forces are unfettered, Americans believe, supply and demand determine the prices of goods and services. Prices, in turn, tell businesses what to produce; if people want more of a particular goods than the economy is producing, the price of the goods rises. That catches the attention of new or other companies that, sensing an opportunity to earn profits, start producing more of that goods. On the other hand, if people want less of the goods, prices fall and less competitive producers either go out of business or start producing different goods.There are limits to free enterprise, however. Americans have always believed that some services are better performed by public rather than private enterprise. For instance, in the United States, government is primarily responsible for the administration of justice, education, the road system, and national defense.In this mixed economy, individuals can help guide the economy not only through the choices they make as consumers but through the votes they cast for officials who shape economic policy. In recent years, consumers have voiced concerns about product safety, environmental threats posed by certain industrial practices, and potential health risks citizens may face; government has responded by creating agencies to protect consumer interests and promote the general public welfare.1. In Line 1, Para. 4, the expression “economic forces are unfettered” means .A prices are determined by consumersB supply and demand are allowed to operate freelyC economic regulations are not enforcedD the economy is growing2. The last paragraph tells us that.A a mixed economy is guided by both individual citizens and the governmentB the role of the government in a mixed economy is more important than that of the consumerC individual Americans can influence the economy in multiple waysD the government does not regard the concerns of individual citizens3. According to the text, the U.S. is sometimes called a “consumer economy” because.A most goods and services are produced by consumersB privately owned business plays a major role in the economyC individual consumption plays a major role in the economyD consumers rights are very important in the U.S.4. This text is mainly about.A how average Americans view their economic systemB the role of the government in the American economyC how supply and demand determine prices in the American economyD the roles of the public and private sectors in the American economy5. From the first sentence of the third paragraph, we learn that.A American political beliefs have influenced its economic systemB Americans fear excessive governmental control of the economyC private ownership is important because of American beliefs in personal freedomD personal freedom is the basis for private ownership in the U.S.Text 2The Internet began in the 1960s as a small network of academic and government computers primarily involved in research for the U.S. military. Originally limited to researchers at a handful of universities and government facilities, the Internet has quickly become a worldwide network providing users with information on a range of subjects and allowing them to purchase goods directly from companies via computer. By 1999, 84 million U.S. citizens had access to the Internet at home or work. More and more Americans are paying bills, shopping, ordering airline tickets, and purchasing stocks via computer over the Internet.Internet banking is also becoming increasingly popular. With lower overhead costs in terms of staffing and office space, Internet banks are able to offer higher interest rates on deposits and charge lower rates on loans than traditional banks. “Brick and mortar banks are increasingly offering online banking services via transactional websites to complement their traditional services. At present, 14 percent of Internet households conduct their banking by means of the Internet, and the figure is expected to double or triple during the next two or three years.Increasing commercial use of the Internet has heightened security and privacy concerns. With a credit or debit card, an Internet user can order almost anything from an Internet site and have it delivered to their home or office. Companies doing business over the Internet need sophisticated security measures to protect credit card, bank account, and social security numbers from unauthorized access as they pass across the Internet. Any organization that connects its networks to the global Internet must carefully control the access point to ensure that outsiders cannot disrupt the organizations internal networks or gain unauthorized access to the organizations computer systems and data. 6. According to the text, Internet banking.A requires minimal usage feesB offers price advantages to usersC is more efficient than traditional bankingD is environmentally-conscious7. The term “brick and mortar banks” (Line 3, Para.2) refers to .A banks with dependable reputationsB banks with competitive interest ratesC banks with traditional walk-in servicesD banks with reliable on-line services8. The last sentence of the third paragraph tells us that.A any organizations networks may be at risk of security breachesB current technology cannot safeguard against unauthorized access to online networksC information security should be a pressing concern for Internet commerceD organizations must secure their networks and data against unauthorized use9. What is this text mainly about?A Conveniences brought to consumers through use of the Internet.B Implications of increasing commercial use of the Internet.C Security risks posed by commercial use of the Internet.D Advantages of Internet banking versus traditional banking.10. Which commercial usage of the Internet does the author NOT refer to?A Buying airline tickets.B Trading stocks.C Applying for a credit card.D Opening a bank account.Text 3Some of todays most cutting-edge technology is now being used to help students with special needs. No longer just the province of games for “video needs, virtual reality has come into its own as a tool for special education teachers and therapists. As such, it is used for assessment, teaching, and practice, according to Skip Rizzo, research assistant/professor at the University of Southern California. For example, virtual reality has been used effectively to assess students depth perception, with the results being quite different from those obtained from traditional paper and pencil tests. It is also used to help students gain transition skills: Students with autism or developmental delay can visit a virtual supermarket, take public transportation, cross the street, or organize his or her day. Students in wheelchairs can learn how to navigate buildings. And the beauty is, these students can make any number of mistakes without endangering themselves. In fact, one of the biggest virtues of virtual reality is that it allows students to learn in a safe environment, and this holds true for students with behavior disorders. After a student has learned an appropriate behavior or way of controlling his or her anger, the student is put in progressively more difficult virtual social situations where he or she can practice the new technique. And it is expected that future teachers will be exposed to virtual classes, complete with “difficult students” to help them master behavior management techniques. Virtual reality even allows us to tailor the world to meet a childs needs. Lets say were teaching a child to cross the street by paying attention to traffic signs. Educators have found that it is often difficult for the child to locate the traffic sign in a busy environment. With virtual reality, we can blow up the “walk sign so the student knows what it looks like. Then we gradually begin shrinking the sign and adding other environmental elements. Once the student has mastered this virtually, he or she transfers the knowledge to the real world. In the end, this is the most important function of virtual reality programs for special students.11. In Line 2, Par. 1, the word “province” means.A technologyB domainC basisD region12. Virtual reality can help future teachers learn.A how to assess students skill levelsB how to respond to individual students needsC how to deal with students who misbehaveD how to run an orderly classroom13. This text mainly deals with.A The importance of using virtual reality in special educationB The applications of virtual reality for special studentsC The advantages of virtual reality over conventional special education methodsD The potential role of virtual reality in special education14. Which group does the author NOT suggest might benefit from virtual reality applications to education?A students with mental illnessB students with behavioral disordersC students with physical handicapsD students with developmental problems15. According to the text, what is the ultimate purpose of virtual reality in education?A to give special students a chance to experience life in the outside worldB to train teachers to work with students with special needsC to allow special students to learn life-skills in a safe environmentD to prepare special students to transition into mainstream societyText 4In todays world, racial, ethnic, and national categories no longer impose fixed barriers or unbending traditions. This is not to say that these categories have disappeared. Rather, they are mixing and interacting in new ways . The hybrid nature of todays society is a valuable resource that companies and businesses should tap into in their quest to innovate.The ability to apply knowledge to new situations is the most valued currency in todays economy. More than ever, creativity rewards those who exercise it, so curiosity about the source of creativity has never been higher. How creativity comes about is a riddle, but a few things seem clear. Highly creative people dont necessarily excel in raw brainpower. They are misfits on some level. They tend to question accepted views and to consider contradictory ones. The implications are plain to see: Divergent thinking is an essential ingredient of creativity. Diverse groups produce diverse thinking. Therefore, diversity promotes creativity. This logic applies to corporations, research teams, think tanks, and other groups of creators. Those who rely on a team of diverse people are more likely to innovate than those who rely on platoons of similar people. To be sure, hybridity poses risks. A hybrid person may lose himself in a jumble of affiliations. A hybrid nation may botch the process of reinvention. Still, the price of such errors seems lower than the cost of circling the ethnic wagons and either shutting out people who are different or forcing them to become “one of us. Never before have so many people married across racial and ethnic lines. Never before have so many people left their homelands for work or pleasure. Never before have so many people touched or tasted the clothes, foods, musical styles, and ideas of cultures not available to them in their youth. These people are not becoming phantoms or dilettantes. Rather, they are part of an outpouring of human creativity that is being driven by radical mixing. “You cannot spill a drop of American blood, Herman Melville wrote in 1849, “without spilling the blood of the whole world. More than ever, Melvilles declaration applies not only to America, but to all nations. 16. The authors attitude towards mixing of cultures is one of.A unrestricted enthusiasmB eager advocacyC genuine concernD satisfied approval17. According to the text, people are curious about sources of creativity because.A creativity is profitableB creativity is a basic human instinctC creativity is directly related to diversityD creative thought is valued by almost everybody18. In the fourth paragraph, the term “botch most likely means .A complicateB err inC excel atD flourish in19. The author suggests of current times that.A without diversity, creativity would ceaseB the growth of the economy depends on a diverse workforceC businesses can gain from the diversityD todays creative individual does best in business20. This text is mainly about.A the significance of diversity to creative thoughtB the advantages of diversity for innovative businessesC the impact of an increasingly multicultural society on the economyD the advantages and disadvantages of diversityText 1词汇注释enduring in5djuEriN a. 持续的，长久的sector 5sektE n. 部门enterprise 5entEpraiz n. 企业characterize 5kArIktEraIz v. 以为特点， 有特点arise E5raiz v. 起源于，由引起； 形成excessive ik5sesiv adj. 过度的authority C:5WCriti n. 管辖权；权力；权威realm relm n. 领域in addition 除此以外，另外efficient i5fiFEnt a. 有效率的substantial sEb5stAnFEl a. 基本上的；大量的unfettered 5Qn5fetEd a. 自由的；不受拘束（或限制、控制）的particular pE5tikjulE a. 特别的；尤其的competitive kEm5petitiv a. 有竞争力的go out of business 倒闭primarily 5praimErili adv. 主要地，首要地；起初responsible ris5pCnsEbl a. 负责的administration Edminis5treiFEn n. 管理；经营；支配justice 5dVQstis n. 司法；正义voice vCis vt. 表达，吐露；发出（声音）practice 5prAktis n. 积习；常规工作；实践potential pE5tenF(E)l adj. 潜在的agency 5eidVEnsi n. 机构promote prE5mEut v. 推进，促进；推动welfare 5welfZE n. 福利题目解析1.答案为B，属于词义推断题。回答本题的关键是确定unfettered的词义。根据第四段第一句内容：美国人相信一旦经济力量unfettered，供求关系就决定商品和服务的价格。由生活常识可知，只有经济力量放开时（即自由市场经济），商品和服务的价格才能由供求关系来决定。此外，下一段第一句话又指出：然而，自由企业也有局限。线索词however（然而）清楚地表明此句以及此段的内容与上段内容恰好相反，由此也可推知unfettered应该是“limits”的反义词，即“自由的、不受限制的”。这样，只有选项B的意思符合句意，其他选项都是理解错误的干扰项。2.答案为C，属于主旨思想题。本题考查最后一段的主题思想。本段首句即是本段的主题句，后面的句子是具体的实例：在混合经济中，个人不仅可以通过自身作为消费者所做出的各种选择来指导经济走向，还可以通过投票选出经济政策的制订者来施加影响。由此可知，选项C的内容与此相符。其他选项A、B概括过头，D与本段最后一句的后半句意义相反。3.答案为C，属于事实细节题。题干中的关键词consumer economy 出现在第二段最后一句，其中so that （如此以至于）表明了句间存在的因果关系：美国之所以具有“消费者经济”的特点是因为消费者起着很重要的作用。原文= 题干 + 选项C，其中进行了因果句式转换，原文中的great换成了选项C中的major。4.答案为D，属于主旨思想题。本题考查全文的中心思想。一般来讲，了解段落的中心看它的首尾句，了解文章的主题只需重点阅读首尾段即可。本文开篇就点出了文章主题：美国私有企业和政府在经济中扮演着重要角色，因此美国经济是混合型的经济。下文是具体的展开、说明。由此可知，符合此意的只有选项D。选项A概括过头，超出了文章内容；B、C是文章中提到的部分细节，概括不够。5.答案为A，属于信息推断题。本题考查第三段第一句话的内容：私有制受到重视的部分原因是美国人崇尚个人自由。其中arise from（起因于， 由.而产生）表明了前后之间的因果关系。由此可推知选项A的内容：美国人的政治信仰影响了其经济体制。选项B的内容部分正确，C、D 中important和 basis的使用歪曲了原文的意思。参考译文美国的经济结构是混合型的，据说这是因为私有企业和政府在经济中都扮演重要角色的缘故。的确，美国经济史上有些永恒的辩题主要讨论的就是公共部门和私有企业的作用。美国的自由企业制度强调的是私有制。社会大多数商品和服务是由私有企业生产和提供的，全国经济总产出中大约三分之二流向个人消费者（其余的三分之一由政府和企业予以采购）。消费者的作用至关重要，有时“消费经济”甚至成为美国的一个特点。美国人对个人自由的崇尚是私有制受到重视的渊源之一。从建国之日起，美国人就一直害怕政府的权力过大，一直试图限制政府对个人的管辖权，包括限制政府在经济领域的作用。此外，美国人大都认为私有制经济可能会比以公有制为主的经济运转效率更高。美国人相信一旦经济力量摆脱羁绊，获得自由，供求关系就决定商品和服务的价格，而价格反过来又能告诉各企业生产哪种产品。如果针对某种商品的需求大于供给，该商品的价格就上升。价格的上升吸引了新成立的公司或其他公司的注意，这些公司感觉到有利可图，开始生产更多的同类商品。相反，如果供给大于需求，商品价格就会下降，缺乏竞争力的企业不是倒闭就是转而生产别的商品。不过，自由企业也有局限。美国人总是认为某些行业由公共部门管理比私人企业管理要好。比如，美国政府主要负责司法、教育、公路系统、国防等方面的管理工作。在混合型经济结构中，个人不仅可以通过身为消费者所做出的各种选择来指导经济走向，还可以通过投票选出经济政策的制订者来施加影响。近年来，消费者对产品安全、某些工业行为对环境造成的威胁、国民面临的潜在健康危险等问题深表忧虑；政府对此做出反应，成立机构，保护消费者权益，推动公共福利事业的发展。Text 2词汇注释academic 7AkE5demik a. 大学的；学院的involve in5vClvv. 从事；涉及；卷入originally E5ridVEnEli adv. 最初地；原本地facility fE5siliti n. （供特定用途的）场所；军事机构；设施range reindV. 一系列；排；山岭via 5vaiE, 5vi:E prep. 经由，经过；凭借overhead 5EuvEhed a. （费用等）经常的；管理的；间接的in terms of 从方面说；根据staff stB:f v. 为配备职员（或教员等）interest rates 利率deposit di5pCzit n. 存款；沉积物loan lEunn. 贷款Brick and mortar banks 相对于网上银行及virtual banks（虚拟银行）而言的传统意义上的银行transactional a. 交易的website n. 网址complement 5kCmplimEnt v.补充，补足by means of 以方式triple 5tripl v. 是三倍commercial kE5mE:FEl a.商业的heighten 5haitn v. 提高security si5kjuEriti n. 安全privacy 5praivEsi n. 隐私debit card （银行存款户持有的）借方卡deliver di5livE v. 送交；投递sophisticated sE5fistikeitid a. 复杂的；高级的unauthorized 5Qn5C:WEraizd a. 未经许可的；未经授权的access 5Akses n. 进入（权）；接近；入口ensure in5FuE v. 确保disrupt dis5rQpt v. 干扰，扰乱internal in5tE:nl a. 内部的data 5deitE n. 数据题目解析6.答案为B，属于信息归纳题。题干中的关键词Internet banking出现在第二段第一句（网上银行也越来越受欢迎）。随后的句子说明了原因：由于员工和办公空间等经常性开支费用减少，与传统银行相比，网上银行能提供较高的存款利率、发放低息贷款。总结归纳这些信息后不难得出选项B的内容：为用户提供有利的价格。其他选项文中均未提到。7.答案为C，属于概念理解题。题干中的关键词“brick and mortar banks”出现在第二段第三句：越来越多的“brick and mortar”银行正在通过交易网站提供网上银行业务，作为对传统业务的补充。由此可知brick and mortar是指传统意义上的银行，即选项C正确（其中walk-in service意为“不需要预约的服务”）。8.答案为D，属于信息推断题。本文第三段最后一句指出：任何机构若将其内部网络与全球因特网相连，则必须严密控制衔接点，以确保外人无法扰乱机构内部网络，也不能未经许可而进