高考英语阅读解理讲义.doc

高考英语阅读理解之技法与实践 -题型识别与技巧点拨和实践 莘村中学 卓青-QuincyI. 阅读理解题的主要类型1.判断指代内容 2. 语意转换题 3. 是非判断题 4. 数字计算题 5. 归纳主旨要义（中心思想） 6. 选择文章标题 7. 猜测词句意义 8. 先后排序题 9. 作者的观点态度 10. 推断题( 1）因果推断题 2）推断隐含意义 3）推断写作目的 4）推断文章出处 )II、阅读理解题型识别今年高考英语阅读题共有4篇短文，这4篇中有易有难，而每篇短文中的几道题也有易有难，你能够以最快的速度判别出易、难篇以及识别出各篇中的易、难题，进而从易到难，各个突破吗？下面把阅读短文中常见的题型归类，供同学们参考识别。一、 主要事实或特定细节题(较易) e.g.1. You can not travel to Indianapolis by _. A. boat B. train C. bike D. by air 2. Many buildings In Indianapolis are white because _.3. One reason that might explain her pins sleeplessness was _.4. The Norwegian Government tried to _.5. When did the armed policemen arrive at the hotel? 6. Why did Ron Mackie leave school at sixteen?*计算题 (中等难度), 如 英语周报 第26期 C篇的44题:How many German scientists mentioned in the passage won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986?A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four 二、猜测词义、句意题(中等难度) e.g.1. The underlined words “stap up” means _.2. The underlined phrase “canned music” (in paragragh1) refers to _. 3. The underlined word “context” (in paragraph3) most probably means “_”4. According to this passage, the “quality food” fed by some parents is actually _5. From the first paragraph, we know “ they are all just a few clicks away” means “_”三、先后排序题（中等难度）如. 题干：Whats the correct order of the following events?a. The man got on a rock below the falls. b.The man was taken to hospital.c. The man jumped in the falls. d.Two American tourist took photos of the man. A. a, b , c , d B. c , d ,a , b C. c , a , d, b D. d , c , b , a四、主题思想（中心思想）题（包括给短文选标题） （中等难度） e.g.1. The main subject of the passage is _. 2.What is the story mainly about? _3.What is the main idea of the paragraph / this passage? _4.The main idea of the passage is that _.5.What does this passage/ paragraph mainly discuss? _6.Which of the following is the best title for this passage? _7.What would be the best title / headline for the text?五、推理判断题 （难度最大） e.g.1. From the story we can infer that the first man who was put into stocks in Boston was _2. We can infer from the passage that _.3. According to the text, which of the following is Not True? (逆问句子提问)4. Which of the following is True according to the passage?5. From the passage we can draw/reach/ arrive at a conclusion that _六、作者观点、态度和写作意图题 （难度较大）e.g.1. What is the authors main purpose? _2. What is the writers attitude towards TV? _.3. What is the purpose of writing this article? _.4. According to this passage the writer is trying to _.5. According to the passage, the writer thinks that _.练习： 请根据下列各题识别出阅读题型 （把相应的字母代号填入括号内）A. 主要事实或特定细节题（包括计算题）。B. 猜测词义、句意题。C. 句子排序题。D. 主题思想（中心思想）题。E. 逻辑推理和判断题。F. 作者观点、态度和写作意图题。1. You can infer from the passage that _. ( )2. Give the right order of surname development in history. _ ( ) A. b-a-e-c-d B. a-b-c-d-e C. a-b-c-e-d D. b-a-c-e-d 3. The passage mainly tells us _. ( )4. The cause of Markovs death was that _. ( )5. What does the underlined word “straightforward” in the last paragraph mean? ( )6. The purpose of writing this passage is to _. ( )III. 阅读理解的解题技巧与实践 1、 判断指代内容 特点：要求考生根据语境判断代词 （this, that, it, they, them, one, both 等）或代动词 （do, does, did, do that 等）究竟指代什么。题干：1. what does the underlined phrase “” refer to? 2. what does the underlined word “they” refer to? 3. The underlined word “them” refers to _. 4. What does the word one in the line mean ? 5. The words did so in the last sentence mean _.解题技巧：一般说来，代词的指代内容大多在这一句的前、后句中，特别是前句中，或者是前几句中，有的甚至指代前一段话中的某个内容，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。如、1. You comforted me in my darkest hour,Vince, Youve found a way to deal with your own frustration. By destroying the porch, you let the sunshine in, I like it very muchThe underlined word it in Paragraph 10 refers to the _.A. Darkest hour B. Frustration C. Sunshine D. porch 2. .These super-thin sports shoes are causing a stir in the world of running and fitness. Why? Because some experts believe they could make you a better, more efficient runner and that traditional trainers could be doing you more harm than good.The underlined word They in paragraph2 refers to _.A. Experts B. Feet C. Shoes D. Runners.3. . Dr.Johnson invited Dr.Turner to have dinner with him in a restaurant before catching the train back to London. Dr. Turner noticed that Dr.Johnson was fond of good food and expensive wines. They had an excellent meal. When the bill was brought, Dr.Johnson felt in his pocket. Oh, dear, he said. Ive forgotten my money. Thats all right, Dr.Turn said. Ill pay the bill. As he did so, he began to wonder whether Dr.Johnson was worthy of trust.The words did so in the last sentence mean _ A. Caught the train back to London B. Paid the bill C. Felt in his pocket D. Said those words2、 语意转换题 (特殊疑问题）特点：语意转换题是事实细节题中常见的一种，是指题目中的某一选项用不同的词语或句式来表达与文章中某个词语或句子相同的意思。题干：1. You need to build a positive self-image when you _ 2. What did Duret do shortly after the ambulance came? 3. When was Duret most probably found to be the very hero? 4. Marys second book Growing Up Again is mainly about her _. 5. When Mary received the life-changing news, she _.解题技巧：(1) 迅速定位，缩小范围通过寻读法（scanning)用题干中的关键词在文中搜索，迅速确定相关信息所在的位置，缩小阅读范围。(2) 对照选项，确定答案在找到关键词句后，要仔细阅读，正确理解，对照选项，看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。(3) 排除干扰，选出答案在作出选择的过程中，要善于辨别真伪，排除干扰，不断缩小范围，选出正确答案。1. Beatrix Potter was born into a rich London-based family where she was tutored by very strict private teachers and so spend her youth isolated from other youngsters. During her youth she had a lot of pets and spent vacations in Scotland and also the lake District. It was at the Lake District that she developed a love of wildlife. She studied the areas natural wonders carefully and pained them continuously. But her old-fashioned, Manchester-born parents discouraged her intellectual improvement, thinking it inapproprate for a young lady. What can we learn about Beartrix Potters early life?A. She learned drawing skills from her tutors.B. She was very social and outgoing.C. She was greatly inspired by the beauty of nature.D. She was encouraged to think creatively and independently.2.The dirty, homeless man sat on the pavement, staring at the stones. He thought back more than twenty years to when he was a boy living in a small red brick house on this very street. He recalled the flower garden, the swing his dad made, and the bike he had saved up for months to buy. The man shrugged impatiently, for the brightness of those picture hurt him, and his memory travelled on another ten years. Why did the man shrug(耸肩） impatiently (paragraph2) while he was thinking of his childhood?A. The thoughts made him angry. B. He felt he had wasted time. C. He was anxious to go home D. The sweet memory caused him much pain.3. Though often called the koala bear, this lovely animal isnt a bear at all; its a marsupital. after giving birth, a female koala carries her baby in her pocket for about six months. When the young comes out, it rides on its mothers back or hangs on to her belly(肚子）until its about a year old.When does a baby koala leave her mothers pocket?A. About two months old later. B. About six months old later.C. About a year old later. D. About two years old later.4. Sam and Joe were astronauts. There was once a very dangerous trip and the more experienced astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive. Sam and Joe, however, thought it would be exciting though a little dangerous. Were the best men for the job, they said to the boss.Most of the astronaut were unwilling to go on the trip because _.A. There was little chance of being selected B. They werent experienced enough.C. They thought they might get killed D. it wasnt exciting enough.3、是非判断题 特点：命题形式是“三正一误”或“三误一正”。题干中常含有true, Not true, Not mentioned, except 等。题干：1. Which of the following statement is Not true according to the text? 2. Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph3? 3. All of the following statements are false except . 4. The following statements are considered true except .解题技巧：1) 解题时， 一般要根据题干和选项内容，带着关键词到原文中找到相关句 以确认其正误。2) 一定看清楚题干，弄清题目要求选“正”还是“误”， Not true, EXCEPT, Not mentioned, 就是选“误”， 而“true , .are false except.是要求选“正”1. Mr Dodds works in a bank, and lives on his own. The only family he has is in the next town: his sister lives there with her husband and her son, Mark. Mr Dodds does not see his sister or her family from one year to the next, but he sends them Christmas cards, and he has not forgotten one of Marks seventeen birthdays. Which of the following statement is true?A. His sister is the only member of the family that he knows.B. His sister lives with Mr Dodds, with her husband and son.C. His sister lives in the next town with her husband and son.D. His sister has only one family: a son and Mark, her husband.2. Despite strict laws to stop noise pollution, the situation in Buenos Aires is not improving, the study says. There are many reasons why Buenos Aires is so noisy. About one-third of Argentinas 40 million people live in or near the city, which is a lot of people in a relatively small space. They live largely in high-rise blocks of flats on long, straight streets which channel (传送）the sound.Which of the following is true of Buenos Aires?A. It lacks strict laws to control noise pollution. B. It built straight streets to reduce the noise.C. It is smaller than New York Tokyo or Nagasaki.D. It is home to about 30% of Argentinas population1-3种阅读题型综合训练篇 When a person passes through the customs(海关） between two countries, he would be questioned by a customs inspector. If a person brings in goods of great value, the inspector may ask him to pay taxes on them. Some people try to hide the valuables they have with them so that they will not have to pay these taxes. But customs inspectors are hard to fool. Inspector Joseph Koehler has worked for the US Customs Service for years. One day a group of passengers arrived on a flight from Belgium. Koehler took special notice of one of the women among them. At first he did not know what made him pick her out of them- the womans baggage was made of a purse and two suitcases. She showed no sign of fear when Koehler opened them. Yet Koehler could not rid himself of the feeling that something was wrong. Suddenly he knew what it was. The woman was too tall. This womans height didnt seem right somehow. Then it was found that the bottom parts of her shoes were filled with something. The inspector opened them. A handful of diamonds fell out on the floor. More jewels were found under a false bottom in one of her suitcases. Their total weight was 3,387 carats. It was one of the largest diamond hauls(缴获）ever made by the US Customs.1. From the passage, we can know that Joseph Koehler _. A. Only asked the women passengers to pay taxes on the valuable goods.B. Had worked for almost one year in the US customs.C. Opened every passengers package when they passed the customsD. Found a false bottom in one of the womans suitcases2. The woman brought in valuable goods from _. A. Africa B. Europe C. Asia D. America 3. The underlined word it ( in Paragraph) refers to _ A. The reason to pick the woman out B. The tax the woman should payC. The womans baggage D. The inspectors duty 4. We can learn from the last paragraph that _. A. The woman was fond of making jokes B. The jewels were of high qualityC. Koehler made great contributions to US CustomsD. US Customs are in great need of inspector like Koehler5. Which of the following statement is TRUE according to the passage?A. The woman made some changes to her baggage.B. Koehler was attracted by the womans beauty.C. The job of a customs inspector is dangerous.The jewels were damaged by the US Customs.4. 数字计算题 (P36)如果问的内容是由数字表示的实事或细节，比如时间、价格、次数、人数等，答案往往经过计算才能回答，要把文中出现的数字都要找出，确定它们之间的关系之后，再进行合适的推数，才可做出最后选择，以免理解错误。如，Paragraph1: More personalized wildlife viewing limited to 130 people providing closer viewing of the penguin arrival than the main viewing stands. Adult $25.00 Child $ 12.50 How much would a couple with one child pay for a closer viewing tour?A. $ 37.50 B. $ 62.50 C. $ 180.00 D. $ 150.00 Paragraph2: Three people are required for professional cleaning in the CBD area. Working hours from5:00 pm on Mondays, Wednesdays & Fridays. Approximately five hours per shift (轮班）. A good record is necessary. Experience preferred. Phone 6345 7843 now.The office cleaners will be required to work about _ hours a week.A. 5 B. 10. C. 15. D. 20 Passage3:House prices in England increases sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following record shows how much a house in London had risen in price since 1955. Take No.29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955, Jane Grey sold it for 2000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it next for 4900 and sold it nine years later to Green White for 22590. Four years later, in 1972, the house was valued at 30000. 1) The price of the house in 1972 was _ as high as that in 1955.A. Twice B. About three times C. Ten times D. Fifteen times 5. 归纳主旨要义（中心思想） (P73) 阅读理解首先是对文章中心思想的理解，这就要求考生归纳全文的中心思想或某段的段落大意。这类题的题干中一般含有main/general /central idea / topic / subject/ mainly 等字眼。解答这类试题时，应注意以下几点：寻找主题句是解题的关键。主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时在句中，也可能没有主题句，这时需要对文章进行归纳。寻找主题句有以下四个巧门：1） 段落中出现转折时，该句很可能就是主题句。2） 作者有意反复重复的观点通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。3） 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章的主旨。4） 提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示有 therefore, thus, but, however, in fact, in short 等等。因此，这些词后的内容很可能就是文章主旨。如，Passage1“People who talk and sing to plants are not foolish, says Arnold Braymar, a government agriculture expert. In fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better. The reason is quite simple- when we sing or talk to pants, we breathe out carbon dioxide which plants need to live on and grow strong. Plants take in the carbon dioxide through their pores(毛细孔）during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people need much. Singing and talking is effective, however, only during the daytime. Bedtime lullabies(催眠曲）will not help plants to sleep better or grow faster.1) Which sentence best expresses the main idea?A. Doctors are worried about people who connect with nature.B. Plants and flowers should not be left in bedrooms at night.C. The practice of singing and talking to plants can be justified scientifically.D. Plants must be placed away from people.2) The topic of this paragraph should be _A. Tell Me More B. Carbon dioxide, please C. People Are Funny D. Lets Clear the Air Passage2:Moscow, Russia(Space news)-The computer is a better chess player, insisted Viktor Prozorov, the loser. It seemed as if it were laughing after every good move. I know I should have beaten it for the sake of mankind, but I just couldnt win, he announced and shook his head sadly. Prozorovs disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present, some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the machine. Many chess players said that this meant the end of chess championships(锦标赛）around the world, since the fun had been taken out of the game.The computer walked- or rather, rolled- away with 5,000 dollars in prize money and limited its remarks to a set of noises and lights. Which of the following best gives the main idea of this news paper article?A. 5,000 dollars goes to a computer! B. New invention: a laughing computer!C. Worlds best chess player beaten! D. Computer defeats man in chess!Passage3: Songs play an important role when teaching English online. Songs that are famous around the world are especially suitable for students who want to improve their spoken English. They give the student a different and fun way of learning new vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation while practice his spoken English through singing or reading the lyrics(歌词）out loud. When introducing the song,.The first paragraph is mainly about _.A. Ways to learn English songs online. B. Those who are advised to learn English online C. The way of learning English without a teacher. D. The role of songs when learning English online.6. 选择文章标题 (P82) 给文章选择一个恰当的标题（title) 几乎是必考题。要正确选出标题，必须首先要理解文章大意，明确文章主旨。一篇文章必须会有一个主旨。选择时，要仔细推敲各个选项，排除错误选项，缩小选择范围，从而选出最佳答案。错误选项指的是：（1） 断章取义：虽含文中的某些单词，但文章所谈内容与此无关。（2） 范围太窄：概括不前面，只是某个细节或某部分的内容。（3） 范围太宽：所表达的内容超出文章阐述的内容。（4） 无中生有：即文章中未提到，或找不任何依据的信息。如，Passage1 On the evening of June 21, 1992, a tall man with brown hair and blue eyes entered the beautiful hall of the Bell Tower Hotel in Xian with his bicycle. The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in the kingdom of bicycles. Robert Friedlander, an American, arrived in Xian on his bicycle trip across Asia which started last December in New Delhi, India. Robert Friedlanders next destination were Lanzhou, Dunhuang, Urumqi etc. He will complete his trip in Pakistan. The best headline (标题）for this newspaper article would be _.A. The Kingdom of Bicycles B. A Beautiful Hotel in Xian C. Marco Polo and the Silk Road D. An American Achieving His AimsPassage2:Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706. After an apprenticeship(学徒身份）as a printer, he left Boston when he was seventeen years old and went to Philadephia to seek his