中考英语语法讲解-名词.doc

初中中考英语语法专题讲解 名词要点归纳1 名词 表示人或事物的名称或抽象概念的词。2 名词的分类：专有名词：表示的是某一特定的人、事物、地方、团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专有的名称。例：China, Chinese, Sunday, May, Smith, Christmas, Shanghai等。专有名词书写时首字母一定要大写。普通名词：表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, blackboard, ship school, family, meat, water, duty, work等。可数名词 ：表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，有单数与复数两种形式。例如：glass, man, bird, desk, book等。 不可数名词：所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法有数目计量，都称为不可数名词。一般只用单数形式，不能在前面加 a或 an来表示数量。例如：paper, rice, water, milk, tea等。3. 名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数表示一个人或事物，复数表示一个以上的人或事物。名词单数变复数的形式有规则变化与不规则变化之区别。4. 有关名词数的几个注意事项1.以s sh ch x 结尾的词，加es 如： buses dishes watches boxes2.元音字母o结尾的词，特别是常用词，有生命+es, 无生命+s. 如:Heroes, potatoes, omatoes, hippoes,Photos, videos, radios, pianos 以oo结尾的不管有无生命都加 s 如zoos.3.以f,fe结尾的词1) 通常变f 为v， 再加-es。 如：halfhalves, leafleaves, wifewives lifelives等2）下列词只加s如: roofs，chiefs3) 有些词加s或es均可.如: scarf, handkerchief等4. 不规则复数形式1）改变元音字母。如：man-men, woman-women, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese， mousemice2）改变词尾.如：childchildren， oxoxen3）两种复数形式 如：Hairhairs, fruitfruits, fish- fishes 4）单复数同行 有些动物名称。 如 deer, sheep, fish, 表示某国的人的词。Chinese, Japanese, Swiss5)集体名词虽然以单数形式出现，但实为复数。people, police, cattle, 本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle 但是可以说a person，a policeman，a herd of cattle。6）某些名词虽然以s结尾，但并非复数形式。如：news, physics, maths等.Maths is not difficult to learn.7) the United States, the United Nations, the New York Times 做主语，谓语动词用单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945.The New York Times is popular all over the world.8) 通常用于复数的名词。如 trousers, glasses, clothes, thanks, stairs 等注意：a pair of trouserstwo pairs of trousers注意：German-Germans 5物质名词是不可数名词，一般只有单数形式。有些物质名细虽然也有复数形式，但意义有所不同。如：glass 玻璃 a glass 一个杯子 glasses 杯子；眼镜(用作复数有两个意思work工作 works 作品 单复数意义不同time 时间 times次数，倍数，时代food 食物 foods 各种各样的食物 fish 鱼 fishes 各种各样的鱼 表不同类别 fruit 水果 fruits 各种各样的水果 5. 名词所有格的构成：在英语中名词有三个格之分，即主格、宾格和所有格。名词所有格是名词中表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。在英语中有些名词可以在词尾加“s”来表示所有格，有的复数名词则只加“”，有的名词要用of表示所有关系。1） 单数名词词尾加 s 。例如：Toms father teachers desk2） 以 s 结尾的词或以 s 变复数的词，在名词词尾加 “”。例如：the teachers officethe twins bedroom3） 不规则的复数名词在词尾加“s”。 例如the mens roomthe Childrens Palace4） 如果某人或某物为两人所共有，则在第二个人后面加“s”。例如：Lucy and Lilys mother Wang Hai and Wang Lins car5） 如果不时两人所共有的， 则在各个人名后面都加“s”，班后面的名词用复数形式。例如： Toms and Kates mothers Li Leis and Lin Taos desks6） 名词如果是无生命的，可以用of 表示所有关系。例如：the windows of the house the picture of the familya map of China the name of the city7） 当然，of 也能用于有生命的物或人表示所有关系。例如：a friend of mine, two photos of his, some classmates of Meimeis 8） 表示“在办公室”、“在店”的名词所有格后面往往把名词省去. at the doctors Uncle Wangs 考点1: an eight-year-old girl, a two-hour drive考点2: 3 minutes walk/ride/drive = a 3-minute walk/ride/drive考点3: a five days holiday = a five-day holiday考点4: in two or three days time, in a few years time考点5: half an hours time, one and a half hours time考点6: on Teachers Day, on Womens Day, on Childrens Day, on Mothers Day, on Fathers Day考点7: at the doctors, at my aunts考点8: two women / men doctors, three boy/girl studentstwenty minutes walk 20分钟的步行 若改为短横线构形的形容词形式，所有的复数形式应去除。20minute walk20分钟的步行一、名词的各种分类。单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式，包括可数名词的复数的变化规则，少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。【考例】There is good_ for you. Ive found your lost watch. 广东省A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts1My uncle will come to my house for dinnerI want to buy some _to make a vegetable salad for him济宁Ameat Btomatoes Capple juice2The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school concert. 重庆A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers 3At night the koala bear gets up and eats_广元A1eaf B1eaves C leafs 4The PLA man saved three _lives in the accident济南Achildrens Bchildren Cchild Dchilds5Come on，childrenHelp yourselves to some_ if you like南通Afish and chickenBfishes and chickenCfish and chickensDfishes and chickens6All the _teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th，because it was their own holiday 重庆Aman Bmen Cwoman Dwomen二、不可数名词数量的表达法。用“数词或冠词量词of不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。1Mr Smith always has _to tell us青岛Asome good pieces of newsB some pieces of good news Csome good piece of newes Dsome piece of good newes 2Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you well一Well，Id like to try those blue_.黄冈Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair3Would you like some drinks, boys? 河北Yes, , please. A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes D. two bottles of orange4 exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam. 黄冈A. What an, a B. What, a C. How an, the D. How, the 三、名词所有格及其用法。以-s结尾的单数名词加“”或“s”构成所有格；以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加“”；不规则复数名词在词尾加“s”；两者或两者以上共同所有，把“s”加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。1_fathers are both scientists 咸宁 AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob2_room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom and Sam BToms find Sam CTom and Sams DToms and Sams3Hows Joys skirt?Her skirt is more beautiful than . 兰州A. her sisters and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kates D. her sisters and Kates四、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格。如：todays newspaperten minutes，walk，Chinas industry1Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?No, its about _.（浙江宁波）A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walkC. 7 minutes walk D. 7 minutes walk 2Come and see me in With pleasureThats what Im expecting哈尔滨 Atwo or three daysBtwo or three days timeCtwo or three days time3Im going on holiday on the 12thI have to be back at work on the 26th.So Ive got two_ holiday临沂Aweeks Bweeks Cweeks Dweek五、名词作主语时的主谓一致。主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式，主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数；主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词 要用复数形式；主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义，则谓语动词也采用单数形式；谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。六、语境中名词的选择。根据语境确定名词的词义，再根据句法进一步确定词形。1Studying in a foreign country is a different _and you can learn a lot盐城Aevent Bexercise Cexperience Dexhibition2-Would you like some_?-No, thank you. Im not hungry at all. 陕西省A. tea B. water C. bread D. coffee3Its common _that the Japanese eat Sushi 沈阳 Ainformation Bknowledge Cdirection Dinstruction4The thing that _is not whether you fan or not，but whether you try or not苏州 Aminds Bcares Cmatters Dconsiders5I dont know how to use this machine一It doesnt matterHere is the_江西Ainstruction Bd