MWO基本知识,术语对照.doc

MWO基本知识,术语对照 MWF GLOSSARYChineseEnglish versionNN oo r r mm a a n n QQ ii n n g g L L ii u u CCh ha a nng gLLaa u urre e nnt tBB aa rr nn aa gg aau u dd AAuugg uus s t t220000551MWF GLOSSARYChineseEnglish version1Metallurgy basics2Metal WorkingProcesses3Main ToolsOEM4Chemistry5Equipment6Index冶金基础金属加工工艺主要设备制造商相关化学设备索引p.3p.9p.18p.20p.26p.3121.Metallurgy basics1.1Metals&Alloys1.冶金基础1.1金属及其合金铝铝是一种银色而柔软的稀有金属元素，首先发现于矾土矿石，并以抗氧化性（由于钝化现象）、强度和轻质量著称。 更多详情h t t p:/.n a t i o n m a s ter./e nc ycl o p e d i a/A l um i n iu m?很多合金易于加工?低切削力可以采用高切削速度?导热系数高，可以快速去除热量?刀具上易产生切削瘤?有些铝合金难于加工，如含有非常高或非常低的硅含量（Si）Aluminium Asilvery andductile memberof thep oo rm et a l groupof elements,aluminium isfound primarilyas theore bauxite and is remarkable forits resistance to oxidation(due to the phenomenonof passivation),its strength,and itslight weight.More details:h t t p:/.n at i o nm as ter./e nc ycl op e d ia/A lum i n iu m?Many of the alloys are easy to machine?Low cuttingfor cesallow highcutting speeds?High thermalconductivity rapidlydissipates heat?Can beprone toformation ofBUE on the tool.?Some of the Al-alloysare very difficult to machine,e.g.with verylow orvery highSi content.3Brass Brassis an alloy of copper andzinc.Some types of brassare calledb ro nz e s,despite theirhigh zinontent.Some types of brass have othermetals added to modifytheir properties.More details:h t t p:/.n at io nm as ter./e nc ycl op ed ia/B ras s?Most brassesare easyto machine and freecutting,especially thoseto whichlead has been added.?Brasses aresensitive against sulphur黄铜黄铜是一种铜、锌合金。 有些类型的黄铜叫做青铜，尽管锌含量很高。 有些类型的黄铜添加了其他金属以改变它们的特性。 更多详情h t t p:/.n at io nm as ter./e nc ycl op ed ia/B ras s?大多数黄铜易于加工和切削，特别是含有铅的黄铜?黄铜对硫（S）敏感4Bronze Bronzeis thetraditional namefor abroad rangeof alloysofcopper.It is usually copperwith zincand tinbut it is notlimited tothose metals.More details:h tt p:/.n at io nm as ter./e nc ycl op ed ia/B ron ze?For copperand phosphorbronzes it is sometimesdifficultto achieve goodsurface finishdue to the ductilityof the material.?Aluminium,tin andlead bronzeshave moderatemachinability.青铜青铜是广义的铜合金的传统名称。 通常铜中含有锌和锡，但不限于那些金属。 更多详情h tt p:/.n at io nm as ter./e nc ycl op ed ia/B ron ze?对于铜磷青铜，由于材质的延展性，有时难于得到好的表面精度?铝、锡及铅青铜具有适中的机械加工性Grey Iron灰铁Cast ironusually refers to greycast iron,but铸铁通常是指灰色铸铁，意谓任何含碳量超过2%的铁合金（低碳含量的合金定义为碳can mean any of a groupof iron-based钢）。 碳和硅含量降低到预定的水平，碳含alloys containingmore than2%carbon(alloys withless carbon are carbon steel by量可以从2%到3.5%，硅含量从1%到3%，definition).Carbon andsilicon contentare主要取决于实际应用。 在最终结构铸造生产reduced tothe desiredlevels,which may be之前，可以添加其他元素到熔化物中。 anywhere from2%to3.5%for carbon and1%to3%for silicondepending on the更多详情application.Other elementsare then added h tt p:/.tothemelt beforethe finalform is produced n at io nm as t ebycasting r./e nc ycl op ed ia/C asMore details:t-i ro nh tt p:/.nat io nm as te?灰铁或铸铁具有易碎特性r./e nc yc lop ed ia/C as?该材质的硬度变化可以从80到220布式t-i ro n硬度?Grey ironor cast iron isof verybrittle?高硬度和含有沙粒的材料能导致刀具磨损nature.?The hardnessof thematerial canvary from?由于较大的表面粗糙度，铸铁材料对锈蚀非常敏感app.80to220HB.?High hardnessand materialwith sand impurities cancreate toolwear.?The materialis verysensi tiveto rustbecause of its bigsurface.5Steel Steel is a metal alloywhose majorponent isiron,with carbonbeing theprimary alloyingmaterial.Carbon actsas ahardening agent,preventing ironatoms,which are naturally arranged in alattice,from slidingpast oneanother.Steel with increased carboncontent can be made harder andstronger than iron,but is also more brittle.One classicaldefinition is that steelsare iron-carbon alloys with upto2.1percent carbon.Though notan alloy,there existsalso galvanizedsteel,which is steel thathas gohrough thechemical processof beinghot-dipped inzinc forprotection againstrust.More details:h tt p:/.natio nm as ter./e nc ycl op ed ia/S tee l?Steelis a hugefamily ofdifferent alloys.?Low carbonsteel iseasyto machine.?High carbonsteel tends to BUE.?Materials alloyedwith leadareverysimple tocut.钢钢是一种金属合金，主要成分是铁，而碳是首要的合金成分。 碳作为一种硬化剂，防止自然排列于晶格中的铁原子相互滑动。 随着碳含量的增加，钢会比铸铁更坚硬，但也更脆。 一种以前的定义是钢是一种铁碳合金，含碳量最高可达2.1%。 也存在镀锌钢，尽管不是合金，但钢材通过热浸入锌的化学过程可以防止锈蚀。 更多详情h tt p:/.natio nm as ter./e nc ycl op ed ia/S tee l?钢是一个包括不同合金的大家族?低碳钢易于加工?高碳钢易产生切削瘤?含有铅的合金材料非常容易切削Stainless SteelIn metallurgy,stainless steelis definedas aferrous alloywith aminimum of10.5%chromium content.Stainless steelhas higherresistance tooxidation(rust)and corrosionin several environments(the chromiumforms alayer ofchromium(III)oxide(Cr2O3)when exposedto oxygen.The layeris toothin to be visible,meaning the metal stays shiny).More details:h tt p:/.natio nm as ter./enc ycl op edia/S ta不锈钢在冶金中，不锈钢定义为最低含有10.5%的铬的铁合金。 在多种环境中，不锈钢具有很高的抗氧化（锈蚀）性和抗腐蚀性（铬暴露于氧中会形成三价氧化物膜Cr2O3，该膜太薄而肉眼不可见，因此金属可以保持光亮）。 更多详情h tt p:/.nationmaster./enc ycl opedia/S tai nl ess-ste e l6i nless-ste el?The familyof stainlesssteels hasvery differentmachinability.?Most of them tendto createBUE.?Some alloyswith Niand Mohave aself hardeningcharacter duringmachining.?不锈钢家族具有不同的机械加工性?大多数不锈钢易产生切削瘤?某些含镍（Ni）和钼（Mo）的合金在加工过程中具有自我硬化的特性1.2Metallurgy terms切削瘤1.2冶金术语A pieceof workmaterial whichhasbeenstrain hardenedand pressure welded tothe cutting edge of a tool.Blanking is cutting upa largesheet of stock intosmaller piecessuitable for the nextoperation instamping,such asdrawing andforming.Often this is binedwith piercing.Pouring orinjecting liquidmetal orpowder into a moldto obtain a desiredshape.Distinct froma pieceshaped by a mechanicalor metalremoval processA smallcut offpiece asof metalA dieis ametal blockthat isused forforming materialslike sheetmetal.Drawing is a manufacturingprocess forproducing awire,bar ortube bypulling ona materialuntil itincreases inlength Capable of beingdeformed whencold.Sometimes referredto asspark machiningor spark eroding,EDM(Electrical dischargemachining)isanontraditional methodof removingmaterial by a series of rapidlyrecurring electricarcing dischargesbetween anelectrode(the cutting tool)and the work piece,in thepresence of an energeticelectric field.The EDMcutting toolis guidedalong thedesired pathvery closetothework butit doesnot touch the piece.Consecutive sparksproduce aseriesofmicro-craters ontheworkpiece andremove materialalong the cutting pathby meltingand vaporization.The particlesare washedaway by the continuouslyflushing dielectricfluid.Extrusion isa manufacturingprocess wherea billetof materialis pushedand/or drawnthrough adie tocreate a shaped rod,rail orpipe.Forging is the workingof metalby plasticdeformation.Harness Brinell:Resistance toperation of a sphericalindentor understandardized conditions.Measure ofmetal hardness(see由于疲劳硬化及高压焊接在刀具的切削刃部的加工材料大片的材料切割成小片以方便下一步的冲压加工，例如拉伸和成型。 经常会同时伴有穿孔。 灌注或注射液体金属或粉末于模具中，以得到预定的形状。 区别于机械加工或金属去除工艺。 金属切割下来的碎屑一种金属印版用来使材料形成金属片拉伸是一种制造工艺，通过拉拔金属材料使其变长来生产线材、棒材或管材冷成型的能力有时指作为电火花加工或电火花腐蚀，EDM（放电加工）是一种传统加工方法，在某一电场内通过连续的电极（刀具）和工件间快速电弧释放去除金属。 EDM刀具按照一定的设定轨道非常接近工件，但并不接触。 连续的电火花在工件上产生连续的微点蚀，通过熔化和蒸发沿着切削轨道去除金属。 产生的微粒可以用连续的冲洗绝缘液体清洗掉。 挤压是一种加工方式，材料通过模具被挤出或拉拔成棒状或管状锻造是一种使金属塑性变形的加工方式布氏硬度标准条件下抵抗球状物形成凹痕的阻力，是测量硬度的量度。 Built-up edge(BUE)Blanking冲裁Casting铸造Chip DieDrawing切屑冲模拉伸Ductile EDM延展性放电加工Extruding挤压Forging HB锻造布式硬度7Profile断面Harness scalebelow)A profileis the more orless plexoutline of ashapeto becut in a sheetof material such as aluminium alloyor steelplate.Quenching isthe rapidcooling of a solidto lockit into a metastablecrystal structure rather thanallow itto coolslowly andrevert to a softerstructure.Rolling isa fabricatingprocess inwhich themetal ispassed througha pairof rolls.There aretwo types of rollingprocess,flat andprofile rolling.In flatrolling the final shapeof theproduct iseither sheet(thickness lessthan3mm)or plate(thickness morethan3mm).In profilerolling,thefinalproduct maybe around rod or othershaped bar.Stamping refertoapart manufacturedbyaMachine pressand die.A measureof theresistance of a material to surfaceindentations orabrasion.There isno absolutescale forhardness.Indentations hardnesscanbemeasured byBrinnell,Rockwell,Vickers andKnoop hardnesstests.The partbeing machined.Quenching淬火Rolling轧制Stamping Steelhardness(metallic)冲压钢硬度Work piece工件是薄板材料被切割成或多或少复杂的外形，如铝合金或钢板淬火是将固体快速冷却形成金相稳定的晶体结构，而不会由于缓慢冷却回复到柔软的结构轧制是一种制造工艺，金属通过一对轧辊。 由两种轧制工艺，平面轧制和外廓轧制。 平面轧制的产品形状是薄板（厚度3mm）。 外廓轧制的产品可以是圆棒或其他线材。 冲压是指通过压力机械和模具生产零件是一种金属材料抵抗表面形成压痕或磨损的阻力的度量方式。 没有硬度的绝对数值。 压痕硬度可以用Brinnell，Rockwell，Vickers和Knoop硬度测试法测量。 被加工的零部件892.Metal WorkingProcesses2.1DRILLING2.金属加工工艺2.1钻孔102.1.1Reaming2.1.1绞孔2.1.2Tapping2.1.2攻丝112.2TURNING2.2车削2.3GRINDING2.3.1Internal grinding2.3磨削2.3.1内圆磨122.3.2Centerless Grinding2.3.2无心磨2.3.3Surface Grinding2.3.3平面磨132.4铣削2.4MILLING142.5CIRCULAR SAWING2.5圆锯152.6BROACHING2.6拉削拉削是典型地用来扩大圆形孔成为更大的非圆形状，例如一个正方形或其他要求的形状。 拉削可以设计为推过现有的孔，或者拉过该孔。 A broach is typicallyused to enlarge acircular holeintoalarger noncircularshape such asasquare orother desiredshape.A broachmight bedesigned tobe pushedthrough anexisting hole,or,alternatively tobe pulledthrough thehole.162.7GEAR HOBBING2.7滚齿A hobbingmachine isa specialform ofmilling machihat millsgears.It generatesthe gearform requiredby rotatingthe gearblank and the cutterat thesame time.The cutterhas arack profileand isin theform of a helixso that the sidesof theteeth onthe cutter generate thecurve onthe gear.Gear Hobs(Gleason Corp.)2.8GEAR SHAPING2.8插齿插齿是用加工工具来修整金属或其他材料，用坚硬的刀具来回地滑过工件。 在回程时，刀具可以用反面的刀刃切割，或者被举起来清除工件，所以插齿只能从一个方向切削A shaperisamachine toolused forshaping metal and othermaterials.It operatesby slidinga hardenedcuttingtoolbackwards andforwards acrossthe workpiece.On thereturn stroke,the toolmay cuton itsopposite edge,or maybe liftedclear of the pieceso itonly cutsin onedirection.172.9GEAR SHAVING2.9剃齿剃齿是一种精加工，从齿牙的侧面去除少量的材料。 通过使剃齿刀和齿轮啮合，并且旋转使其啮合紧密从而完成剃齿加工Gear shavingisagear finishing operation thatremoves asmall amountofstockfrom theflanks ofgear teeth.This isaomplished bymeshing ashaving cutterwith thegear androtating themin tightmesh.2.10HONING2.10珩磨珩磨是在工件表面，特别是圆柱体内部的最终的精磨操作，例如汽车发动机缸体。 为了在缸体上达到严格的公差要求，研磨石具用来去除微小的材料Honing isa finalfinishingoperationconducted ona surface,typically of an insidecylinder,such asof anautomotive engineblock.Abrasive stonesare used to removeminute amountsof materialin orderto tightenthe toleranceon cylindricity.183Main ToolsOEM Seefor approvalletters h tt p:/sw w.lub ri cants.shel l./i nd ustr y/sr k_v1/m etalw ork/o em/oem.h tm-e xe GearOEMs GLEASON-PFAUDTER KAPPHOFLER hnt.t pc o:/wm/w w.g leasohuhdt t ps a.tt pe/:/:/w ww.khaopfpl-er.OERLIKON hntt p:/b er g./.k li ng el LIEBHERREMAG REINECKERNILES hr5tr.t p:/ww./g taspw.l/e ni/e2b3h8e9.emag.de/hehhchnt/ttet p:/w wweb/ni lm ltlpl:-/o/.wdw.e snil/i nedse.dx.EX CELLOKLINGELNBERG ww.e/.e x-k ling elttp:/b erg./GLEAS hON-nHURTH OtherKey OEMst.t pco:/wm/ww.g leaso19GUEHRING hntt pg.d:/e.guehr iIXIONhet/tp:/.i xion.d JUNKERKADIA ht.dhdt pe/:/.j un ke rtt pe/to/.k adia.NEGEL hctp:/m/.nagel.NUTAP hntt pd.c:/w wom/w.hil gela SCHIESSKOPP SCHULERSCWANOG hshrt.tgtdtrpepo:/.sc hies:/w wup.c ow.sm/chu leSTAMA hdtt pe/:/.stama.SUPFINA TBThtt pa.m/d e/i:/.n.sdtuebpxt.f.i nhtd e/CTRAUB hwUNIMAWANDERER ttp:/e rke.d e/.ind ex-:20Heylige nstaedt enst.htm:/w waedt.l wd.eh/e yli ndiegx214Chemistry Acid酸A chemicalsubstance thatyields hydrogenions whendissolved in water.Lowers thepH.A materialadded toa lubricantfor thepurpose ofimparting newproperties orenhancing existingproperties.The concentrationof basicor alkalineponents in a mixturedetermined bytitration with an acid.Amines areorganic poundscontaining nitrogenas thekey atomin theamine functionalgroup.The residueleft afterbustion of an oilsample.Single-celled,microscopic organisms.Live in the waterphase of water dilutablecoolants.Found in a varietyof shapes,(round,rodorspiral).Bacteria aregenerally classifiedas aerobic(require oxygenfor survival)or anaerobic(require oxygen-free environment).Most bacterianourish themselveswith organicmaterialsuchas surfactants,and/or aminesfound inmost processchemicals.A chemicalsubstance thatyields hydroxylions whendissolved inwater.Raises thepH.Limit theproliferation ofbacteria,fungi andyeasts in the fluidsChemical element,Brings biostability,reduces thegrowth ofbacteria Inchemistry,the termbuffer referstoabuffer solutionused tostabilize thepH(acidity)ofa liquid.A monextreme pressure(EP)additive used to promotelubrication.A measurementof thecontent ofone ormore substancesdispersed ordissolved ina materialor溶解在水中能电离出氢离子，能降低PH值。 加入润滑油中能赋予润滑油新属性或提高某种属性的物质。 碱或碱性物质在混合物中的浓度，用滴定法检测。 胺一组被认为是氨之衍生物的含氮有机化合物中一种，如乙胺，C2H5NH2，其中一个或一个以上的氢原子被烃基所取代油样燃烧后剩下的残渣单细胞有机微生物，能生活在水基金属加工液中，以各种各样的形态存在（球状、杆状、螺旋状），细菌一般可以分为需氧菌（在有氧的环境中才能生存）和厌氧菌（在无氧的环境中生存），细菌的滋生通常需要有机物比如大部分加工液中都存在的表面活性剂和胺等。 Additive添加剂Alkalinity碱度Amine胺Ash Bacteria灰分细菌Base碱溶解在水中能离解出氢氧根的物质，提高溶液PH。 限制细菌、真菌、酵母菌在溶液中繁殖的物质。 化学元素，提高生物稳定性，抑制细菌生长在金属加工液中，缓冲剂指用来稳定液体PH值的缓冲溶液提高润滑性能的一种常见极压添加剂Biocide杀菌剂Boron Buffer硼缓冲剂Chlorine氯Concentration浓度浓度在某一单位物质中另一特定物质的含量22Conductivity电导率Corrosion腐蚀Coupling agentDEA耦合剂二乙醇胺Dermatitis Elastomer皮炎弹性体Emulsifier乳化剂Emulsion乳液Ester酯Extreme pressure极压metal working fluid.The measurementof theability ofa material-typically aliquid orsolid solutionto conductan electriurrent.In metal working fluid,thisisdependent onthe amountof dissolvedionic material.The higherthe conductivityofa material,the morelikely it is thatthematerialwill conductan electricalcurrent.The chemicalor electrochemicalreaction betweenamaterial,usually ametalandits environment,that producesa deteriorationof thematerial andits physicalproperties.A mutualsolvent,an emulsifier.di-ethanol amine(see amine),usedtomaintain thepH atthe rightlevel Anunnatural conditionof theskin.A materialthat exhibitsrubbery properties.It canrecover mostofitsoriginal dimensionsafter extensionor pression.Used asseal materialsin hydraulicsystems andvarious machiool lubrication systems.A materielcontaining twotypesof molecular groups,one ofwhich willorient inwater and the otherin oil.It will,thus,tie togethertwo dissimilarliquids.A dispersionsystem consistingof oil(oleophilic)droplets suspendedinwatermade byblending theoil withemulsifying agentsand otheractive materials.Water isthe majorcontinuous phaseandtheoil dropletsare theminor(dispersed)phase.A poundwhich maybe formedby replacementof theacid hydrogenofanacid bya hydrocarbonradical.A poundwhich reactswith the surface of themetal(or tool)forming thinfilms ofmetallic pounds(usually,物质传导能力的度量，一般情况下，液体或固体溶液能传导电流，对金属加工液来说，这取决于溶液中离子的多少，物质的电导率越高，其导电能力越强。 物质的化学或电化学反应，通常是金属在其所处的环境中产生的使其物理性质退化的现象。 一种互溶剂，乳化剂二乙醇胺（参见胺）用来维持PH值在正常的水平。 皮肤的一种不自然的状况。 弹性体具有天然橡胶的弹性特质，压缩或延展后能覆盖它所在的区域，用来做液压系统和各种机械系统的密封。 一种含有两种官能团的物质，一个是亲油基，一个是亲水基，它能把两种物质结合在一起。 乳状液由一种液体在另一种液体中不融和所形成的小胶粒的悬浮液，对金属加工液来说，该小胶粒是由油、乳化剂和其他活性物质调和而成，其中水是主要的连续相，小油滴是少量的分散相。 酸中的氢被烃基取代后形成的化合物。 能与金属表面反应形成具有相对较低剪切力的金属化合物薄膜，该类化合物通常是氯化物、硫化物、磷化物。 23Fatty acid脂肪酸Fire point.燃点Flash point闪点a chloride,sulphide,or phosphate)which haverelatively lowshear-strength.Any ofthe seriesof saturatedor unsaturatedacids(CnH2nO2)suchasstearic,oleic,and palmiticacids whichour innatural fatsand naturaloils.The lowesttemperature at which,under specifiedconditions instandardized apparatus,aliquidorganic poundor solutionwill burnwith asustained flamewhen ignited.The lowesttemperature atwhich vaporsarising froman oilwill ignitemomentarily(i.e.,flash)when exposedtoaflame.Methods include:Gas dispersedinaliquid causingan increaseinthevolume ofthe liquid.Usually seenas bubblesonthesurface ofthe liquidwhich maybreak quicklyor bequite stable.The amountof oilinametal workingfluid mixthat easilyseparates andfloats onthe topofthe fluid.The temperature atwhich a fluid will ceaseto flowunder adefinite setof conditions.Multi-celled aerobicmicroorganisms.Fungi cangrow onmost machinesurfaces,splash areas,dead spaces,and similarinterfaces which are notregularly immersed.Fungi willdevelop intovisible massesif giventhe opportunity.Fungicides arechemical poundsusedtoprevent thespread offungi Havingan affinityfor water.Those constituentsofametalworkingfluid thatwill notreadily mixwith water.Not havingan affinityfor water.A chemicalsubstance ofbination ofsubstances that,when present,reduces corrosionor chemicalattack.A dispersionof dropletsof存在于动物和植物脂肪和油里的，有共同的分子式(CnH2nO2)，主要是由饱和或不饱和的脂肪成分组成，含有大量碳原子，这组酸包括软脂酸、硬脂酸和油酸。 在规定条件下，当火焰靠近油品表面的油气和空气混合物时即会着火并持续燃烧至规定时间所需的最低温度，以表示。 Foam泡沫在规定条件下，加热油品所逸出的蒸汽和空气组成的混合物与火焰接触发生瞬间闪火时的最低温度，以表示。 根据所用测定器的不同，可分为闭口闪点和开口闪点。 气体分散在液体中引起的液体体积增加的现象，通常看到的是液体表面的泡沫能迅速破裂或相当稳定。 Free oil浮油容易从金属加工液中分离或漂浮在金属加工液表面的油。 在一定条件下流体停止流动的温度。 Freeze pointFungi冰点真菌多细胞需氧微生物，真菌能在大部分的机械表面、流体飞溅的区域、死角或金属加工液不是一直能浸泡的区域。 如果放任真菌繁殖，它能长成肉眼能看得见的块。 Fungicide真菌杀菌剂防止真菌生长繁殖的化学品。 Hydrophilic Hydrophobe亲水的憎水的亲水的对水亲近；容易吸水或溶于水使金属加工液不会非常容易于水混合，不含亲水基可减缓或停止化学反应的物质或物质组合当少量的水和相对大量的油混合后形Inhibitor抑制剂Inverted逆乳化24emulsion MicelleMacro EmulsionMicro Emulsion胶团乳化微乳化water inoil producedwhen a成的小水滴在油中分散的现象。 small quantity of wateris mixedwith arelatively largequantityofoil.An aggregationof surface溶液中表面活性剂的集合active moleculesinasolution.See?Emulsion?见?Emulsion?Main differencewithamacro emulsion isthesize ofthe micelles(diameter between0,5et0,01micron).A microemulsion canalso becalled semisynthetic becauseit isbetween anemulsion anda syntheticfluid aslong asmicelle sizeis concerned.Any oilof mineralorigin suchas petroleum.Capableofbeing mixed.Mist isa phenomenonofaliquid insmall dropletsfloating throughair.Can havesevere HSEimplications forMWF fluids.Consist ofhighly refinedmineral oilsinto whicha rangeof additivesmaybeincorporates toenhance cuttingperformance,corrosion protection,oil lifeTo makea surfaceless activeby theformation ofa protectivefilm onthat surface.The negativelogarithm ofthe hydrogenion concentration.It denotesthe degreeof acidity(low pH)or alkalinity(high pH)ofasolution/emulsion.A largemolecule builtup by the repetitionof small,simple ch