基本句型的扩展教案(打印稿).doc

基本句型的扩展Expanding Basic Sentence Patterns前面所讲的基本句型都是一些极其简单的句子框架。只含有基本成分的简单句的信息容量是有限的。要表达千差万别、丰富多彩的思想内容，仅仅依靠这样几个简单的句子框架显然是不够的。如果我们在前面提到的五种基本句型的基础上对句子加以扩展，就可以增大信息量, 使句子的内容表达得更加丰富。英语句子扩展的主要方法有增添法、并列法、从属法等。I. 增添法(Addition) 在简单句中我们可以添加各类修饰词和短语对它加以扩展。这些修饰词和短语可使句子的信息量增加，内容的描述更加具体生动。用添加法扩展句子时，应遵照语法规则，注意这些词语的位置。I.1用修饰词语扩展修饰语包括定语和状语，可以分别由名词和名词短语、形容词和形容词短语、副词和副词短语来担任，也可以由介词短语和非谓语动词短语来担任。在句子中我们可以增加各类修饰词或短语对简单句加以扩展。I.1-1用形容词扩展形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面, 但修饰由any, every, no, some等加body, one或thing构成的不定代词时，则应置于其后。例如： 大企业有大企业的难处。 Big companies have their disadvantages.Recreational activities form an important part of our school life. 娱乐活动是校园生活的重要组成部分。Anyone else would have been too embarrassed to walk up and ask her for her autograph.换了别人都会感到难为情，不会去请她签名留念。当名词中心词同时带有两个或两个以上修饰词语作前置定语时, 在意义上同名词关系最密切的词最靠近该名词，这些词语的位置大体可按以下顺序排列：(1)冠词或指示形容词(a, an, the, this, that, there, etc.)(2)所有格(my, our, Johns, etc.)(3)序数词(first, second, etc.)(4)基数词(one, two, etc)(5)表示特性或性质的词(good, pretty, etc.)(6)大小、长短、高低(little, big, long, etc.)(7)形态、形状(round, square, etc.)(8)年龄、温度、新旧(young, hot, warm, etc.)(9)颜色(red, white, etc.)(10)国籍、地区、出处(British, southern, Italian, etc.)(11)物质、材料(wooden, rocky, tin, etc.)(12)用途、类别、目的、与有关(medical, writing, etc.)一张招人喜爱的法国产旧式褐色圆形栎木小写字桌a charming small round old brown French oak writing diskA tall intelligent young Chinese debaters eloquent speech particularly attracted the audiences attention. 一位高个子的年轻机智的中国辩手的雄辩发言引起了听众的特别注意。In the corner of the spacious and luxurious sitting room stands a charming small round old French padauk table.在宽敞而又豪华的客厅的一角摆放着一张漂亮的法国古典式紫檀木小圆桌。 I.1-2用副词扩展句子副词，和形容词一样，在句子中也属于修饰语范畴。但副词主要用于修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示动作、过程、状态等发生和存在的时间、地点、程度、方式以及对话语的态度等。副词在句子中的位置也比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句末。当副词修饰形容词或副词时，一般放在被修饰词之前；副词修饰整个句子时，通常充当评注性状语，表示说话人对整个句子的态度和看法，常常位于句首。例如：The argument is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law.争论是基于对法律两种大相径庭的解释。The countryside stretched far and wide into the darkness. 乡村延伸到漫无边际的黑暗中。Unfortunately, the masterpiece of the famous artist was burned by the fire during the war.不幸的是，这位著名画家的杰作在战争中被大火烧毁了。但是，程度副词一般放在所修饰词的前面, 而频率副词放在主要谓语动词前、助动词和系动词之后。如果句子中同时有几个副词作修饰语, 其位置应按以下顺序排列： (1)程度副词 (Adverb of Degree) (2)方式副词 (Adverb of Manner) (3)地点副词 (Adverb of Place)(4)时间副词 (Adverb of Time)All the conflicts eventually came down to one. Who could get custody of the child? 所有的冲突最终归结为一个：谁能得到孩子的监护权？下课后学生们发疯似地跑向了食堂。 The students ran crazily fast in the direction of the canteen after class.All the members of the project group discussed the research schedule quite carefully in the laboratory last weekend. 课题组的全体成员上周末在实验室里，非常认真地讨论了这个研究计划。Jane is seldom late, and Jim is often late. 简很少迟到，而吉姆经常迟到。I have never met such a strange person. 我从没碰见过这样的怪人。I.1-3用同位语引导词扩展同位语引导词表示该同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系，如such as, or, say, including，that is, for example, for instance, in other words，namely, for short 等表示等同关系。同位语常置于被饰词之后。例如：Theyve planted lots of different flowers, such as roses, carnations, and tulips. 他们种植了许多花卉，例如玫瑰、康乃馨和郁金香等。The company is paying the rent or at least contributing to it. 公司在付房租，或者说，至少在付房租的一部分。Any dictionary, say, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, will serve my purpose for the time being.目前，任何一本字典，比如说，朗文当代英语辞典对我都有用。Only one person can do the job, namely you. 只有一个人能干这工作，就是你。My name is Alexander, “Al” for short. 我的名字叫Alexander，简称Al。I.2用修饰短语扩展在句子中添加介词短语、非谓语动词短语(不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语)等进行修饰, 不仅可使句式多样化，而且表达的意义也更为丰富。 I.2-1用介词短语扩展在英语表达中,介词短语的使用频率很高,它使句子在结构和内容表达上都更灵活生动。介词短语是以介词为中心词加宾语构成的短语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、数词或相应的词组结构担任。介词短语在句子中可作表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。介词短语在句子中的位置决定于它们在句子中担任何种成分。作定语时介词短语一般置于所修饰词之后；作状语的介词短语，位置比较灵活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开，主要看它作何种状语而定。例如：His account of the crime was a complete fiction. 他对那次犯罪的叙述完全是编造的。 In a formal debate, two people speak for a subject and two speak against it. 在正式辩论中，两人支持辩题，两人反对。The teacher sounded a warning in class. It would be considered cheating if students read their notes at the examination. 老师在课堂上发出警告。考试时，如果学生看笔记，将被认为是作弊。I.2-2 用不定式短语扩展不定式短语在句子中除了不能单独构成谓语动词外，具有主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语等功能，起着广泛的句法作用。不定式作定语，通常只能置于被修饰的名词中心词之后。不定式作状语可以修饰动词、形容词或副词等，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。表示目的的不定式短语可以置于句首，表示条件的不定式短语，通常也置于句首。例如：Before the energy crisis began and before the government emphasized the need to save natural resources, Americans did not realize the seriousness of the situation.在能源危机发生之前，在政府强调有必要节约自然资源之前，美国人没有意识到这种严重局势。To support his family and to put himself through college, he worked ten hours a day.为了支撑家庭并念完大学，他一天工作10 小时。The firm had to fight off a lot of competitors to win the contract. 该公司得战胜许多竞争对手才能赢得那份合同。They kept on trying their best to develop their business, but in such intense market competition, they had no idea if success would come along one day. 他们一直努力发展业务，但是在如此激烈的市场竞争中，他们真不知道是否有一天会成功。Doctors hope to transplant a human heart into the patient within the next few days.医生们希望在今后几天内把一颗人的心脏移植到病人体内。I.2-3用动名词短语扩展布伦德尔又制作了一次新的录音。这录音是现场制作的。Brendel has made a new recording. The recording was made live.学习外语时练习听说是十分有用的。It is very useful practicing listening and speaking when you study a foreign language.I enjoy a little light reading when I go away on holiday. 我去度假时喜欢看一点消遣读物。在一个陌生的城市里找路很困难。 Its difficult finding your way around in a strange city.I.2-4用分词短语扩展分词短语有现在分词(Present Participle)短语和过去分词(Past Participle)短语两种形式。现在分词短语含有主动的意义，常表示行为动作正在进行。过去分词短语又分成两种：不及物动词的过去分词所表示的是主动意义；及物动词的过去分词则表示被动意义。过去分词表示行为动作已经发生或完成。分词短语在句子中可以作定语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：She was taken to hospital after being submerged in an icy river for 45 minutes. 她在冰冷的河水中浸泡了45分钟才被送往医院。Theres a branch hanging over, can you reach it and pull yourself out of the water? 上面有一根树枝，你能够得着它，把自己拖出水吗？His mother, although uneducated, has a ready tongue. 他母亲尽管没受过教育但口齿伶俐。He likes to sit on the beach and watch the sea gulls flying. 他喜欢坐在海边看海鸥飞翔。当分词短语等结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，逻辑主语不能省略，必须出现在句中，此时也就成了独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。分词独立结构常用作状语表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况或补充说明等，一般置于句首或句末，偶尔也置于句中，多用于书面语中。例如：Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们就结束了会议。The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march.雨停了，战士们又继续行军了。The boy returned, his face covered with sweat. 男孩儿回来了，满脸是汗。II. 并列法(Coordination)用并列法扩展句子就是把两个或两个以上的简单句使用并列连词或副词连接在一起，这种简单句常叫做独立分句。而且这些独立分句处于平等的、互不依从的并列地位。II.1使用并列连词使用并列连词扩展句子，使用的连词不同，表达的意义也不同。其中and表示平行、顺接、转折、让步、对照；but和yet表示转折或对照；for表示原因；so表示结果；or表示选择、大约或不确定等意义。例如：Fortune often knocks at the door, but the fool does not invite her in. 幸运之神常光顾，痴人不知把门开。Wise men love truth; yet fools shun it. 聪明人爱真理，而傻子却逃避它。Money or no money, she has made up her mind to do the experiment. 不论有没有钱，她已下定决心进行这项试验。II.2使用连接副词使用连接副词扩展句子。这些副词起承接作用，使上下文意思连贯。连接副词主要用来表达如下几种意义：(1)表示意义增补、补充和说明：further, besides, additionally, more over, likewise, again等。(2)表示意思相反、对比：contrarily, inversely, conversely, rather, oppositely等。(3)表示内容与上文类似或相同：similarly, identically, equivalently, equally, indifferently等。(4)表示概括或总结：generally, overall, altogether等。(5)表示结果： thus, therefore, consequently等。(6)表示时间： sometimes, meanwhile, occasionally等。(7)表示让步： yet, however, though等。(8)表示条件： else wise等。(9)表示列举： first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally等。I dont want to go; _, Im tired. 我不想去，再说，我也累了。 The rain was heavy; _, the land was flooded. 雨下得很大，结果地都被淹了。He is young, _, he has done a lot for the people. 他年轻，但却为人民做了许多事。His father is a famous poet; _, he could write poems at the age of ten. 他父亲是位著名诗人，同样地，他十岁就能写诗。This newspaper story could damage their reputation; _, it will give them a lot of free publicity. 报纸上的这篇报道有可能损害他们的名誉，不过从另一方面来看，它将为他们做大量的免费宣传。Men must wear a jacket and tie; _, women must wear a skirt or dress, not trousers. 男子必须穿夹克并打领带；同样地，女士必须穿裙子或连衣裙，不能穿裤子。II.3 从属法(Subordination)把两个意思有联系但并不同等重要的简单句用某种手段连接起来，使其中一个句子从属于另一个句子，而构成一个复合句。我们把这一扩展句子的方法称为从属法。从属法可以更准确地表达作者的意图，使句子的表达形式多样化。从属法扩句有三种主要方式： 用名词从句扩展，用形容词从句扩展和用副词从句扩展。II.3.1用名词从句扩展名词从句(Noun Clause)就是起名词作用的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词从句的词有以下几种：(1)连 接 词:that, if, whether等。(2)连接代词：who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等。(3)连接副词： when, where, why, howII.3.1-1用主语从句扩展主语从句(Subject Clauses)在复合句中充当主语。可以利用它替换句中的主语成分来扩展句子。例如：That she should be ungrateful cut him to the heart. 她竟忘恩负义，这使他很伤心。What he needs is more experience. 他所需要的是更多的经验。It is estimated that a round-trip to Mars would take more than a year. 据估计，飞到火星来回的时间要超过一年。It is still doubtful whether she would play the part. 她是否要扮演这个角色值得怀疑。 常见的由it作形式主语的主语从句有以下句式：(1)It + 名词 + 从句 It is a pity that.遗憾的是 It is a fact that.事实是 It is a wonder that.真是个奇迹 It is a shame that.真是可耻 It is an honor that.非常荣幸 It is good news that.是个好消息(2)It + 形容词 + 从句It is natural that. 很自然It is obvious that.显而易见It is fortunate that.幸运的是It is possible that.很可能It is unlikely that.不可能It is strange that.奇怪的是(3)It + 系动词或系动词作用的短语 + 从句 It seems that.似乎 It turned out that.结果 It appears that.看来(4)It + 过去分词 + 从句 It is said that. 据说 It is reported that.据报导 It is believed that.据认为 It is announced that.据宣布 It is known that.众所周知(5)其他 It doesnt matter. 是无关紧要的 It makes no difference. 毫无区别 It is of little consequence that. 无关紧要II.3.1-2用宾语从句扩展从句在句中作宾语，可替代简单句中的宾语成分。宾语从句(Object Clause)除作及物动词的宾语外，还可作不定式、分词、动名词及介词的宾语。例如：I recall that your birthday is just around the corner and I suppose that your family must be planning some surprise for you. 我记得你的生日快到了。我想你家人肯定会计划送你一个惊喜。You dont seem to know when youre lucky. 你似乎是身在福中不知福。He differed from his colleagues in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他与同事们的不同之处在于，他把业余时间花在学习上。II.3.1-3 用表语从句扩展他被开除的原因是工作马虎，不负责任。The reason why he was dismissed is that he was careless and irresponsible.The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people. 问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持。那就是我们取消会议的原因。 That is why we called off the meeting.II.3.1-4 用同位语从句扩展The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. 我们被邀请去参加会议的消息令人鼓舞。Nobody can explain the mystery why he suddenly disappeared. 没有人能解开他突然消失了这个谜。Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是，宇宙中的最大速度是光速。They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work. 他们面临着是否要继续那些工作的问题。II.3.1-5 用形容词从句扩展形容词从句(Adjective Clauses)也称定语从句，在句子中作定语。引导定语从句的关系词主要有：(1)关系代词： as, who, whom, whose, that, which 等。(2)关系副词： when, where, why 等。She was awarded a gold medal, _ the whole family considered a great honor. 她被授予一枚金质奖章，全家人都认为这是极大的光荣。The old professor made full use of the time _ was left to him to continue his research in the field of electronics. 这位老教授充分利用余年，继续他在电子学方面的研究。I shall always remember the time _ I shook hands with the Chairman. Such things happen only once in a blue moon.我永远不会忘记与这位主席握手的那一刻，这真是千载难逢。 They are in a difficult situation_. 他们的处境艰难，似乎一切努力都是徒劳。II.3.1-6 用副词从句扩展副词从句(Adverbial Clauses)也称状语从句，在句子中充当状语，修饰谓语、定语、状语或是整个句子。状语从句可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较关系、让步等。引导状语从句的连接词主要有：(1)时间状语从句： when, whenever, while, as, as soon as, till, until, since等。(2)地点状语从句： where, wherever, everywhere等。(3)原因状语从句： because, as, since, for, now that等。(4)目的状语从句： so that, in order that等。(5)结果状语从句： so.(that), such.that等。(6)方式状语从句： as, as if, as though等。(7)比较状语从句： than, as.as., the sameas, such.as, not so (as).as, not the same.as, not such.as等。(8)让步状语从句： though, although, even if (though), while, lest, whether.or (not), in spite of the fact, whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever however等。(9)条件状语从句： if, unless, provided (that), suppose, in case (that), as (so) long as等。As (When) he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他讲话结束的时候，听众掌声雷动。不论到什么地方都要把工作做好。 Wherever you go, you should do your work well.Now that you are old enough to judge things, you should start your own career.你既然已经长大，能辨明事理了，就应该去开创自己的事业。So that she would not misunderstand him, he wrote her a long letter to clarify the fact.为了不使她产生误解，他写出了一封长信说明事实真相。天气极度炎热，连庄稼都枯萎了。It was so hot a day that even the crops withered.空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。 Air is to man as water is to fish.她的舞姿同她妹妹的一样优雅。 She dances as gracefully as her sister.If the sea were to run dry and the rocks were to crumble, I would not break my word. 即使海枯石烂，我也不会背弃诺言。只要你继续努力，你就会成功。 So (As) long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.Practice : Please translate the following Chinese sentences into English 1.虽然他很年轻，但是他有经验，又认真负责。2.电视给人们提供娱乐，而且还有教育性。 3.还不知道哪个队赢了这场比赛。 4.经过大家的共同努力，他们终于脱离了险恶的环境。5.我是多么想念幸福的童年，所有的日子都令人兴奋，所有的季节都是金色的。 6.当然，距离实现我的目标还有很长的路要走，但我会尽最大努力向前。7.因此，持有积极动机的人才能健康、有意义地生活。 8.由于许多空间被利用来满足住房问题，所以几乎不可能扩展路面，这就使情况更加严重。 9.许多人担心，如果能源的使用不加以控制的话，地球上的能源很快将被耗尽。 10.尽管我们的教育发生了很大的变化，但是仍然有很多的农村人口不识字。Please translate the following English sentences into Chinese. 1. Where you stumble becomes your opportunity to make corrections, to learn and grow.2. It was obvious that the administration didnt intend to apologize for the prisoner abuse.3. Even if I suffer with the people, even if I have all the problems that people have, I can leave. I can start again but they are stuck.4. When the play was over, the Mayor went up to the stage, shaking hands with the actors and offering his congratulations.5. She felt that this moment of interview for her first job was a tremendous inch in her whole existence.6. As happiness always promises hope to people, lets develop a healthy outlook and keep a pleasant state of mind.7. In order to avoid the collision, the car turned sharply to the right and hit the roadsign headlong with such a great force that the roadsign was tilted.8. I wish you a Happy New Year and that everything turns out as you wish.9. We also have taped information about how to apply for a visa that people can get by telephoning the embassy for instructions.10. I often strolled along the beach, all alone, and gazed into the blue horizon, wishing that I could be there.常见结构错误与实例分析 Familiar Structural Mistakes and Analysis of Examples众所周知，英语句子受严格的语法规则制约。在写作中，如果违背语法规则，就会写出使人无法理解，或引起歧义的句子。常见结构错误大体上归纳为下列十二种：(1)中式英语(Chinglish)(2)一致问题(Problems in Agreement)(3)误置修饰语(Misplaced Modifiers)(4)残缺句(Sentence Fragments)(5)悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)(6)词性错误(Misuse of Parts of Speech)(7)指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)(8)接排句(Run-on Sentences)(9)措词问题(Problems in Diction)(10)累赘 (Redundancy)(11)不连贯(Incoherence)(12)综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misuse)1.中式英语(Chinglish)由于受到汉语语言思维和表达方式的影响，在英语写作中，学习者经常会写出不符合英语习惯的中国式英语。例1. Have money equals have everything. 剖析：该句主要错误是用动词原形充当主语及宾语。英语句子中，主语或宾语所表示的动作意义可以用动词不定式或动名词等非谓语动词形式表达。就本句而言，宜用动名词。此外，本句中的“equals”，宜改为“means”，才符合英语表达习惯。 Having money means having everything. 有了金钱等于有了一切。例2. The methods of getting to know the society in the campus are many.剖析：该句主要有两点错误：(1)英语中表示“存在(有)”时应用 there be这一特定结构，不能光用 be(即本句的 are)。(2)“校园外”应是“outside the campus”，“in the campus”是指“校园内”。因此，本句可改为：There are many ways to come to know the society out of the campus. 了解校园外的社会的方法是很多的。例3. With the popular more and more large, more and more people need to eat, wash, and to irrigat. 剖析：该句的主要问题是：(1)前后意思不连贯；(2)词汇运用不精确，例如，滥用 more and more；表示饮水的动作误用动词 eat；popular为“普及的”、“有名的”，人口应是 population；irrigat系拼写错误，应为 irrigate。因此，本句可改为：With the increasing growth in population, more and more fresh water for drinking, washing, and irrigating is needed.随着人口不断增加，需要越来越多的水供饮用、洗涤及灌溉。例4. In China, there is a old sentence： birds die for foods, persons die for money.剖析：不同的民族有不同的谚语和俗语。“人为财死，鸟为食亡”是地道的汉语俗语，如直译成英语，就会令人费解。但英语中却有以下两句类似的谚语： Money talks.金钱万能。 Money makes the mare go.有钱能使鬼推磨。同样道理，若把上面两句译成“钱谈话”或“金钱使母马走路”，中国人同样会莫名其妙。此外,原句中还有语言错误，如 old前要加 an；sentence是“句子”，要表示某种“说法”、“成语”、“老话”之类的意思，英语应用 saying。例5. So fresh water become more and more shortage. 剖析：此句有两个基本错误：(1) 主谓语不一致，fresh water为单数第三人称，become应为 becomes。(2) 表示状态时，become后应跟形容词作补语，而不是名词。英语中要表示“短缺”这一概念时有两个词组可以使用，即“be short of”或“be in shortage”。前者往往以“人”为主语，后者则以“物”为主语。例如：People are short of fresh water.人们缺乏淡水。 The supply of fresh water is in shortage. 淡水供应不足。因此，以上的病句可以改为： So fresh water is increasingly scarce. 因此，淡水变得越来越短缺。2一致问题(Problems in Agreement)所谓一致问题主要指主谓不一致，数的不一致、时态不一致及代词指代不一致等问题。请看下面几个错误分析：例1. When one have money, he can do what he want to. 剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句中的 have应改为has；同理，want应改为 wants。本句是典型的主谓语不一致。因此，正确的句子应为：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do). 人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。例2. There is all kinds of people.剖析：there be句型中，主语应后置。all kinds of是个复数概念，因此 is应改为 are。本句可改为：There are all kinds of people. 各种各样、形形色色的人都有。例3. Nowadays, college students should getting to know the world outside the campus.剖析：本句属于动词形态上的不一致，情态动词 should之后动词应用原形，不能用非谓语形式的 V-ing。因此，本句可改为：Nowadays, college students should learn to know the world outside the campus. 现在，大学生应当学会了解社会。例4. Some people thought that money is the source of happiness.剖析：本句主句与从句时态不一致。因本句陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。本句可改为：Some people think that money is the source of happiness. 有人认为，金钱是幸福之源。例5. They will can buy happiness with money.剖析：句中will与can都属情态动词，两个中只能用一个。因此，本句可改为：They can buy happiness with money. 他们能用金钱买到幸福。3误置修饰语(Misplaced Modifiers) 英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的意义可能会发生变化。对于这一点，学习者往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解。下面，我们以 just和 only这两个非常熟悉的词为例进行讲解：JustJust he suggested that we leave early. 正是他建议我们该早点离开。He just suggested that we leave early. 他只提了我们该早点走的建议。He suggested just that we leave early. 他没提别的建议，只是提了我们该早点离开这一条。He suggested that just we leave early. 他的建