20116年英语高考热点专题复习专题02词法(二).doc

专题二：词法（二）131. 时态和语态一、考点精要【授之以渔】英语中动词的时态和语态贯穿整个中学阶段的英语学习，也是历年高考重点考查的语法项目之一。因此，我们要特别重视动词的时态和语态的学习。中学阶段常用的动词时态有：(1)一般现在时；(2)一般过去时；(3)一般将来时；(4)现在进行时；(5)现在完成时；(6)现在完成进行时；(7)过去进行时；(8)过去完成时；(9)过去将来时动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被动语态。在主动语态中，句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式；被动语态由“助动词be + 过去分词”构成，不同的时态通过 be 的不同形式体现。考点1. 过去时【巧点妙拨】一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。过去的时间常用副词、介词短语或时间状语从句表示。有时句子中虽然不含表示过去时间的状语，但根据语境可判断动作或状态已经发生，而且与现在没有任何联系，也需用一般过去时。考点2. 进行时表将来【巧点妙拨】现在进行时表示目前正在进行的动作或目前所处的状态。有些动词常用现在进行时态表示按计划或安排即将发生的事情。下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬间动词的现在进行时可以表示将来。考点3. 现在完成时【巧点妙拨】现在完成时的用法主要有两点：（1）过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语有yet，already，just，ever，never，now，before，lately， recently。（2）表示某动作从过去开始发生，持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。常用的时间状语有today，this week，these days， so far，up to now，since，ever since，since then，by this time，for years / ages，for a long time，several times，in / over the past few years，“since + 过去某一时刻”，“for + 时间段”等。有时在时间或条件状语从句中，可用现在完成时代替将来完成时。二、典题对应【名师坐堂】学习时态，首先要了解九种常见时态的一些常用规则，不可脱离实际运用的语境。学习语态要了解语态的基本表达形式以及动词的及物性与不及物性，以及主动语态表被动意义的情况。典题1. So far the well-known journalist _ more than 4,000 interviews with famous people. (accumulate)迄今为止这位著名记者采访名人已累积达四千余人次。（2014年湖北卷翻译句子）【命题意图】答案：has accumulated。解析：时态的考查。 So far 迄今为止 是时间状语提示词，用现在完成时。典题2. The machine (34)_ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.（2014年上海卷语法与词汇）【命题意图】答案：is equipped。解析：考查时态与语态，be equipped with被动语态。典题3. Suddenly the arrows immediately were flying down at us from the sky they were looked like rain! (2014年陕西卷短文改错)【命题意图】考查语态。答案：去掉第二句中的were。解析：look在此句中是系动词，所以不用被动语态。三、命题趋向趋向1. 从近五年的高考考点分布来看, 重点考查过去时、现在时和现在完成时；然而, 过去完成时的考查也不可忽视。例如：The other day he ran across one of his friends on the street, whom he hadnt seen for ages.句意：那天他在街上遇到了他的一个朋友, 他好多年没见他了。解析：考查动词时态。主句为一般过去式, 定语从句意为在过去就已经表示好多年没见面了。趋向2. 现在进行时除了表示说话时正在发生的事情外, 还可表示现阶段正在进行的事情。例如：Nowadays with the development of science, more and more new technology is being introduced to the fields of IT.句意：当今随着科学的发展, 越来越多的新技术正在被引进到IT领域。解析：考查动词时态。根据句意本句时态应用现在进行时的被动语态。趋向3. 现在完成时的使用非常广泛, 而且近几年都有考查。无论是根据语境还是给出相关的时间状语, 都需要考生有扎实的语言基础功底和应用语法知识解决问题的能力。例：In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)_ (force ) village shops across the country to close.（2014年上海卷语法与词汇）答案：has forced。解析：考查动词时态。根据In recent years可知用现在完成时。四、直击高考I. 用所给的单词的适当的时态和语态填空1. Please wake me up if I _ still _ (sleep) when you _ (come) home.2. My sister_ (learn) English since she _ (be) a child. She _ (speak) English very fluently now.3. My uncle _ (come) to see us. He _ (arrive) here a few days ago. He _ (start) for Sydney tomorrow morning.4. He _ (break) his leg when he _ (play) in a football match against another school.II. 单句改错1. Great changes have been taken place in our country in the last 3 decades.2. This method is proved very effective.3. The apples were sold well and they sold out yesterday.4. The water was felt cold when I jumped into the pool to save the child.5. The Diaoyu Islands are belonged to China.6. His clothes are difficult to be washed.7. The Anti-Japanese War was broken out in 1937.8. The elephant is weighed 1 ton. III. 用适当的时态填空I 1 (write) a diary in English now. I 2 (write) 40 diaries since the new term started. I 3 (write) 100 diaries by the end of this term. When my father 4 (come) back this morning I 4 ( learn)English. He asked me if I 6 (play) computer games. I told him that I 7 (study) the whole morning. Father was very happy. He said that he 8 (buy) me a new computer if I 9 (perform) well in the college entrance examination. I 10 (work) hard for many years to achieve my goal. I believe that my dream 11 (come) true as long as I 12 (work) hard. Believe it or not, I 13 (study) in a university this time next year.IV. 选择填空1. China _ a lot of people moving to urban areas in the last 20 years. However, many migrants left their families behind.A. sawB. sees C. has seen D. had seen2. The shoes are of high quality and _ long.A. wore B. are worn C. wearD. will be worn3. Why is the house in a mess? I _ it for Christmas since three days ago.A. cleaned B. cleans C. have cleaned D. have been cleaning4. As the most frequently spoken language in the world, Chinese _ in many schools in Europe.A. is teaching B. is taught C. has taught D. teaches5. Mr. Li arrived at the Wuguang train station twenty minutes ago, but the train to Guangzhou _ yet.A. hadnt come B. wont come C. hasnt come D. didnt come6. Ouch! You hurt me. Im sorry. But I _ any harm. I _ to drive a rat out.A. dont mean; am tryingB. didnt mean; triedC. havent meant; tried D. didnt mean; was trying 7. If it _ too much trouble, Id love a cup of coffee.A. isnt B. wasnt C. werent D. hadnt been8. Mr. Jordan, we want to hear your opinion about the current NBA games. OK, I _ to that.A. came B. have come C. am coming D. come9. May I speak to your manager at four oclock this afternoon? Im sorry. He _ to a conference long before then.A. will have gone B. had gone C. would go D. has gone10. She wont be able to come next week, because she _ herself in Mount Tai then.A. enjoysB. will be enjoying C. is enjoying D. enjoyed11. Im trying to find yesterdays paper. Have you seen it? Im afraid I _ it away. I thought you had finished reading it.A. had thrown B. throw C. would throw D. threw12. According to the schedule, the flight No. 232 to Beijing _ at 10:30. Wed better set out right now, or well be late.A. leaves B. left C. will leave D. has left13. Where have you been all day? We _ some lovely children and it was dark by the time we got away.A. met B. would meet C. have met D. had met14. The thief was caught stealing money from the shop opposite the school and _ by the local police at the moment.A. was questionedB. had questionedC. is being questionedD. has been questioning15. I am really struck by your spoken English. You speak so fluently. Haveyou been abroad? Yes. I _ in London for two years.A. have stayed B. stayedC. had stayed D. have been staying2. 非谓语动词一、考点精要【授之以渔】非谓语动词，主要指在句中表示一个动作但不能充当谓语, 而是充当其他语法功能的词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词), 现在分词和动名词也可统称为动词的-ing形式。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化, 但是有语态和时态的变化。考点1. 非谓语动词作状语【巧点妙拨】不定式作状语通常表示：（1）原因（多用在某些表示喜怒哀乐等的形容词之后）（2）目的（可用so as to / in order to替换）（3）结果（不定式常表示出乎意料的结果，而V-ing形式作结果状语时常表示意料之中的或顺其自然的结果）现在分词作状语时，所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。部分过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系。如seated，hidden，lost in，absorbed in，born in，dressed in。考点2. 非谓语动词作定语【巧点妙拨】不定式作定语表示未来动作且后置，它所修饰的名词或代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰的事物的性能和用途。现在分词作定语表示主动或进行，可转化成定语从句。过去分词作定语表示被动和完成，可转化成定语从句。例：Thousands of rockets loaded with chemicals were fired into the sky to create the beautiful scenes in the Asian Games.句意：在亚运会上, 成千上万的装有化学药品的火箭式烟火被发射到空中创造出美丽的画面。解析：load 常用结构 load. with., 其被动形式为 be loaded with；此处 rockets 与 load 之间为动宾关系, 故用过去分词短语作定语。考点3. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语【巧点妙拨】常见的可以跟宾语补足语的动词：（1）使役动词have, get等（2）感官动词（3）状态动词make, keep等例：Cao Caos tomb is reported to have been found in Anyang, which attracts nationwide attention.句意：曹操的墓据报道在安阳发现的，这吸引了全国的注意力。解析：不定式在这里作主语补足语，用完成时态表示动作发生在句子谓语动词report所表示的动作之前。二、典题对应【名师坐堂】做好非谓语动词题目需要注意几点：（1）掌握“五种基本句型”和并列句、复合句的结构、用法和区别等系统知识，能分析句子结构。（2）在具体的句子中能分辨出谓语和非谓语动词。（3）弄清楚非谓语动词在句子中的逻辑主语。（4）弄清楚非谓语动词与谓语动词之间的时间先后关系。典题1. Still, the boy kept (ride).（2014年全国卷II语法填空）句意：那孩子继续骑车往前走。解析：答案：riding。考查非谓语动词。动词keep后接动名词作宾语。典题2. It took years of work (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.（2014年全国卷语法填空）句意：需要几年的时间才能减少这些工业污染净化水源。解析：答案：to reduce。考查不定式作主语，it是形式主语。典题3. Some of them looked very anxious and 3 (disappoint) . (2014年全国卷II语法填空)句意：有一些人看上去很着急也很失望。解析：答案：disappeared。考查过去分词作表语。disappeared与主语是被动关系，故用过去分词三、命题趋向非谓语动词的考点主要有：作主语和宾语时, 动词不定式与动名词的区别；动词不定式作定语的用法；非谓语动词作定语、状语、补语的情况。预计2015年语法填空和短文改错题型将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查, 题目的设计会更注重情景化, 而且对分词的考查仍将是重点。另外, 对于非谓语动词作补语的用法考生应该特别注意。书面表达中正确使用非谓语动词能够提高作文的层次。趋向1. 非谓语动词作状语例：_ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local caf as a waiter. （2014年上海卷语法与词汇）答案：To learn解析：不定式作目的状语。趋向2. 非谓语动词作定语例：Actually, severe damage d_ to our land is fairly recent in the history of our evolution. （2014年福建卷单词）答案：done。解析：done与damage之间为动宾关系, 用过去分词作定语。趋向3. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语例：The message is very important, so it is supposed to be sent as soon as possible.解析：不定式的被动式做主语补足语。四、直击高考I. 用所给动词的适当形式填空1. _ (see) from the top of the hill, our city looks like a beautiful park.2. _ (see) from the top of the hill, you can see the whole city.3. _ (see) from the top of the hill, and you can see the whole city.4. _ (see) more clearly, they came up and and got close to it.5. The question _ (discuss) now at the meeting is very important. 6. The question _ (discuss) at the meeting last night is very important.7. The question _ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow morning is very important.8. I regret _ (say) I cant go with you.9. I regret _ (say) that at the meeting yesterday.10. I remember _ (take) to the seaside by my uncle when I was a child. We forgot _ (take) an overcoat and I felt very cold.11. The wife doesnt allow _ (smoke) in the house. She doesnt allow her husband _ (smoke) at all.12. She wants _ (clean) the classroom because it wants _ (clean). II. 单句改错1. The doctor said,“Why not to try doing exercise lost weight? ”2. The little girl came in, brought a cake with two lighting candles on it. 3. I will have my brother to repair my radio tomorrow.4. I will have my radio repairing tomorrow5. The doctor suggested us to take more exercise.6. Mo Yan is the first Chinese citizen winning the Nobel Prize for literature.7. I dont mean hurting you because what I said really means to advise you to be good.8. Mike came back from the war, only being told that his wife had left him.III. 非谓语动词填空While 1 (walk)on the street, I noticed Micale 2 (wander) with a dog 3 (follow) him. I crossed the street 4 5 (avoid meet)him, but he saw me and came 6 (run) towards me. It was no use 7 (pretend) not 8 (see) him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy 9 (meet) Mical. I cant help 10 11 (feel bore) to be with him. He never has anything 12 (do). His hobby is 13 (play) around. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on 14 (come) with you. It is difficult 15 (break) away from him. So I had to think of a way 16 (prevent) him from 17 (follow) me around all morning.“Hello, Micale,” I said. “Fancy 18 (meet) you here!”“Hi, Tom, Im glad 19 (see) you, too” Micale answered. “I was just wondering how 20 (spend) the morning - until I saw you. Youre not busy 21 (do) anything, are you?”“No, not at all,” I answered. But soon I regretted 22 (say) that.“Would you mind my 23 (come) with you?” he asked, before I had finished 24 (speak). “Not at all,” I lied, “but Im going to the hospital 25 (see) the dentist. I want to get my teeth 26 (examine)and have the bad tooth 27 (pull) out.” 28 (Hear) this, he answered, “Then Ill come with you, Theres always plenty 29 (read) in the 30 (wait) room!”IV. 选择填空1. _ after a long walk, Henry called and said he couldnt come to the meeting.A. Having worn out B. Being worn outC. To wear out D. Worn out2. _ with a gradual rise of seawater, some nations in the Pacific are considering moving in the near future.A. Facing B. To face C. Faced D. Being faced3. Of the 2,000 stock investors _ last month, 90% was found _ in financial knowledge.A. surveyed; lacking B. having been surveyed; to lackC. surveyed; lacked D. to have been surveyed; lack4. Before us lies the biggest room, _ with things like guns, dolls and old clothes.A. filling B. filled C. being filled D. having been filled5. _ a little money, Jane was able to buy her mother a lovely new watch.A. To save B. savingC. Saved D. Having saved6. Little Tom admitted _ in the shop, _ that he wouldnt do that in future.A. to have stolen; promising B. stealing; promisedC. to stealing; promised D. having stolen; promising7. Some people try to knock me down, only _ me more determined to do better.A. to make B. makes C. having made D. made8. _ an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer9. Film has a much shorter history, especially when _ such art forms as music and painting. A. having compared to B. comparing toC. compare to D. compared to10. He got up late and hurried to his office, _ the breakfast untouched. A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left11. I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired. A. takeB. taking C. to take D. taken 12. They might just have a place _on the writing course why dont you give it a try? A. left B. leave C. leaving D. to leave13. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March.A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched14. The bird was so lucky that it missed_ .A. catching B. to catchC. to be caught D. being caught15. Do you consider it any good _ psychology?A. to learn B. to have learned C. learning D. having learned3. 主谓一致一、考点精要【授之以渔】主谓一致是指英语中的谓语在人称、数及意义上要与作主语的名词或代词保持一致。主谓一致分为语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。解答主谓一致类题目的关键在于找准中心词。考点 主谓一致【巧点妙拨】1. 语法一致原则语法一致指的是主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。主语是单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式。主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。2. 意义一致原则意义一致是指谓语动词的变化以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。主语意义是单数，谓语动词也用单数形式。主语意义是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。3. 就近一致原则就近一致原则是指当主语有两个或两个以上时，谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语而定的。具体用法1. 动名词、不定式、句子和书名作主语时，谓语用单数。2. and连接两个名词时，如果只有第一个名词有冠词，指的是一个人或一件事，谓语用单数；如果两个名词都有冠词，指的是两个人或两件事，谓语用复数。3. 由with, but, as well as等介词引导的名词与谓语无关。4. which,what引导疑问句时，句子谓语要由后面表语的单复数来决定。5. none作主语,谓语用单数、复数都行。6. either,neither作主语,谓语用单数。7. many a, more than one作主语,谓语用单数。8. people,police,cattle作主语,谓语用复数。9. public,family,class,audience（观众）,crew，army等作主语，谓语由意思来确定。10. Chinese,Japanese,sheep,fish,deer,means等单数、复数同形，作主语时，谓语看实际情况。11. 时间、重量、长度、价值的复数当一个整体来看，作主语时，谓语用单数。12. either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also等作主语时，谓语遵守就近原则。13. there,here引导句子，主语不止一个时，谓语与邻近一致。14. population,majority,number,variety等作主语时，谓语的单、复数由意思来定。15. supply,quantity,ton等词作主语时，谓语由这些词的单、复数来定。16. each, every, no所修饰的名词以及every.and every.; each. and each.结构作主语时，谓语用单数。二、典题对应【名师坐堂】首先，熟练掌握主谓一致三原则及其一些特殊的用法。另外，做涉及“主谓一致”的试题时，要从整体上细心注意题干提供的“特定语境”并弄清句子结构。典题1. All we need is a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the years. (2014年湖南卷短改)句意：我们所需要的就是一小块地而已，在那里我们可以在整个作物生长期内栽种各种各样的果树。解析：考查时态和主谓一致。根据空后的a small piece of land可知，本句谓语动词的数应该用单数，而根据句中的All we need可知，这里说的是现在的事实，所以用一般现在时。典题2. Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.（2014年四川卷短改）答案：go改为goes。解析：句子的主语a fire alarm是单数。三、命题趋向试题注重情境干扰，注重了特定语言环境中上下文的联系，而且题干的语义结构趋于复杂，强调与其他相关语法知识相联系。正确把握句意、分析句式结构在解题中起着很重要的作用。主谓一致题更注重“意义一致”原则。题干的“语义结构”更趋于复杂。例：It is reported that large quantities of money have been sent to the stricken-area recently.句意：据报道大量的钱最近送往了灾区。解析：本题考查主谓一致, large quantities of +n作主语, 谓语动词必须用复数形式。与quantity的单复数形式保持一致。四、直击高考I. 语法填空1. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daugters, _ going to visit Beijing next summer.2. Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.3. Many a pssenger _ complaining the delay of the flight, for the majority of them is bussinessmen who are short of time.4. Large quantities of fish _ been caught in the river in the past few days.5. Two-thirds of my classmates in my class _ fond of pop music.6. The boy sitting by the window is the only one of the students who _ won the prize. 7. The singer and dancer _ coming to our factory.8. Not only the planets but also the earth _ moving around the sun.9. Each means _ been tried at least three times.10. On the top of the hill _ (stand) a few tall trees.II. 选择填空1. The Smith family _ very big. There _ sixteen members in the family.A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are2. All but one _ here just now.A. is B. was C. has been D. were3. E-mail,as well as telephones, _ an important part in daily communication.A. play B. playsC. playing D. is played4. A rescue team _ sent to the flooded area and the team _ given different jobs.A. was; were B. were; wasC. was; was D. were; were5. The old _ well looked after by the government in China.A. is B. are C. has been D. was6. Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _to go to university.A. hope B. hoping C. hopes D. hoped7. The number of students from the north _ small.A. are B. is C. has D.