2015年职称英语 阅读判断之课外补充.doc

2015年职称英语教材卫生类第二部分 阅读判断US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty美国签署全球烟草条约1. The United states has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions. 美国已经迈出，批准全球烟草公约，承诺帮助控制烟草使用世界各地的致命影响的第一步。卫生与公众服务部长汤米汤普森签署了烟草控制（烟草控制框架公约）框架公约本周在联合国。参议院还必须批准该条约之前，美国可以执行其条款。2. The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly, including the United States, last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies. 烟草控制框架公约是由世界卫生组织和世界卫生大会，包括美国在内的成员批准，于去年。批准该公约的国家将需要制定严格的烟草控制政策。3. For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes. restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 例如，销售的卷烟，在这些国家就必须拥有至少30的健康警语前面和后面每包。该条约要求较高的烟草税。限制吸烟的公共场所，更是烟草预防和戒烟计划推广。这还要求禁止烟草广告，虽然有像美国，那里的宪法禁止这种全面禁止一些国家例外。4. The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide very year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of al cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use, If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 该条约的影响可能是巨大的。据世界卫生组织估计，烟草使用造成约500万人在全球非常一年。仅在美国，大约有44万人死于与烟草每年有关的疾病，约三分之一的美国基地三分之一癌症是由吸烟引起的，如果目前的趋势继续下去，世卫组织估计，到2025年的烟草，将杀死1000万人每年。5. The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far, 109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it. 该条约必须在批准至少40个国家，才可以生效。到目前为止，109个国家已经签署，12个已批准。Napping to a Healthier Heart?午睡使心脏更健康？Researchers think a protein level can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. Also, a study says afternoon sleep may cut the risk of dying from a heart attack.研究人员认为，蛋白质水平可以判断一个人是否与心脏疾病是可能患上心脏病。同时，一项研究说，下午睡可能减少死于心脏病的风险。Researchers say they have developed a simple test that can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. The test measures levels of a protein in the blood. The researchers say people with high levels of this protein are at high risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke.研究人员说，他们已经开发了一个简单的测试，可以判断一个人是否与心脏疾病是可能患上心脏病。血液中的蛋白质水平的测试方法。研究人员说，人与高水平的这种蛋白质是高危险性心脏病，心脏衰竭或中风。Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo of the University of California in San Francisco led the team. For about four years, they studied almost one thousand patients with heart disease.克尔斯滕比宾斯位于三藩的加利福尼亚大学的多明戈领导的团队。大约四年来，他们已经研究了一千例心脏病。The researchers tested the heart disease patients for a protein called NT-proBNP. Patients with the highest levels were nearly eight times more likely than those with the lowest levels to have a heart attack, heart failure or stroke.研究人员测试了心脏病患者为NT proBNP蛋白。患者的最高水平的近八倍更有可能比那些与最低水平有心脏病，心脏衰竭或中风。The researchers say the presence of high levels of the protein in the blood shows that the heart muscle is under pressure in some way. The study involved mostly men, so the researchers could not say for sure that the results are also true for women.研究人员说，高水平的血液中的蛋白质的存在显示心脏肌肉的压力下。参与研究的大多数是男性，所以研究者不能肯定地说，结果也适用于妇女。They say the patients with the highest levels of NT-proBNP were older and had other problems like diabetes or high blood pressure.他们说，与NT proBNP水平最高的患者，老年人和有其他问题，如糖尿病或高血压。Other researchers say more studies are needed to confirm if knowing the protein levels of a heart patient should affect that persons treatment. They also would like to know if more aggressive treatment could reduce the patients chance of a heart attack or stroke.其他研究人员说需要更多的研究来确认是否知道蛋白质水平的心脏病病人应影响人的治疗。他们还想知道如果更积极的治疗可能降低病人的心脏病发作或中风的机会。The study appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association.这项研究发表在美国医学协会杂志。Could a little sleep during the middle of the day reduce the risk of a heart attack? An unrelated study earlier this month in the Archives of Internal Medicine suggests that the answer may be yes.这项研究发表在美国医学协会杂志。In countries like the United States, afternoon naps are mostly for children. But they are common for adults in Mediterranean countries. And these countries generally have lower rates of heart disease. So scientists in the United States and Greece wondered if naps could play a part.在像美国这样的国家，只有孩子才会睡午觉。但他们是常见的成年人在地中海国家。这些国家一般有较低的心脏病发病率。所以美国和希腊的科学家想小睡是否发挥了作用。Twenty-three thousand healthy adults took part in the study by Harvard University and the University of Athens. Those who took thirty-minute naps three times a week had a thirty-seven percent lower risk of death from heart problems than people who did not take naps.二零三名健康的成年人参加了在哈佛大学和雅典大学的研究。那些花了三十分钟的小睡三倍一个星期有百分之一三七的死亡风险降低心脏疾病的人比不打盹。The researchers say napping may improve heart health by reducing stress. They say the research suggests that naps are especially good for working men. But they say not enough female subjects died during the study to judge the benefits for women.研究人员说，午睡可以减少压力，改善心脏健康。他们说，研究表明，小睡特别适合工作的人。但是他们说，在判断妇女的利益的研究没有足够的女性受试者。Many Benefits from Cancer Organization 1.Do you know a child who survived leukemia? Do you have a mother, sister or aunt whose breast cancer was found early thanks to a mammogram? Do you have a friend or coworker who quit smoking to reduce their risk of lung cancer? Each of these individuals benefited from the American Cancer Societys research program. 2.Each day scientists supported by the American Cancer Society work to find breakthroughs that will take US one step closer to a cure. The American Cancer Society has long recognized that research holds the ultimate answers to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 3.As the largest source of nonprofit cancer research funds in the United States, the American Cancer Society devotes over$100 million each year to research. Since 1946, theyve invested more than$2.4 billion in research. The investment has paid rich dividends. In 1946, only one in four cancer patients was alive five years after diagnosis; today 60 percent live longer than five years. 4. Investigators and health professionals in universities, research institutes and hospitals throughout the country receive grants from the American Cancer Society. Of the more than 1,300 new applications received each year, only 11 percent can be funded. If the American Cancer Society had more money available for research funding, nearly 200 more applications considered outstanding could be funded each year? 5.You can help fund more of these applications by participating in the American Cancer Society Relay for Life, a team event to fight cancer. More funding means more cancer breakthroughs and more lives being saved. To learn more, call Donna Hood, chair with the Neosho Relay for Life of the American Cancer Society at 4514880. 1。你知道一个孩子幸存白血病吗?你有妈妈,妹妹和阿姨的早期发现乳腺癌是由于乳房x线照片吗?你有朋友或同事谁戒烟减少患肺癌的危险呢?其中的每个个体受益于美国癌症协会的研究项目。2。每一天科学家由美国癌症社会工作要找到突破,需要我们一步一步地接近治愈。美国癌症协会早就认识到,研究认为终极答案的预防、诊断和治疗癌症。3。作为最大的癌症研究基金来源的非营利组织在美国,美国癌症协会每年投入超过1亿美元来研究。自1946年以来,他们已经投资了超过24亿美元的研究。投资已获利丰厚。在1946年,只有四分之一的癌症病人还活着后五年诊断;今天60%生活超过五年。4。调查人员和卫生专业人员在大学、研究机构和全国的医院接受赠款从美国癌症协会。超过1300年的新收到的申请,每年只有11%可以资助。如果美国癌症社会有更多的钱用于研究经费,近200多个应用程序被认为是杰出的可能是每年资助?5。你可以帮助基金更多的这些应用程序通过参与美国癌症协会继电器为生活,团队活动与癌症斗争。更多的资金意味着更多的癌症突破和更多的生命被拯救了。为了了解更多,叫唐娜罩,椅子与Neosho继电器为生活的美国癌症学会在451 - 4880。The Paper Chase 本文大通 、力争上游1. Running a house is lot like running a business. says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you cant devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work. whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room.3. When in doubt, throw it out, the first step to implementing a workable filling system is to eliminate paper you dont use, dont need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings youll never have an opportunity to use or even read.4. Set aside two days a month to pay bills, if a monthly due date doesnt fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date, keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills one to correspond with each bill-paying day and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaces.5. Think of your filling system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filling system is both mentally and physically flexible, everyones needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: Where would I look for this? Create main headings for your filling system, such as investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.1。“管理房子是很多经营业务。” 斯蒂芬妮丹顿说，一个专业的主办机构，总部设在俄亥俄州辛辛那提市，专业从事住宅及商业文书和记录保存。要组织文件，票据及其他材料获得了成功的抓地力，丹顿建议以下提示：2。创建一个空间中，你总是可以做你的文书工作。这也许是最重要的因素，一个成功的系统。如果你不能用一整桌的任务，至少投资在一个滚动的文件车来存储活动的文书工作和家庭记录一个抽屉的文件柜。存储的滚动文件车，无论它是最方便，最舒适的做你的工作。这是否是厨房，办公室或家庭房。3。当有疑问时，把它，实现一个可行的灌装系统，以消除不使用纸张，不需要，或者说，你可以很容易再次访问其他地方的第一步。扔掉重复的语句，老的目录和所有的优惠券，邮寄或产品，你将永远不会有机会使用，甚至读。4。留出两天，一个月，支付账单，如果不适合你的周期每月到期日，请致电债权人和建议更方便的日期，保持在你的系统当前票据前面的两个马尼拉文件夹 - 一个与账单支付日 - 提交所有传入的票据。保持列表中的每个文件夹中需要支付发票的情况下，从未收到或取得遗失在了前面。5。想想你的灌装系统，而不是作为一个刚性的工具，而是作为一个活生生的系统，可以适应不断变化的需求。一个很好的灌装系统是在精神和身体灵活的，每个人的需求是不同的，说丹顿，而是一个灌装系统设计时，问自己：“我会在哪里寻找？” 创建主标题，如投资，税收，儿童，等等，为您的灌装系统，单个文件夹和文件的主标题下。不要overstuff您的文件。china seeks donors to narrow bone marrow gap中国寻求缩小骨髓捐赠者的差距1. china has launched a campaign to recruit more bone marrow donors, amid a shortage of funds as well as of sibling donors who could help the growing number of patients in need of life-saving transplants, state media reported on monday.中国 官方媒体报道，周一发起了一项运动中招募更多的骨髓捐赠者，资金短缺，以及谁可以帮助越来越多的需要挽救生命的移植患者的同胞供者。2. the chinese red cross began the national campaign over the weekend to find donors for some 4 million patients suffering from leukaemia, thalassaemia and other blood diseases and awaiting bone marrow transplants, the official china daily said. every year china has 40,000 new leukaemia patients, most of them under 35 and 50 percent of them children, the newspaper said. other reports have linked chinas growing childhood leukaemia to solvents and building materials used in interior decoration.中国红十字会在上周末开始了全国性的运动，约有400万患者患白血病，地中海贫血等血液病，并等待骨髓移植的捐赠者，官方的“中国日报”说。每年中国 有40,000个新的白血病患者，他们大多在35和50，其中儿童下，本报记者表示。其他报告链接中国越来越多的儿童白血病用于室内装饰装修材料溶剂和建筑。3. with a tiny pool of bone marrow donors, weakened by the absence of sibling donors for most children because of chinas one-child policy, 2doctors rely on donors from taiwan to save many young leukaemia patients, the beijing evening news said last weekend. taiwan, with a population of 22 million, has 210,000 registered donors compared with fewer than 30,000 donors among mainland chinas 1.3 billion people , the newspaper said.因为对于大多数孩子的同胞供者的情况下，削弱了一个小水池的骨髓捐赠者中国的一胎化政策，2 名医生依靠捐助者台湾节省了很多年轻的白血病患者， 在北京晚报上周末表示。台湾，人口22万，有21万登记者相比，人数超过30,000捐助者在大陆 中国1.3亿人， 本报记者表示。4. yet the lack of registered donors may reflect a lack of funding for testing and recording data on potential donors rather than a lack of volunteers, the newspaper said. china needs a pool of at least 100,000 donors but testing them would cost more than 50 million yuan, it said.登记者缺乏可能反映了一个潜在的捐助者，而不是一个缺乏志愿者的测试和记录数据缺乏资金，本报记者表示。 中国 至少10万捐助者，但需要一个游泳池，测试他们将花费超过50万人民币，它说。5. the hong kong marrow match foundation said it has helped a handful of patients in beijing, shanghai and other cities. the number of requests is increasing from mainland china, including direct calls to the charity from desperate patients or relatives, said the foundations donor coordinator marven chin. but the cost of extracting bone marrow from one of the foundations 40,000 registered donors and flying it by courier has to be borne by the patients, and many of them have to be aided financially, chin said.香港骨髓捐赠基金会表示，它已经帮助“一小撮”的患者北京， 上海和其他城市。 “的请求的数量正在增加”大陆中国，包括直接调用的慈善机构从绝望的患者或亲属，说，基金会的捐赠者协调员马文的下巴。但了提取骨髓基金会的40000注册的捐助者之一和飞行它通过快递的成本有要由患者来承担，他们中许多人的帮助财政，下巴说。Bringing nanotechnology to health care for the poor将纳米技术来为穷人的医疗保健This is the VOA Special English Development Report.这就是今天的美国之音特别英语发展报道。Nanotechnologyuses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter. These include things like beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing. But one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.nanotechnologyuses在分子和原子的水平的问题。研究人员发现不同的用途颗粒，1纳米，长度为一米的十亿分之一。这些包括美容产品及抗污服装类的东西。但许多专家认为，纳米技术拥有巨大潜力的一个领域是医药。Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed using nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. The program took place at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.上周，在华盛顿一个程序发言讨论了使用纳米技术来提高医疗保健在发展中国家。程序发生在伍德罗威尔逊国际学者中心。Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots could be used to confirm cases of malaria. He says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a persons blood under a microscope.在多伦多大学的彼得辛格（Peter Singer）说，被称为量子点的纳米技术可用于疟疾病例的确认。他说，它可以提供比传统工艺在一个人的血液在显微镜下寻找一种更好的方式。In poor countries, this process is often not followed. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance.在贫穷国家，这个过程中往往没有得到遵守。因此，生病的人可能会被疟疾的治疗，即使他们没有。这种滥用药物可导致耐药性。Quantum dots are particles that give off light when activated. Researchers are studying ways to program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.量子点是粒子发出的光激活时。研究人员正在研究如何对它们进行编程，以确定疾病照亮了有针对性的分子存在的。Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effective.专家们说，纳米技术显示出不只是诊断疾病，但也为他们治疗。皮奥特尔奥Grodzinski的美国国立卫生研究院谈到如何纳米技术可以使药物更有效。He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. He says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects.他谈到与纳米技术已经开发治疗癌症的药物。他说，如果一种药物可以针对本地的癌症在体内，然后要少，而且可能需要的，这意味着较低的副作用。Andrew Maynard is chief scientist for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson Center. He noted that Brazil, India, China and South Africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries.安德鲁梅纳德是在伍德罗威尔逊中心新兴纳米技术项目的首席科学家。他指出，巴西，印度，中国和南非目前正在做纳米技术的研究，可以帮助贫穷国家。But he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. He says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment compared to larger particles. Experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.但他同时也指出，在使用纳米材料有一定的风险。他说，与较大的颗粒相比，在人体和环境的不同纳米尺寸颗粒的行为。专家说，需要更多地投资于研究，以更好地了解这些风险。And thats the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss. Transcripts and audio files of our reports are at . Im Steve Ember.这是美国之音特别英语发展报告“，由吉尔莫斯编写。成绩单和音频文件，我们的报告是在。我是史蒂夫灰烬。Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals. 医学期刊是向医生和其他卫生专业人员报道医学信息的出版物的。 1 In the past，these journals were available only in print.With the development of electronic publishing，many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet，and some journals publish only online.A few medical journals，like the Journal of the American Medical Association，are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine.Most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine. 在过去，这些期刊只有印刷版。随着电子出版的发展，许多医学期刊在互联网上现在有网站，和一些期刊出版在线。一些医学期刊，如美国医学协会的期刊上，一般被认为是医学期刊，因为医学的许多领域。大多数的医学期刊专业杂志，针对特定医疗领域。2 Medical journals publish many types of articles.Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments.Review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.3 Because the results of individual research studies can be affected by many factors，combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing，diagnosing or treating a particular disease.Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat at them.Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors，often regarding a research or review article published in the sam