电梯曳引机知识,中英对照.doc

电梯曳引机知识,中英对照 电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/271of2-162电梯曳引机Traction machine曳引机是电梯的动力源（又称主机），通常由电动机、制动器、减速机和底座组成；是靠曳引钢丝绳与曳引轮的摩擦来实现轿厢运行的驱动机。 曳引机又以电动机与曳引轮之间有无减速机区分为有齿轮曳引机和无齿轮曳引机两种。 As powerprovider for lift,traction machine,also calledmain machine,is posedof motor,brake,geared machineand seat.It isa driveto make car moveby meansof thefriction between traction rope and sheave.Aording towhether thegeared machine is providedor not,it isclassified intogeared andgearless types.2-1有齿轮曳引机Geared traction machine有齿轮曳引机广泛用于运行速度v2.0m/s的各种货梯、客梯、杂物梯。 为了减小曳引机运行时的噪音和提高平稳性，一般采用蜗轮副作减速传动装置。 这种曳引机主要由曳引电动机、蜗轮、蜗杆、制动器、曳引绳轮、机座等构成，其外形如图2-1。 Geared traction machine iswidely used in cargolift,passenger liftand servicelift with speed ofnot more than2.0m/s.To reduceworking noiseand enhancestability,worm gear is normallyused asgeared drive.Such machine is posedof motor,worm,gear,brake,rope andseat,as shownis figure2-1.电梯的载荷、运行速度等主要参数取决于曳引机的电机功率和转速，蜗轮与蜗杆的模数和U&D ELEVATORODBO All rights are reserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/272of2-16减速比，曳引轮的直径和绳槽数，以及曳引比（曳引方式）等。 采用有齿轮曳引机的电梯，其运行速度与曳引机的减速比、曳引轮直径、曳引比、曳引电动机的转速之间的关系可用以下公式表示Main parameters,such aslift loadand speedare determinedby Hpand speed of traction machine,worm andgear numbers,gear ratio,diameter of traction machine,rope groovesand traction ratio(traction mode).For liftsadopting gearedtraction machine,the relationshipbetween lift speed,traction gear ratio,traction machine diameter,traction motor speed isas follows:式中Where:v电梯的运行速度（m/s）vlift speed（m/s）D曳引绳轮直径（m）Ddiameter of traction machine（m）N曳引电动机转速(r/min)Nmotor speed(r/min)?y曳引比（曳引方式）?ytraction ratio（traction mode）?j减速比?jgear ratio例For example:由一台电梯，其曳引轮的绳轮直径为0.8m，电动机转速1500r/min，减速比为533，曳引比为21，求电梯的运行速度？Given thefact thatsheave diameter of traction sheave is0.8m,motorspeed is1500r/min,reduction ratio is53:3,gearratiois2:1,what islift speed?解已知D=0.8m，N=1000r/min,?y=2/1,?j=53/3代入式2-1得From thegiven conditions,we learnthat D=0.8m，N=1000r/min,?y=2/1,?j=53/3.Aording toabove mentionedformula,we cancalculate thatv?DN3.14?0.8?1480?1.75m/s25360i yi j60?13U&D ELEVATORODBO(CHINA)All rights are reserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/273of2-16曳引电动机是驱动电梯上下运动的动力源，其运行工况比较复杂。 运行过程中需频繁的起动、制动、正转、反转，而且负载变化很大，经常工作在重复短时状态、电动状态、再生制动状态的情况下。 因此，要求曳引电机不但应能适应频繁起、制动的要求，而且起动电流小，起动力矩大，机械特性硬，噪声小，当供电电压在标准波动范围内变化时，还能正常起动和运行。 因此电梯用曳引电动机是专用电机。 由于曳引电动机的工作情况比较复杂，所以对电机功率的计算比较麻烦，一般常用以下公式计算As powerprovider for lift movement,traction machinefeatures plicatedoperation procedures,among whichis involvedwith frequent start-up,brake,clockwise andcounterclockwise rotation.Due toconstantly changingload,working statusof traction machine is characteristic ofrepetitious shorttime operation,electrical controland regeneration.Therefore,with lowstart-up current,large start-up torque,mechanically rigidfeatures andlow noise,it isrequired thattraction machineshould notonly beadapted forfrequentstart-up,brake,but alsostart upand functionwell whenpower oltagefluctuates withinnormal range.Being specialmachine for lift,traction machine ischaracteristicof plicatedoperation,whose Hpcan becalculated throughfollowing formula:式中Where:P曳引电机轴功率(kw)Pshaft Hpof traction machine(kw)G电梯轿厢额定载重量(kg)Grated loadof car(kg)电梯平衡系数offsetting coefficient电梯的机械总效率total mechanicalefficiency v电梯的运行速度（m/s）vliftspeed（m/s）采用有齿轮曳引机的电梯，若蜗轮副为阿基米德齿形时，电梯机械总效率取0.50.55；采用无齿轮曳引机的电梯，电梯机械总效率取0.750.8。 U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/274of2-16For liftwith gearedtraction machine,if worm gear is Archimedes type,total mechanicalefficiency rangesfrom0.5to0.55;forliftwith gearless traction machine,total mechanicalefficiency rangesfrom0.75to0.8.例有一台额定载重量为2000kg，额定运行速度为0.5m/s的交流双速电梯，曳引机的蜗轮副采用阿基米德齿形，电动机的额定转速为960r/min，求电机的功率应为多少（kw）?For example:For an AC two-speed liftwhose rated load is2000kg andrated speed is0.5m/s,wormgearisArchimedestype,rated speedof motor is960r/min,what ishp ofmotor?解已知，代入式2-2得Aording toG=2000kg,=0.5，v=0.5m/s，=0.5,we cancalculate byinputting givenvalues.有齿轮曳引机的电机有交流的也有直流的。 W191曳引机的电机为交流变频电动机。 目前，除涡轮蜗杆减速机外，还有斜齿轮传动和行星齿轮传动两种形式的减速机。 Geared traction machine isclassified intoAC andDC types.W191traction machine is ACfrequency-variable motor.Currently,besides wormgeared machine,bevel andstar geared machines arealso available.2-2无齿轮曳引机Gearless traction machine无齿轮曳引机用于运行速度v2.0m/s的高速电梯上。 这种曳引机的曳引轮紧固在曳引电动机轴上，没有机械减速装置，整机结构比较简单。 曳引电动机是专为电梯设计和制造的，能适应电梯运行工作特点，具有良好调速性能的直流电动机或交流变频电动机。 Gearless traction machine isused inlifts withspeedof more than2.0m/s.With traction sheave fixedin motorshaft,this traction machine issimple instructure withoutany U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 P?G(1?)v2000?(1?0.5)?0.5?9.8kw102102?0.5(CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/275of2-16mechanical geared machine.Specially designedfor manufacturedforlift,traction motor is suitableforliftoperation andclassified intospeed-variable DCand frequency-variable ACmotor.图2-2所示为交流变频无齿轮曳引机。 In figure2-2is shownanACfrequency-variable gearless tractionmachine.该曳引机制造时所需要的制动力矩要比有齿轮曳引机大得多，因此相应的制动器比较大。 由于无齿轮曳引机多数情况是用于复绕传动结构中，所以曳引轮轴、复绕轮轴及其轴承的受力要比有齿轮曳引机大得多，相应的轴也显得粗大。 由于无齿轮曳引机没有减速机，所以使用寿命比较长。 This machineneeds muchmore brake torque thangeared machinewhen it is manufactured,therefore,it needsa ratherbigger brake.Gearless tractionmachine ismore oftenthan notusedinpound windingdrive,therefore,force appliedon tractionU&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 制动器Brake曳引轮Traction sheave电动机Motor图2-2无齿轮曳引机DAF290Figure2-2Gearless tractionmachine DAF(CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/276of2-16sheave,pound windingsheave andbear ismuch largerthan thaton tractionmachine;corresponding shaftis oflonger diameter.With nogeared machine,it haslonger usagelife.2-3永磁同步无齿轮曳引机Permanentmag synchronousgearless tractionmachine在这里尤其值得提到的是永磁同步无齿轮曳引机在电梯上的应用。 随着电梯曳引技术的飞速发展，采用永磁同步无齿轮拖动技术的无机房电梯正越来越多地走进电梯市场。 由于无机房电梯无需设置机房，也无需加大井道尺寸，从而可以简化建筑设计，美化建筑造型，节约建筑成本，尤其是无机房电梯噪声低、效率高、节能明显更提高了无机房电梯的使用价值。 而无机房电梯最突出的设计就是永磁同步无齿轮曳引机。 We cant helpmentioning theapplication ofpermanentmag synchronousgearless tractionmachine inlift.With therapid developmentof tractiontechnology inlift,more andmore liftswithout machine room areadopting permanentmag synchronousgearless trailingtechnology.For liftswithout machineroom,there isno needto enlargewell dimensions,simplifying andbeautifying construction,saving cost,especially theapplication valueof suchlifts isenhanced bylow noise,high efficiencyand powereconomization,and whatdistinguishes liftswithout machineroom fromothers lies in thepermanentmag synchronousgearless tractionmachine.图2-3所示的是蒂森无机房电梯所采用的PMS425AL型永磁同步无齿轮曳引机。 它的扁平结构设计使得在井道壁和轿厢之间只需要一个很小的空间即可完成安装。 由于它的无齿轮设计，电动机力矩直接传递到曳引轮上，再加上无减速部分的静摩擦，使得传动效率可达90%以上，还由于它具有很低的运转速度，使得机器在运行过程中噪声很低，也不会产生振动。 此类曳引机采用两组机电式制动器，如果其中一组制动器不起作用，另一组制动器能够提供足够的制动力使满载下行的轿厢停止。 In figure2-3is shownPMS425AL permanentmag synchronousgearlesstractionmachine usedin Thyssens liftswithout machineroom.The tractionmachineisflat instructure,so onlya verysmall spaceis neededbetween wellwalls andcar toplete installation.With gearlessdesign,motor torquedirectly passeson totraction sheave,bined withstatic frictionof non-deceleration part,driving efficiencycan exceed90%;besides,due tolow rotationspeed,U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/277of2-16tractionmachineruns withlow noiseand isfree fromvibration.The tractionmachine hastwo mechano-electronic brakes,therefore,the otherbrake canprovide sufficientjerk force to stop car with100%rated loadif onebrake failsto function.永磁同步无齿轮曳引机的特点是乘坐舒适感好；运行噪声低；效率高；安装电气载荷低；维护方便可靠，无需换油，不存在油泄露；采用外部制动器，便于装配更换；曳引机设置和安装范围广泛。 Characteristics ofpermanentmag synchronousgearlesstractionmachine:Comfortable riding;Low runningnoise;High efficiency;Low loadof electricaldevices;Convenient andreliable maintenance,without needto changeoil,eliminating oilleakage;Easy toreplace assembly,with exteriorbrake;Wide rangeof settingand installationin tractionmachine.2-4曳引机制动器（抱闸）Brake曳引机制动器最常用的是电磁式制动器，它由一组弹簧、带有制动衬垫的制动闸瓦、制动臂以及电磁铁组成，如图2-4所示。 当电磁线圈通电时，制动器松闸；当电磁线圈失电，U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/278of2-16制动闸瓦靠弹簧压紧于制动轮而产生制动力矩。 Composed ofsprings,brake blockwith liner,brake armand mag-iron,magic brake is mostfrequently usedin tractionmachine,as shownin figure2-4.When magioil ispower on,brake willrelease;when magioil ispower off,brake blockwill producetorque,relying onsprings pressedtightly onbrake gear.2-4-1制动器的作用Brake function制动器的作用有以下两条Brake hastwo functions:2-4-1-1能够使运行中的电梯在切断电源时自动把电梯轿厢掣停住。 制动时，电梯的减速度不应大于限速器动作做产生的或轿厢停止在缓冲器上所产生的减速度。 电梯正常使用时，电梯速度v1m/s的，一般都是在电梯通过电气控制使其减速停止，然后再机械抱闸。 In case of powercut-off,brake canmake liftstop automatically.When brake engages,deceleration oflift should not exceedthat producedby overspeedgovernor orneeded tostopcaron buffer.If lift is innormal operationwithspeedofmore than1m/s,liftisusually deceleratedthrough electricalcontrol beforemechanical brakeengages.U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/279of2-162-4-1-2电梯停止运行时，制动器应能保证在125%150%的额定负载下，电梯保持静止、位置不变，直到工作时才松闸。 When liftstops moving,brake shouldguarantee that lift remainsstationary under125%150%rated load.Brake does not releaseuntil liftstarts moving.2-4-2制动器的工作特点Characteristic of brake制动器的工作特点是，电梯运行即电动机通电时制动器松闸，电梯停止运行即电动机失电时抱闸。 When liftruns,i.e.motorispower-on,brake willrelease;when liftstops,i.e.motorispower-off,brake willengage.2-4-3安装位置Mounting position对于有齿轮电梯，制动器装在电动机和减速机之间（见图2-5），即装在高转速轴上。 因为高转速轴上所需的制动力矩小，这样可以减小制动器尺寸。 For gearedlift,brakeismounted betweenmotor andgeared machine(see figure2-5),i.e.on high-speed shaft.Small braketorque isneeded byhigh-speed shaft,so thatbrake dimensionscan bereduced.有齿轮曳引机采用带制动轮的联轴器，即制动器的制动轮就是电动机和减速机之间的联轴器原盘，如图2-6所示。 制动轮装在蜗杆一侧，U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/2710of2-16不能装在电动机一侧，以保证联轴器破断时，电梯仍能掣停。 Gearless tractionmachine adoptsadapter,i.e.is adaptordisk etweenmotor andgeared machine,as shownin figure2-6.Brake gearis arrangedon wormgear sideinstead ofon motorside,to ensurethatliftcan alsostop incaseofruptured adapter.无齿轮曳引机的制动轮与曳引绳轮是铸成一体的，并直接安装在曳引电动机轴上。 制动器是电梯机械系统的主要安全部件之一，而且直接影响电梯的乘坐舒适感和平层准确度。 电梯在运行过程中，根据电梯的乘坐舒适感和平层准确度，可以适当调整制动器的在电梯起动时松闸，平层停靠时抱闸的时间，以及制动力矩的大小等。 Cast intoone withtraction rope,brake gearof gearlesstractionmachineis directlymounted on tractionmachineshaft.As amain safetypart oflift system,brake hasan directimpact onfortable rideand aurateleveling.During liftoperation,to achievefortable rideand aurateleveling,such factorscan beadjusted asbrake release time,brake releasetime andbraketorquesize.为了减小制动器抱闸、松闸的时间和噪音，制动器线圈内两块铁芯之间的间隙不宜过大。 闸瓦与制动轮之间的间隙也是越小越好，一般以松闸后闸瓦不碰擦运转着的制动轮为宜。 To reducebrakeengage,releasetimeand noise,itisrequired the gap betweentwo magsin coilsbe properrather thantoo wide.The smallerthegapbetween brake block andgearis,the better.Brake blockshould nottouch rotatinggear afterbrake releases.2-5曳引轮Traction sheave曳引轮如图2-7所示。 Traction sheave is shownin figure2-7.有齿轮曳引机的曳引轮位于减速机的侧面，人站在电动机出轴侧，面对电动机，曳引轮在减速机左侧，称为曳引机左置，曳引轮在减速机右侧，称为曳引机右置。 如图2-8所示。 无齿轮曳引机的曳引轮直接与电动机轴相连。 Geared tractionsheaveislocated onside ofgeared machine.Operators standon theshaft U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/2711of2-16side ofmotor,facing motor.Left-placed tractionmachineisthe onewith sheaveon theleft ofgeared machine;while right-placed tractionmachineisthe onewith sheaveon theright ofgearedmachine,as shownin figure2-8.Traction sheaveof gearlesstraction isdirectly connectedwith motor.2-6曳引机底座Traction machinesuport曳引机底座是连接电动机、制动器、减速机的机座。 由铸铁或型钢与钢板焊接在一起。 曳引机个部件不减均装配在底座上，便于整体运输、安装和调整。 按装电梯时，底座又被固定在指定型号的两个平行且具承重作用的工字钢梁上。 Soldered bycast ironor secioniron withsteel board,tractionmachinesupport isa seatthat connectsmotor,brake andgearedmachine.Parts oftractrion machineare mountedon the support,facilating transportaion,installation andadjustment.U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/2712of2-16When liftis installed,thesupportwill befastened ontwo parallelH-stell beamswith designatedspecification thatserve tobear weight.2-7曳引机主要性能与应用要求Main performanceand applicationrequirement of tractionmachine这里以有齿轮曳引机为例，仅对常用要求作一介绍。 Take gearedtraction forinstance,we willgive abriefing ontypical requirement.2-7-1曳引机曳引轮直径D应大于40d.(d为曳引钢丝绳直径)Traction sheavediameter Dshould bemorethan40d(disdiameter oftraction rope)曳引轮直径计算Traction sheavediameter式中Where:D曳引轮节圆直径mm DTraction sheavediameter in mm v s曳引绳额定速度m/s v sTraction roperated speed inm/si减速比iGear ration电动机额定转速r/min nMotor rated speedinr/min例一台电梯曳引比为11，额定速度1.75m/s,其曳引机i=251，n=1326r/min，钢丝绳直径为13mm。 求应选用多大的曳引轮直径？Fore example:Given thefact thattractionratiois1:1,rated speedis1.75m/s,I=25:1,n=1326r/min,rope diameteris13mm,what isdiameteroftractionsheave?解已知i=251，n=1326r/min，Given thefact thati=251，n=1326r/min,因为曳引比为1/1，所以电梯的额定速度即为曳引钢丝绳的额定速度v s=1.75m/s Tractionratiois1/1,therefore,lift ratedspeedistraction roperatedspeedvs=1.75m/s,将以上数据代入式2-3得U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/2713of2-16Fill inthe formula2-3with thesevalues,6?104?vsi60000?1.75?25D?630mmn3.14?1326因为钢丝绳直径d=13mm，则40d=1340=520mm即可知630520mm Tractionrope diameterd=13mm,so40d=1340=520mm Obviously,630520mm因为630mm的曳引轮直径满足D40d的标准，故可得出结论曳引轮直径可以选用630mm。 Since630mm tractionmachinediametermeets D40d,a conclusioncan bedrawn thattractionmachinediameter canbe630mm.2-7-2曳引机制动应可靠Reliable tractionbrake在电梯上行时，平衡系数为40%的轿厢内加150%的额定负载，历时10分钟，制动轮与制动闸瓦之间应无打滑现象。 When liftis movingupwards,offsetting coefficientshould be40%of carweight plus150%ratedload.During10-minute travel,no slippingshould ourbetween brakegear andbrakeblock.2-7-3在满足2-7-2的条件下，制动器的最低起动电压和最高释放电压，应分别低于电磁铁额定电压的80%和55%，制动器开启迟后时间不超过0.8s。 Given thefact thatconditions statedin2-7-2is met,the minimumengage voltageof brakeand maximumrelease voltageshould be80%and55%lower thanrated voltageof magrespectively;time delayofbrakeengage should not exceed0.8s.2-7-4制动器部件的闸瓦组件应分两组装设，如果其中一组不起作用，制动轮上仍能获得足够的制动力，使载有额定载重量的轿厢减速。 Brake blocksshould bemounted intwo groups;if eitherof themdoesnotwork,brake canstill obtainsufficient brakeforcetomakecarwith ratedload decelerate.2-7-5曳引机在空载高速运行时，A计权声压级的噪音测量的表面平均值（距曳引机顶部和前后、左、右1米处测量的平均值）应不超过67dB(A)U&D ELEVATORODBO Allrights arereserved.Reproduction inwhole orin partis prohibitedwithout thewritten consentof thecopyright owner.未经许可，不得复制。 (CHINA)电梯基础知识Lift Know-how No:Date:Page:Original:ITSA-TD-2044/01xx/09/2714of2-16When tractionmachineis running withempty loadat highspeed,dB(A)surface valuemeasured(mean valueof valuesmeasured1meter fromthe top,front,left andright oftractionmachinerespectively)should notexceed67db(A).2-7-6曳引机在2040%额定负载运行时，输出轴端的扭转振动速度的有效值应小于1mm/s Whentractionmachineisrunningwith2040%of ratedload,valid valueof retortionshocking speedof outputshaft should be less than1mm/s.2-7-7每台曳引机出厂前均应进行检查试验。 出厂检验按通电持续率40%，空载正、反转连续无故障运行，周期不少于3min,时间2小时。 Traction machineshould beinspected infactory priorto shipment.Power-on continuityshouldbe40%in inspection,clockwise andcounter clockwiserotation withempty loadshould runwell,with cyclingtime notlessthan3min,travel lasting2