英语实训外语交流与协调.doc

精品文档Artificial intelligence人工智能Paper-tape reader纸带阅读机Optical computer光计算机Neural network神经网络Instruction set指令集Parallel(serial) processing并行（串行）处理ActiveX controlActiveX控件Addressing capability寻址能力High resolution高分辨率Amount of memory内存量The storage and handling of data数据的存储与处理Very large-scale integrated circuit超大规模集成电路Black box黑盒Audio card音频卡Analogue computer模拟计算机Digital computer数字计算机General-purpose computer通用计算机processor chip处理器芯片operating instructions操作说明BIOS ( Basic Input Output System)BIOS（基本输入输出系统）Circuit board电路板Beta testing测试Thin-client computer瘦客户机Cell phone手机Digital video (DV)数字视频（DV）Pentium processor奔腾处理器Virtual screen虚拟屏幕Desktop computer specifications桌面电脑规格Radio frequency无线电频率Wearable computer可穿戴计算机Windows registryWindows注册表Swap file交换文件TMP (temporary) file川芎嗪（临时）文件Power plug (socket)电源插头（插座）Control panel控制面板Information retrieval信息检索Voice recognition module语音识别模块Touch-sensitive region触摸敏感区域Address bus地址总线Flatbed scanner平板扫描仪Dot-matrix printer点阵打印机Cathode ray tube (CRT)阴极射线管（CRT）Video game视频游戏Audio game音频游戏Audio signal音频信号Liquid crystal display (LCD)液晶显示器（LCD）Inkjet(laser) printer喷墨打印机（激光）Volatile memory易失性存储器Hard(fixed) disk drive硬磁盘驱动器（固定）floppy disk(diskette)软磁盘（软盘）CD(compact disc)/ optical diskCD（光盘）/光盘Pointing devices指示装置Graphical user interface(GUI)图形用户界面（GUI）Time-slice multitasking时间片多任务Object-oriented programming面向对象编程Click on an icon一个图标上单击Context switching上下文切换Distributed system分布式系统Pull-down lists of commands下拉列表的命令Distributed system分布式系统Pull-down lists of commands下拉列表的命令Simultaneous(concurrent) access同时（并行）访问Command-line interface命令行界面Spreadsheet program电子表格程序Storage media存储介质Command interpreter命令解释器Serial port串行端口Configuration utility配置实用程序ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)ISDN（综合服务数字网）Token ring令牌环Fast Ethernet快速以太网Internet protocol互联网协议SVGA(Super Video Graphics Array)SVGA（超级视频图形阵列）Network throughput网络吞吐量Scalable file server可扩展的文件服务器Static Web page静态网页Plug and Play(PnP)即插即用（PNP）Network adapter网络适配器Modem(modulator/demodulator)调制解调器（调制器/解调器）SMP(symmetric multiprocessing)SMP（对称多处理）Assembly language汇编语言Assembler汇编程序Machine language机器语言Compiler and interpreter编译器和解释器Intermediate language中间语言Nonprocedural language文法的语言Data declaration数据说明Mnemonic instruction助记指令Syntax and semantics语法和语义SQL(structured query language)SQL（结构化查询语言）Function call函数调用Event-driven programming事件驱动的编程Click in a push button在一个按钮的单击Class hierarchy类层次结构Scroll bar滚动条Dialog box对话框Check box 复选框Radio button单选按钮Multithreaded program多线程程序Java-enabled browserJava的浏览器Pull-down menu下拉菜单Trojan horse特洛伊木马Software package软件包您是不是要找:unexpect一、系统的提示信息Error loading operating sy stem 不能装入引导系统 Missing operating system 系统引导文件丢失Stack overflow 堆栈溢出 Not enough space for environment 没有足够的空间 Run-time error 运行错误 Insert diskette for drive and press any key when ready 插入磁盘到驱动器中后按任意键 Your program caused a divide overflow errorIf the problem persists, contact your program vendor 你的程序导致溢出错误。如果该问题还存在，请联系你的程序供应商 Windows has disabled direct disk access to protect your long filenames Windows 不能直接访问受保护的长文件名 The system has been halted. Press Ctrl+Alt+Del to restart your computer 系统挂起，按Ctrl+Alt+Del重新启动你的计算机 You started your computer with a version of MS-DOS incompatible with this version of Windows. Insert a Startup diskette matching this version of Windows and then restart 你启动的MS-DOS版本与Windows版本不兼容，请插入与Windows版本匹配的系统盘后再重启The sector size specified in this file is too large: 该文件中指定的扇区太大 The following file is missing or corrupted: WIN.COM COMMAND.COM 下列文件丢失或被破坏：WIN.COM和COMMAND.COM There is an invalid country code or code page in your CONFIG.SYS file 在你的CONFIG.SYS里有一个无效的国家代码 Warning: Windows did not finish loading on the previous attempt. Choose Safe mode, to start Windows with a minimal set of drivers 警告：Windows在刚才尝试后不能够完成加载，选择安全模式，用最小驱动启动你的电脑 Warning: Windows multi-boot may not function correctly Check for system files in your root directory with conflicting extensions 警告：Windows不能够正确完成多系统启动，在你的ROOT目录里检查不一致的系统文件 A memory allocation error occurred during startup Restart your computer and select Interactive Start to identify the problem 在启动过程中内存分配发生错误，请重新启动你的计算机然后选用交互式方式启动来确定故障原因 实训项目三： 计算机英文文献的翻译实训作业：1.Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, （不同于）as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardwareThe hardware of a computer is infrequently changed，in comparison with software and data，which are “soft” in the sense that they are readily created，modified or erased on the computer计算机硬件是计算机的物理部件，包括数字电路，以区别于计算机软件，计算机软件在硬件内部执行。相对于软件和数据，计算机硬件很少改变，软件和数据很容易在计算机上创建，修改或删除。2. Random Access Memory(RAM)- for program execution and short term data storage，so the computer does not have to take the time to access the hard drive to find the file(s) it requiresMore RAM will normally contribute to a faster PCRAM is almost always removable as it sits in slots in the motherboard，attached with small clips随机存储器-用于程序的执行和临时的数据存储，一计算机不必花时间访问硬盘驱动器来查找所需的文件。内存容量更大一般会使PC机运行更快。RAM几乎都是可移动的是因为它位于主板的插槽中，用小夹子固定。3. Instruction set architecture, or ISA, 指令集架构is the abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) programmer, including the instruction set, memory address modes, processor registers and address and data formats.指令集架构，或ISA，是一个计算系统的抽象概念。它对于高级语言程序设计者来说是透明的。指令集架构包括指令集，内存寻址模式，处理器寄存器，地址以及数据格式。4. The circuitry in a typical computer that performs operations(such as addition and subtraction) data is not directly connected to the storage cells in the machines main memory. Instead, this circuitry is isolated in a part of the computer called microprocessor, or the central processing unit (CPU)This unit consists of two parts：the arithmetic/logic unitwhich contains the circuitry s:kitri that performs data manipulation, and the control unitwhich contains the circuitry for coordinating the machines activities一个典型的计算机数据运算电路不与本机存储器的存储单元直接相连。相反，该电路被隔离在一个计算机部件（中央处理器）中。中央处理器由两部分组成：算术/逻辑单元，包含执行数据操作的电路，以及控制器，包含用于协调计算机操作的电路5. To perform an operation on data stored in main memory, it is the control units responsibility to transfer the data from memory into the general-purpose（通用） registers，to inform the arithmetic/logic unit which registers hold the data，to activate the data circuitry within the arithmetic/logic unit，and to tell the arithmetic/logic unit which register should receive the result.对为存储在贮存中的数据执行操作，由控制单元吧数据从存储器传送到通用寄存器，通知算术/逻辑单元哪个存储器保存数据，激活算术/逻辑单元的数据电路并告诉算术/逻辑单元哪个寄存器接受结果。6. It is instructive to consider registers in the context of a machine memory facilities Registers are used to hold the data immediately applicable to the operation at hand; main memory is used to hold the data that will be needed in the near future; and mass storage is used to hold data that will likely not be needed in the future.结合计算机存储器功能来考虑寄存器是十分有必要的。寄存器用于存储即将使用到的操作数，而内存存储将来需要使用的数据，而其他的大型存储设备主要用于存储近期不经常使用的数据。7. Another collection of operations available within most arithmetic/logic units allows the contents of registers to be moved to the right or the left within the registerThese operations are known as either SHIFT or ROTATE operations （移位，循环） ,depending on whether the bits that （“fall off the end”of the register when its content are moved ）are merely discarded (SHIFT)or are used to fall the holes left at the other end(ROTATE).大多数算术逻辑单元还有一个指令集，它允许寄存器内容能够在寄存器内部移动，当被移动的二进制位处于数据的两端，数据移动到另外一端，我们称之为循环。这类操作被称为循环移位操作。8. Computer software，consisting of programs，enables a computer to perform specific tasks，as opposed to its physical components(hardware)which can only do the tasks they are mechanically(机械地，有呆板的意思，designed的状语) designed forThe term（专有名词的意思） includes application software such as word processors which perform productive（生产性的意思，很抽象可以不翻译） tasks for users，system software such as operating systems，which interface with hardware to run the necessary services for user-interfaces and applications，and middleware which controls and coordinates distributed systems计算机软件，由程序组成，使计算机执行具体任务，它区别于计算机物理部件（硬件）-执行一些单一的任务。软件包括应用软件和系统软件。应用软件比如字处理软件，可以让用户完成具体任务，系统软件例如操作系统，为用户接口和应用软件提供必要的服务为硬件提供接口，另外系统软件为用于分布式系统中的中间件提供接口。9. At the lowest level, software consists of a machine language specific to an individual（翻成单一，说明早期不同的处理器机器语言也不同。） processorA machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions(object code)，which change the state of the computer from its preceding state（先前的状态）Software is an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer hardware in a particular sequenceIt is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language)than machine language在（计算机发展的）早期，软件由机器语言组成，这些机器语言是针对一些单一的处理器的。机器语言由一组二进制编码组成，用于表示处理器的指令（目标代码），这些指令能够改变计算机先前的状态。软件是一组有规律的指令序列，它能按照特殊的顺序改变计算机硬件的状态。人们通常用高级语言书写程序，相对于机器语言，这类语言对于程序设计者而言更简单更高效。10. System software helps run the computer hardware and computer systemIt includes operating device drivers，diagnostic tools，servers，windowing systems，utilities and moreThe tools of systems software is to insulate the applications programmer as much as possible from the details of the particular computer complex being used，especially memory and other hardware and such accessory devices as communications，printers，readers，displays，keyboards, etc.系统软件帮助运行计算机硬件和计算机系统。它包括操作设备硬盘、诊断工具、服务、视窗系统以及其他公共服务。系统软件工具是尽量不让应用程序设计者去接触类似存储器或硬件设备(通信设备、打印机、阅读器、显示、键盘等)访问等有关计算机复杂度的细节问题。11. Instructions may be performed sequentially, conditionally or iteratively. Sequential instructions are those operations that are performed one after anotherConditional instructions are performed such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the value(s) of some data. Iterative instructions are performed repetitively and may depend on some data value. 指令可以被顺序的、有条件的或者循环的执行。顺序指令是指令的执行时逐条进行的。条件类指令是将一些具体的数据值作为条件来执行的指令集。循环指令是指反复执行的指令，这类指令的执行有时也取决于一些具体的数据值。12. An operating system(OS)is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computerAn operating system processes raw system data and user input and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the systemAt the foundation of all system software，an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests，controlling input and output devices，facilitating networking and managing file systems操作系统(OS)是管理计算机资源共享的软件。操作系统通过分配并管理任务以及内部系统资源处理原始系统数据以及用户输入输出，这些操作被称为用户以及系统程序服务。在所有系统软件的基础上，操作系统执行基本的任务例如控制和分配内存，设置系统请求优先级，控制输入输出设备，优化网络以及管理文件系统。13. Process management is an operating systems way of dealing with running multiple processesSince most computers contain one processor with one coremultitasking is done by simply switching processes quicklyDepending on the operating system，as more processes run，either each time slice will become smaller or there will be a longer delay before each process is given a chance to runProcess management involves computing and distributing CPU time as well as other resources进程管理是一个操作系统的方式处理多进程的一种方式。因为多数计算机是单核单处理器的。多任务的实现由快速简单的进程交换完成。根据操作系统，处理器越多，每一个时间片就越小，进程在下一次被运行前等待的时间越多。进程管理不仅计算并分配CPU的运行时间，而且还管理其他的资源。14. Current computer architectures arrange the starting from the fastest registers，CPU cache，computers memory in a hierarchical manner，random access memory and disk storageAn operating systems memory manager coordinates the use of these various types of memory by tracking which one is available，which is to be allocated or deallocated and how to move data between themThis activity，usually referred to as virtual memory management，increases the amount of memory available for each process by making the disk storage seem like main memory操作系统的存储器管理器协调不同存储器的使用，在协调过程中，操作系统要管理存储器的可用，内存的分配与释放，存储器间数据的传输。这些通常被称为虚拟内存管理活动将磁盘中的一部分当成主存来使用提高了每个进程的内存的使用效率。当前计算机体系结构从最快速的记数器、CPU贮藏所、计算机存储器以多级的等级制度的方式，随机存取存储器和磁盘存储开始安排。/一位操作系统的记忆经理通过跟踪协调对记忆的这些各种各样的类型的用途哪个是可利用的，将分配或取消配额和如何移动数据在他们之间。这活动，通常指虚拟内存管理，通过做磁盘存储增加相当数量记忆可利用为每个过程似乎象主存储器。15. Constraints are a way of providing restrictions on the kinds of data that can be stored in the relationsThese are usually defined in the form of expressions that result in a Boolean value, indicating whether or not the constraint holdsConstraints are a way of implementing business rules into the database 约束是一种给存储在关系中的数据提供限制条件的方式。这通常是以表达式的形式定义的，表达式的结果是一个布尔值，表示约束条件是否成立。约束是一种把业务规则实现到数据库的方式。16. SQL queries allow the user to specify a description of the desired result setA query includes a list of columns to be included in the final result immediately following the SELECT keywordAn asterisk(“*”)can also be used as a“wildcard” indicator to specify that all available columns of a table(or multiple tables)are to be returnedSQL查询允许用户指令所需的结果集的描述。一个查询包含最终结果集中所包含的列的列表，直接跟在SELECT关键词后面。一个星号（”*”）也可以作为一个“通配符”指示符，来指定产讯结果返回一个表（或多个表）所有可用的列。17. Intelligent hubs perform the same functions as passive and active hubs； however，they can make informed path selections and perform some network managementIntelligent hubs route traffic only to the branch of the star on which the receiving node is located. If redundant paths exist，an intelligent hub can route information around normally used paths when cable problems occur Routers，bridges，switches are examples of hub devices that can route transmissions intelligently 智能集线器的功能和有源集线器、无源集线器一样；但是，智能集线器能够提供路由信息并且还拥有其他的网络功能。智能集线器能够与信号目的地址相同的端口计算机进行路由。如果路径消失，智能集线器能够将信息路由到正常使用过的路径知道电缆出现问题。路由器、网桥、交换机都是智能路由传输集线器设备。18. Local area Networks, generally called LANs, are privately-owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in sizeThey are widely used to connect Personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources(e.g. printers) and exchange informationLAN