Chapter Two句子类型.doc

Chapter Two: The Types of SentencesI. Teaching contents 1. Sentence Patterns2.Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments3.Types of Sentences(1) Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory Sentences(2)Simple, Compound, Complex,and Compound-Complex Sentences(3)Loose, Periodic and Balanced Sentences(4)Short and Long SentencesII. Teaching Objectives 1. To know the classification of sentences and their different features.2.To study the functions of the different sentences.3. To learn to use the various types of the sentences.III. Teaching Key Points 1. To distinguish the differences between the grammar sentences and rhetoric sentences.2. To grasp the knowlegde of using the loose, periodic and balanced sentences.IV. Teaching Approaches and Strategies 1.The seminar discussion approach 2.The DTRP (Design-Task- Reflection- Practice) method 2. The practice of different level learning groups V. Duration: 2 periods/ Week 1- 2.VI. Teaching Procedures( I ) Brief introduction of the learning objectives of this unit.1. Learning this unit we should bear the different attitudes from the grammatical sense of sentences, and we will highlight the functions of the sentences in the writing course.2. Paying more attention to the new concept of the loose, Periodic and Balanced Sentences.3. Studying the relevance and difference of snetences in the sense of rhetoric and grammar ways.4. Learning to practise using the various structures of sentences in the writings.(II) Revision of former knowlegde about sentences1. How much do you know about the sentences?2. What are the features of the each kind of sentencs?3. What are the fictions of the different sentences?(III) Presentation of the contents in this unit We will learn about the sentences from the different functions in the view of writing course, not in the view of grammar studying. However, good grammar knowledge will be a great help to learn the sentences in the writing way. We will deal with this unit from the following aspects. I. Developing Complete Sentences 1. Five Basic Sentence PatternsThere are five basic sentence patterns in English. They are built with combinations of subjects, predicates and complements. The actual combination of these elements within a sentence may vary and the actual length and complexity of a sentence may change when modifiers, phrases, or clauses are added. Nevertheless, at the heart of every sentence is one of the following five basic patters:Pattern 1.Subject + Predicate (without Object)Michael dreamed. Liya sang.Pattern 2.Subject + Predicate + Direct ObjectBill drinks milk. Wanda sang a song.Pattern 3.Subject + Predicate + Subject ComplementMy son is the fan of the Chicago Bulls. The movie is thrilling.Pattern 4.Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object + Direct ObjectMy friend lent me a book. (Also: My friend sent a book to me.) The college sent him an application form.Pattern 5.Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Object ComplementThe professor considered her paper outstanding. The manager appointed Mr.Smith our new director. 2. Sentenc Expansion All the sentences above are minimal and can be expanded to be fuller and richer meanings. They can be expanded with addition of proper adjectives, adverbs, phrases, and clauses. (1) Adding adjectives and adverbse.g: Michael bought a computer.- My office mate Michael bought a brand new Pentium II computer. That house is ours.- That big red two-story brick house is ours. (2) Adding Adverbse.g: Frank does his homework.Frank does his homework carefully and thoroughly everday. The phone rang. - The phone rang loudly and persistently. (3) Adding Phrases - Prepositional phrases: A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, an object of preposition and any modifiers of the object. It can function like an adjective or an adverb in a sentence.e.g: That woman is our new CEO.- That woman in business suit and with a briefcase is our new CEO. (4) Adding verbal phrases. There are three verbal phrases in English: participles, gerund, and infinitives. A verbal phrase consists of a verbal and its modifiers.e.g: Confused and frustrated, Mary shouted at everyone at the meeting. Half awake and half asleep, he seemed to hear someone turning the doorknob and attempting to get into the house. e.g: Jogging is good exercise. My next neighbor enjoys working in the garden.e.g: They will meet tomorrow to decide who will be awarded the scholarship. To gloss over his fatal errors and idolize him would be foolish.(4) Adding Dependent Clause or Subordinate Clause1) Dependent clause as adverb: You should take an umbrella with you because it is going to rain.2) Dependent Clause as adjectives: Professor Li returned the book to the library, which was then checked out by a student who was taking his class.3) Dependent Clause as noun clause: Tom asked me how the machine worked wonderfully like a humanbeing. Which student will be chosed to attend the contest has not be decided yet.II. Types of Sentences1. Aspect of Grammar FunctionFrom the aspect of the grammar function, we can have the sentences as Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamatory Sentences.(1) Declarative Sentence makes an assertion or a statement. Such as, He is my good friend. They are not from Australia, but from Russia.(2) Interrogative Sentence ask a question. Such as, Do you take up the writing course this term? What will you usually do after class? Didnt you meet her at the library yesterday?(3) Imperative Sentence expresses a command or a request. Such as, Please finish writing this composition before the end of our leasson. Go back to your seat and sit straight!(4) Exclamatory Sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion,such as surprise, pain,or joy. Such as, How wonderful the painting is! What a good boy he is! How nice she sings!2. Aspect of Grammar StructureFrom the aspect of the grammar structure, we will have the sentencs as Simple, Compound, Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences.(1) Simple Sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb,but it may contain more than one objects. Simple sentence is typical of emphasis and clarity. Such as, We will study Advanced English Writing, British and American Literatures and other subjects this term. He and his brother went to town and bought a pile of books yesterday.(2) Compound Sentence consists oftwo or more independent clauses (simple sentences)related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, both and ;either.or;neither nor. ;not only but alsoetc.)or by a semicolon without a conjuntion.Such as, Marys mother was a teacher, her brother was a doctor, and she herself was a typist. Give him an inch, and he will take a mile.The dean left for Beijing yesterday, and he will be back next week.He didnt see me, but I saw him.We must start early, for we have a long way to go.You may go home, or(you may) stay here.The child was sick; therefore, he didnt go to school.While studying Compound sentences, we should remember the seven most important coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet.(see p.153. 冯s book)There are also some conjunctive adverbs with similar meaning and functions to the seven most important ones. All together they are in four groups.And: also, indeed, besides, similarly, likewise, moreover, furthermore.But: yet, still, however, nevertheless.Or: instead, otherwise.For:so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly. (3) Complex Sentence contains one main(or principal)clause and one or more dependent(or subordinate)clauses, with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts.The subordinate clause may play the part of a subject, an object,a predicative,an attribute, or an adverbial in the main clause. Such as, That our team won the game easily made us joyful and excited. We all knew that he came from Italy with his wife . This is what she has told us till now. They will finish the work on time if we help them. The man who stood there just now is my brother.(4) Compound-Complex Sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause. Such as, If you want these children to keep their Chinese cultural heritage despite being born abroad, you have to teach them their mother togue and you have to find ways to guarantee that language lesssons are practical and interesting.Not all Americans hold all these values, and those who do may hold other, and at times contraditory, values that affect their ways of behaving.(see p.46)3. Aspect of RhetoricFrom a rhetorical point of view,sentences usually are divided into loose, periodic, balanced and parallel sentences.These sentences can play rhetorical roles in having different effects, which will make your sentences meaningful and forceful in expressing your various ideas.In this part,we will chiefly deal with Balance sentences and Balance Sentences of Parallelism with Sets of Two;Three and Four. (1) Loose Sentence(Simple Sentences) puts the main idea before all supplementary information.The reader can easily know what the sentence is mainly abnout by reading the first few words. The loose sentences are typical of easier, simple, more natural and direct. Such as, She decided to study English though she was interested in music. He is your writing course teacher this term,and he came from Harbin to teach you English writing Course. (see p.48) (2) Periodic Sentence (Complex Sentences)will not let you know the main idea or the real meaning until you finish reading the last word of the complete sentence. Periodic sentences are more complex,emphatic, formal,or litera.ry.Such as, Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English. The man who came from Harbin is said to be our new teacher, and he will teach us English writing this term. It is a truth universally acknowledge, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. What happened to me in that city was really fantastic experience that I was miscalled as Jackson,the famous film star, for I somehow resemble him in appearance.(3) Balanced Sentence contains two or more parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning. Balanced Sentences are emphatic and forceful.They are typical of contrast and rhythm, mainly used in formal writing.Such as, In Platos opinion man was made for philosophy;in Bacons opinion philosophy was made for man.(see p.50)Speech is silver; silence is gold.If the economy stays down, can the conservatives stay up?I had walked into that readingroom a happy healthy man. I crawled out a decrepit(weak and in bad condition from old age) wreck(a person whose health or spirits have been destroyed).Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.(4) Parallelism with Sets of Two, Three,Four. Parallel structures are usually employed in the listing of facts, ideas,events and the like. The parallel elements may range from Sets of Two, Sets of Three to any number required. It must be noticed that in a parallel structure,the parallelism must be of the same figure of speech, that is to say, if the first listed element is an adjective,then, the following must be also be adjectives. Native speakers consider Sets of Three the most pretty as well as the most desirable.Such as: 1. After the check up, the dentist told her to stop eating so much candy, to ploss her teeth after each meal, and to have her teeth cleaned every six months.2. “I see them guarding their homes where mothers and wives pray-ah, yes, for there are times when all pray- for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.” By Winston Churchill.3. Comparison of Parallelism:Most of the genuine examples of contrived neologisms that the authors cite are in fact either justifiable on grouds of sensitivity, widely accepted, never intended by the creator to be taken seriously, the creations of jargon-loving bodies like socialogists or the military, drawn from secondary sources of uncertain reliability, or become ridiculous only when given a barbed definition.The rewritten passage: Most of the genuine examples of contrived neologisms that the authors cite are in fact either morally justifiable on grounds of sensitivity, widely accepted by the general public, never intended by the creator to be taken seriously, newly created by the jargon-loving bodies like sociologists or the military, carelessly drawn from secondary sources of uncertain reliability, or totally ridiculous when given a barbed definition. 4. Aspect of FormFrom the aspect of form,we can have short and long sentences, which play different roles in expressing the ideas and forming the various effects.(1) Short Sentences are usually emphatic, suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas.Short sentences are usually simple sentences and compound sentences. Such as, (see p.51 “ Our city”)(2) Long Sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas, for they contain many modifiers, suitable for the explanation of theories or the description of things with many details. Such as, (see p.52-53 “Art, in the sense .”; “Mrs.Chalmers was kinf of fat”)(IV) Instruction of Learning1. Highlighting the part of 3.Aspect of Rhetoric in the exercise P.72 .I.2. Discussing the different functions of Simple, Compound and Complex sentences and the special usage and features of the these sentences.(1) What is the special attention to the using Compound sentencs?Key Points:The differrence between the coordinating conjunction and the adverbial conjunction.1) Coordinatijng Conj is always at the beginning of the clause while the Adverb Conj has more flexible location.e.g. Give the book to John, or you may just keep it. He didnt see me, but I saw him in the street. The child was sick; therefore, he didnt go to school. The child was sick; he, therefore, didnt go to school.The child was sick; he didnt go to school, therefore.It is raining hard. However, they are still working in the field.It is raining hard. They