city reader翻译.doc

姓名：学号：First explicit attempt to utilize the vaguely classical Beaux-Arts architectural style, which emerged from the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893, for the explicit intent of beautification and social amelioration was the Senate Park Commissions redesign of the monumental core of Washington D.C. to commemorate the citys centennial. The McMillan Plan of 1901-02, named for Senator James McMillan, the commissions liaison and principal backer in Congress, was the United States first attempt at city planning. 第一次明确企图利用从1893年哥伦比亚世界博览会涌现出来的,有明确的美化城市和社会改良意图的古典主义艺术建筑风格的是参议院公园委员会重新设计的不朽的华盛顿核心,以纪念该城的百年历史,这个1901至1902年的麦克米兰计划被命名为参议员詹姆斯麦克米兰,他在国会是该委员会的联络和政府的主要支持者,这是美国在城市规划中的第一次尝试。The original plans of Pierre LEnfant had been largely unrealized in the growth of the city, and with the countrys growing prominence in the international arena, Congress decided that Washington D.C. should be brought to the magnificence decreed in LEnfant plan. The members of the commission convened by the Congress included Daniel H. Burnham, former Director of Construction of the Worlds Columbian Exposition; architect Charles Mackie, of Mackie, Mead, & White, New York City; sculptor and Worlds Fair alumnus Augustus Saint-Gaudens; Frederick L. Olmsted, Jr.; and Congressional liaison Charles Moore. Together they sought to revitalize the capital city through the monumental forms of the Beaux-Arts style. Using their experience at the Worlds Fair as a jumping-off point, the commissioners sought to accomplish a number of goals: to obtain a sense of cultural parity with Europe; to establish themselves as cultural and societal leaders in the rapidly growing professional class; to revitalize Washington D.C.s monumental core as an expression of continuity with the founding fathers as well as an expression of governmental legitimacy in a changing and confusing era of expansion; and finally, to utilize the beauty of the monumental center as a means of social control and civic amelioration. 皮埃尔埃尔芬最初的规划思想在该城市的发展中并没有被广泛的实现，随着美国在国际舞台上的地位日益突出，美国国会决定执行宏大的埃尔芬规划。由国会召集的参议院公园委员会的成员包括原哥伦比亚世界博览会建筑学主任丹尼尔伯纳姆；建筑师查尔斯麦克金姆，麦克金姆，米德和纽约市的伯特：雕塑家和世界公平委员会的校友奥古斯都圣赛恩德格德斯；佛瑞德欧姆斯德；和国会的联络员查尔斯穆尔。他们通过古典艺术风格的宏大形式共同探求首都的振兴。用他们在世界公平委员会的经验作为起跳点，委员们希望能够达到一系列的目标：获取与欧洲对等的文化意识；在迅速增长的专业阶层确立自己的文化和社会上的领导地位；在一个不断变化，混乱和不断发展时代，振兴华盛顿的“不朽的核心”，以表达“开国元勋”的连续性和政府的合法性；最后，要利用“不朽的核心”的优点作为控制社会及改善公民的一种途径。感想：对于一个城市的规划，开头都是很难的，都是在某种思想的冲击之下创造出的新火花，然而这种火花是很短暂和微妙的。因为最初的思想是不成熟和不能被大多数人接受的，只有通过很多人的不断修正和发展才能发展出一套成熟的适合自己的城市发展的思想体制。因而美国的规划运动开始发展起来。姓名：学号：The means to these ends was the 1901 plan. The group began their research for the comprehensive city plan by visiting the great cities of Europe. Vienna, Paris, and the town planning of Germany were their destinations in an attempt to recover the spirit of LEnfant. Their pilgrimage in general, and their specific itinerary, reflected the reverence of the City Beautiful mentality for the culture of the Old World. (Hines, 87) The commissioners were particularly impressed with Paris, seeing it as a well-articulated city-a work of civic art. (Hines, 87) The broad Parisian avenues and gardens of Versailles were a great influence on the men, and with their predilection for the Beaux-Arts style, an understandable influence on the final plan. 为达到这些目的而实施的手段就是1901年的规划。该委员会通过参观欧洲的“伟大城市”开始其做全面城市规划的研究。尝试重新获得埃尔芬的规划精华，维也纳，巴黎，和德国的城市规划是他们的目的地。“他们的朝圣旅程，他们的详尽的旅行计划，反映了他们对城市美化的崇敬，对旧世界文化的心态，.”（汉斯，87）。委员们尤其对巴黎留下了深刻的印象，把它看做一个“良好的明确表达的城市城市公民的艺术”（汉斯，87）。巴黎宽阔的林荫道及凡尔赛宫深深的影响了他们，结合对古典艺术风格的偏好，形成了最后规划定案，这是可以理解的。The plan itself was a reworking of LEnfant plan, creating a monumental core, a great public Mall, and a series of public gardens. The focus of the plan, however, was on the Mall itself. 规划本身是对埃尔芬规划的改造，创造了“不朽的核心”，一个巨大的公共广场，以及一系列的公共花园。但是，规划的焦点是广场本身。感想：随着美国的经济发展，其地位在国际社会中越来越高，美国政府为了与一直强大的欧洲相互竞争，并且巩固自己的国际地位，因此批准了1901年的规划方案，在西方国家，欧洲是历史最为悠久的，其建筑也是最有代表性的，他们往往有着大体量，大气势，象征着权力与地位，而美国政府此时正需要的是这些东西来美化他们的城市。姓名：学号：Briefly, the Commission proposed to surround the Capitol square with a series of monumental buildings for Congressional use and for the Supreme Court. These, together with the existing Library of Congress, would form a frame for the Capitol and its towering dome. Extending westwards on a rectified axis, a broad Mall with four carriage drives would lead to the Washington Monument. Lining the Mall on both sides would be major cultural and educational buildings. (Reps, 109) 简单来说，该委员会建议用一系列纪念国会和最高法院的建筑物包围国会大厦广场，这些，再加上现有的美国国会图书馆，将为国会恶和其高耸的穹顶形成一个框架。向西延续纠正后的轴线，4辆马车能够并行的宽阔的广场直通华盛顿纪念碑。衬托广场两侧的都将是重大的文化和教育大厦。（瑞普斯，109）The buildings surrounding the Capitol eventually included Burnhams immense Union Station and Columbus Plaza. The placement of this railroad station is important in the 1901 plan. Not only does it demonstrate the Commissions mania for symmetry, harmony, and building groups rather than individual buildings, it also demonstrates its power. For the preceding decades the Pennsylvania railroad had its station at the base of Capitol Hill, its tracks cutting across the Mall. Daniel Burnham, used his influence with the railroads president, Alexander Cassatt, and convinced him to move his station, as a matter of civic beauty and national loyalty. 环绕国会的建筑物，最终包括伯纳姆的巨大联合车站和哥伦布广场。在1901年的规划中，如何安置火车站非常重要。它不仅表明了委员会对对称，和谐以及建筑群（而不是个别建筑物）的热衷，而且也显示了其权利。国会山基地的几十年前的宾夕法尼亚州铁路的踪迹贯穿广场中心。丹尼尔伯纳姆，用他对铁路会长亚历山大卡萨特的影响，使其相信对城市美化的支持和对国家的忠诚，迁走车站。感想：文章讲述了为了美化华盛顿和改良社会，使其成为“不朽的核心”的过程和带来的影响。起初，委员会通过参观欧洲一些大城市吸取他们城市的一些特点，从而来重新获得埃尔芬的规划精华。通过大量的研究和激烈的争辩最终确立了“不朽的核心”。所以我们平时在做设计的时候，应该明确字自己设计的目的和出发点，通过翻阅大量的资料来选择适合自己的理论和手法。 华盛顿城市美化运动，不仅确立这个城市在国家里的地位和职能，同时也能够增强人们对这个城市的信心，重新界定自己在社会上的地位，提升个人自豪感，同时又能使社会和文化得以沉淀。许多国家为了振兴国家提升名族自豪感，都会建立一些地标性建筑或者对重要的城市有科学，详细的规划。像建国初期，中国的十大建筑，由此可点，一个好的设计往往对于推动社会的发展和人民的自豪和自信有着积极的作用。 虽然华盛顿1901计划在考虑时并没有很好的考虑穷人和劳动阶级，但是它突破性的将城市变为一个大的城市公园，对后世的设计有重要的借鉴意义。姓名：学号：At the opposite end of the monumental core stood the Washington Monument, anchoring the two axes of power-the Capitol and the White House. However, the Monument had been built a few hundred yards off the White Houses sight lines. Elaborate sunken gardens proposed for the western side of the monument attempted to correct the off-center north-south axis from the White House. South of the monument were projected sites both for a principal memorial honoring the founding fathers now the Jefferson Memorial and for facilities for indoor and outdoor sports. (Gotham, 90) In addition, a monument to Lincoln was planned for the reclaimed swampland west of the Washington Monument, as well as Memorial Bridge leading to Arlington Cemetery. The placement of the Lincoln Monument (a hotly debated site, which the Speaker of the House, a representative from Illinois, called a damn swamp) served to enclose the Mall, creating a monumental core, a national civic center. LEnfant vision of a processional avenue similar to Paris Champs Elysees became, in the hands of the Senate Park Commission, a tapes vet that was similar to elements at Versailles and to the Senonbrunn Palace gardens in Vienna. (Hines, 94) The Mall was unified and stripped of the.undulating walks as well as the intrusive railroad station and tracks, long a civic disfigurement. Elms were to be planted along the Malls longitudinal edges, defining this space and its central panel of sward. (Gotham, 34) This visual reference to great European cities was not an accident. Not only were the designers influenced by the French Beaux-Arts style, they took Europe as an explicit model for their plan. America had been struggling with defining its identity since its inception, and on the centennial of the national capital, was still not quite sure of it. To visually equate the American capital with European capitals was to create instant social and cultural cache for the nation. 在“不朽的核心”对面的近端站立着华盛顿纪念碑，稳固两轴象征权力的国会和白宫。然而，这座纪念碑建成后偏离了白宫视线几百码。“艾尔伯特建议，在西部建立另一座纪念碑来纠正从白宫偏离中心的南北轴线，南方的这座纪念碑规划用地不仅主要用于纪念这位开国元勋【现在称杰弗逊年纪念碑】然而是户内和户外运动的场地”（古特海姆90）。此外，在华盛顿纪念碑西部规划建立开垦沼泽的林肯纪念碑。以及通往阿灵顿公墓的纪念大桥。安置林肯纪念碑（一个引起激烈辩论的场所，在众会议院议会时，来自伊利诺州的代表，将它称为“该死的沼泽”）用来把广场围封，创造了“不朽的核心”，一个国家的市民的中心。埃尔芬憧憬一个宗教队列用的类似巴黎香榭丽舍林荫道的大街，在参议院公园委员会控制下，变成了“满眼绿色类似凡尔赛宫和维也纳的斯卡恩波瑞恩花园。”（汉斯，94）。广场“通过去除起伏不平的小路以及闯入的铁路车站和铁路线而达到统一。榆树被要求沿广场的纵向边缘种植，以限定这个空间及其中央的大草坪”（古特海姆，34）。这个来自伟大的欧洲城市的视线借鉴，并不是一个偶然。设计师不仅受到法国古典艺术风格的影响，而且把欧洲作为一个明确规划样本。美国自成立以来一直在为确定其身份和地位而奋斗，在国家首都诞辰的时候，仍然对其本身的地位不太确信。直观上把美国首都与欧洲国家的首都等同，创造了这个国家那个时代的社会和文化一时的兴盛。感想：华盛顿城市的规划充分借鉴了欧洲城市规划的经验，受法国古典艺术风格的影响，将公共建筑排列在主要街道两侧，以强调这些轴线，并在轴线交汇处设计了大片公共空间。西端则以林肯纪念堂作为对景，轴线两侧建有一系列博物馆。南北轴线的两端则分别是杰弗逊纪念堂和白宫，两条轴线汇聚的交点耸立着华盛顿纪念碑。笔直的轴线、宽阔的林荫大道、宏大的广场节点、标志性的对景等等都具有强烈的巴洛克风格 注重保持城市的历史延续性，完善城市道路交通系统；强调整个城市应该以国会为中心，依靠“国家林荫道”统合全市；并利用建造新的公共建筑、博物馆、纪念性建筑的机会，来刺激全市经济发展；。对于景观的设计，因地制宜，充分利用当地的地形及周边环境，通过不断地规划与改进设计师们把自然与人文交相辉映、和谐共处。绿化面积大、生态环境好成了华盛顿的城市规划特色之一。 因此，在我们城市规划过程中，理清城市发展的脉络，注重城市历史文化的保护，并结合城市自然地形，形成城市独特的自然人文景观，塑造城市的个性特色显得十分重要。一个城市的建设不可能是一蹴而就的，它需要数百年，甚至几千年的历程，而且要涉及到该城市的政治，文化，历史等方面的因素，还要考虑到居民生活的意见。一个国家的中心设计，体现一个国家的社会和地位。城市的设计不仅仅是为了该城市的发展和形象，我们还要关注更多的人身在其中的感受，并且在规划过程中每一处的规划都有着它一定的作用。在我们城市规划过程中，理清城市发展的脉络、注重城市历史文化的保护，并结合城市自然地形，形成城市独特的自然人文景观，塑造城市的个性特色显得十分重要。如何科学合理地制定城市规划，又能坚守自己的原则和底线，保障城市规划的严肃性，促进城市科学、健康、可持续发展也是摆在我们规划工作者面前的一道难题，需要我们不断的学习、思考和探索。姓名：学号：It was not only the nation for which the Senate Park Commission was attempting to attain social and cultural cache. As members of a growing professional class, which included professors, writers (such as Henry Adams, William and Henry James), architects, and civil servants, they were attempting to define their roles in this new category in a modern society. As social roles changed, government grew, and America underwent the last death pangs of an agricultural society, this new class of professionals sought recognition and power. The Senate Park Commission, whether consciously or not, identified themselves with the power of planning the national capital, using the Beaux-Arts style to indicate that they (and America) had as much class as the Europeans, and just as much right to be a part of the upper echelons of American society. 不仅是国家，参议院公园委员会也试图使社会和文化沉积下来。作为发展中专业阶层中的一员，其中包括教授、作家、建筑师和公务员，他们都在试图明确自己在新职业里的角色界定。随着社会角色的改变，政府的成长，美国人经历了农业社会更替的洗礼，这个新的社会阶层正在尝试呢获得认可和权利。无论参议院公园委员会是有意识的还是无意识的，都在证明他们有规划国家首都的能力，运用布杂艺术表明他们和欧洲在一个社会层面上，就像美国上层社会所拥有的权利那样。However, it was not only European forms that the Commission used in its 1901 plan. The Beaux-Arts style gave the impression of being vaguely classical, connoting not only the democracy of ancient Greece and the Roman Republic, but also the early American Republic of LEnfant plan. Classic architecture symbolized the historical heritage of the United States in a way that the Gothic, Romanesque, or commercial styles never could. (Wilson, 89) The classical reference in architecture was well-known in America, flowering through the late 1840s before the advent of Victorian eclecticism and the more austere and functional forms of the Chicago school. (Wilson, 89, Craig, 214) The very fact that the initial intent of the plan was to revisit LEnfant demonstrates the Commissions attempt to link the growing power of their class and of the government itself with the ideals and forms of the early Republic. It was the first large effort to retrieve and restore the historic capital of the Founders, one of the earliest major attempts in the history of the republic to reestablish for any city a sense of continuity with its origins and with the national heritage, as expressed in architectural forms. (Hines, 95) 然而，不仅是欧洲委员会在1901年的规划中运用了布杂艺术，布杂艺术留下的印记是包罗万象的经典形式，言外之意就是它不仅借鉴了古希腊和罗马共和国的民主制度，也借鉴了美国早期共和国的埃尔芬规划。“从某一点看，古典建筑学风格能够象征美国历史遗产，哥特式、骡马市或商业风格永远不会被遗忘。”在美国，引用经典建筑是众所周知的。在19世纪40年代末和维多利亚折衷主义个简谱芝加哥学派的功能主义前期，这种借鉴被广泛应用。事实上，最初的意图是通过重新制定埃尔芬规划来证明该委员会试图用对早期共和国的理想形式把日益壮大的阶层和政府联系起来。“这是有史以来的首次努力：修正，并恢复历史创始者的首都；也是在共和国的历史上，新确立一种任何城市都会有的，表现在建筑形式上。与其起源和国家文化遗产具有连续感的最早的最大尝试。”感想:搜集资料而得之，美国华盛顿位于美国南北方的天然分界线波托马克河畔，华盛顿给热一种清新、宁静、庄重的感觉。在整洁宽敞的道路两旁，绿树成荫，到处都是大片大片的绿地公园，精心设计的纪念性建筑和公共建筑点缀其间，诗人赏心悦目、心旷神怡。华盛顿是一座美丽的城市，它的城市规划是世界城市规划历史上经典的作品之一，是古典主义规划设计手法的代表作。华盛顿的规划是具有前瞻性的，华盛顿市道路骨架、基础设施容量、园林绿化等等都具有一定的超前性，因此现在华盛顿城市荏苒有足够的发展空间。对比于中国的国情，我们的城市规划在人口预测方向显然有很多不足，我们国家是一个人多地少的国家，城市承担着在快速城市化进程中转移农村富裕人口的功能，相关户籍制度还在改革完善当中。因此，我认为，如何科学合理地制定城市规划，使其既具有一定的弹性空间，又能坚守自己的原则和底线，保障城市规划的然苏醒，促进城市科学、健康、可持续发展也是摆在我们面前的一道难题，需要我们不断的学习、思考和探索。姓名：学号：This explicit reference to the Founders allowed the government at the turn of the century, and subsequent governments, to align themselves with the powerful symbolism the Founders invoked. Drawing on this well of myth, the Mall was to present the public a symbol of the power of the national government. (Gotham, 43) In the past, the Mall was simply an open space for residents of Washington D.C.; with the new plan it was reconceived as a new kind of governmental complex, a combined civic and cultural center that is at once a national front lawn and an imperial forum. These long, wide swaths of open space-something between a park and a boulevard-and the buildings along its edges have long served, in effect, as a sacred enclosure, a teems for a democracy. (Stern, 263) The growing power of the government and its bureaucracy needed the kind of legitimacy that classic forms and Republican allusions provided. 对历史创造者明确的借鉴，让政府在世纪之交，以及随后各国政府，结合了强大的象征主义和对创始人的援引。借助这一良好的神话，这个广场，变成目前的“市民权利和国民政府的象征”（古特海姆，43）。在过去，广场只是一个华盛顿居民的开放空间：在新的规划方案中，“通过重新构思变成一个新的政府综合体，公民和文化的综合中心，立即就变成了国民阵线草坪和帝国广场。这个长长的，宽阔的开放空间公园和林荫大道之间的空间和沿其边缘布置的建筑物有重要的作用，而实际上，作为宗教的圈用地，是用来举行民主仪式用的”（斯特恩，263）。而政府和官僚机构越来越多的权利也需要古典形式和共和党的典故的合法性。感想：一个文化底蕴丰厚的城市，它的广场不但能体现出来城市的文化历史，而且能巧妙的表达出来其宗教文化。作为设计者，对于城市的历史、文化、宗教把握是及其重要的，能很好的把这些文化层面的东西赋予在建筑中是一个成功的设计师考虑的一大重点。姓名：学号：Yet the monumental core was not the only part of the city the 1901 Plan addressed. The 1901 Plan was the first real expression of the City Beautiful movement in America, believing in the power of beauty in the urban center to not only increase business and property prices, but to induce civic pride and its attendant moral and economic reforms. The Plan did not explicitly address the problems of the overcrowded and impoverished tenements and alleys surrounding the monumental core; instead government buildings were to replace notorious slum communities with names like Swamp poodle and Murder Bay. (Gotham, 43) The intent of the plan on its social level was not to address economic issues head-on; instead Burnham suggested the way to deal with the impoverished neighborhoods would be to cut broad thoroughfares through the unwholesome district. (Tad. in Boyer, 271-72) These City Beautiful proponents believed in the power of fountains, statues, and tree-lined boulevards as an antidote to moral decay and social disorder. (Boyer, 265-66) but did not include the displaced poor in their city plans. Earlier planners, including Frederick Olmsted, Sr., believed in the restorative effects of beauty, as expressed in natural and park settings. His famous plan for New Yorks Central Park was conceived as a place where all economic classes could relax and mingle, the locale of class reconciliation. (Wilson, 31) rather than a place where city dwellers (who were mostly working class or poor) would be imbued with the spirit of civic/national idealism, and be inspired to pick themselves up out of moral decay and into economic success. Olmsted, Sr. was never reconciled to the civic idealism or neoclassicism of the City Beautiful movement, although his son Olmsted, Jr., was a force for beautys restorative effect within the Commission. The plan might have emphasized primarily ceremonial aspects had the experience and sympathies of the younger Olmsted not been present. (Gotham, 35) Olmsteds legacy in the plan is felt in the open green spaces of the Mall, and the park systems he included in the D.C. area. Yet in the end, the Commission believed less in the Olmsted Ian view of beautys restorative power and more in the shaping influences of beauty. (Wilson, 80) 然而“不休的核心”并不是华盛顿市1901年规划致力于解决的唯一问题，在美国1901年规划是第一次真正体现了城市美化运动，信仰在城市中心区的力量之类，不仅要求增加商业提高考价，而且催生了公民和工作人员在道义上的自豪感，促进经济改革，该规划并没有明确致力于解决过度拥挤和贫民的街坊和小巷环绕“不朽的核心”的情况，而是以以斯沃姆波特和莫特贝命名的政府大楼取代了“臭名昭著的贫民 窟社区”。（ 古特海姆，43）。该规划在社会层面上的意图并没有着重于解决眼前的 经济问题，反而伯恩汉姆建议处理这些贫困街区的方式将切断“宽阔的交通要道，带来不利于身心健康的区域”，这些城市美化的倡议者相信人造喷泉，雕像，绿树成排的林荫大道的力量，可以作为“道德败坏和社会紊乱的解毒剂”（博耶，265-66），但在他们的城市规划并不包括流离失所的穷人早期的规划者，包括佛瑞德欧姆斯德，相信美化对身心健康的作用。如自然环境和公园的设置。他著名的纽约中央公园规划被设想为各经济阶层都可以放松进入的地方，“一个有利于身心健康的场所”而不是一个使城市居民（大多是劳动居民和穷人）充满强烈的公民、国家唯心精神并激励自己摒弃道德败坏，获得经济上成功的地方。欧姆斯德以未试图去调和市民的理想主义或者城市美化运动的新古典主义，虽然他的儿子小欧姆斯德和委员会都非常支持美化的身心健康效益。该规划“更有可能主要强调的是礼制方面而不是年轻欧姆斯德现有的经验和对市民的同情”欧姆斯德在该规划中的贡献，莫过于广场的公共绿地，和包括华盛顿中心地域的公园系统，虽然最终委员会“更倾向美化对塑造城市的影响而不是欧姆斯德对于美化在身心健康效益方面的观点”。感想：规划本身是一种探索，而在这个探索中统治阶级者和拥有权力的上层社会起着至关重要的决定。因为规划本身是一个国家而非个人的事，而产生的影响也是和深远的。并且文化及宗教信仰都会影响统治者阶层对城市的规划，可能规划本身的意义并不像产生的影响那样可能是权力的象征，比如一开始作为广场的开放空间是用来举行民主仪式用的，但却变成现在意义上的提供公民和文化的公共空间。所以说规划在推进发展的过程中，掌有权力的阶级可能做出一些贡献，但是也有可能具有很大的局限性，因为事实上并没有真正改变人们的生活质量，因此会失去一些有利的机会。但是从积极意义上上说，1901年规划有着很重要的意义，他提出了公园和中心绿地，在现在事实上为人们提供了聚集休憩的场所，同时也是现在许多城市规划的重点，因为它是一次城市从脏乱差走向美的转折。我们在城市规划的过程中应该积极吸取1901年规划中的精髓，使其为现在城市规划发挥好的指导作用。姓名：学号：The potential for monumentality, beauty, and community building was immense in the redesign of Washington D.C. But as Norma Evensong observes in her article Monumental Spaces, : As a planned city, Washington provided opportunities for the creation of large scale urban unity: the axial government complex could be harmoniously embodied within, and related to, a comprehensively ordered street fabric.”(21) Yet this was not the case with the 1901 plan; in fact ma