英式辩论规则.doc

module 1 Academic British parliamentary DebateParliament（议会）权力和立法机关 监督政府The House of common(下议院)650名议员组成，每名有当地人选出代表国家的每个地区。The house of lord (上议院)The government and opposition政府负责安排两院的事务，执行两院的政策。反对党批评政府，希望对政策的制定以及立法工作提出建设性意见，以便下次选举时，获得有利的选票Motion（议案）1. motions of value focus on abstract moral and philosophical principalFor example：自由比平等更有价值 仁慈的专制是最好的政府模式 用一条无辜的性命去拯救10人是道德的。2. Motions of policy are plans of action to solve an extra problem。For example：本院主张废除禁止虐待动物的法律 本院主张禁止发布错误言论的演讲 本院相信欧盟应该为奖励父母生孩子 本院将会禁止平民使用核能我们的辩论主要是policy motionsA closed motion（封闭）在议会制辩论中，PM（prime minister首相）被赋予（set the ground for the debate）划定辩论范围的权力，通过定义和解释motion，换句话就是说，PM可以缩小或者扩大辩论的范围。一个closed motion 解释和定义的范围是固定的。但是semi motion（半封闭）和open motion 却相对可以自由的定义。我们不用定义所有的term（概念），当这些概念被观众所知道的。但这个motion的term大家都清楚的明白时，我们就describe statue quo（现象和背景）或者说存在的问题。如本院将废除国际妇女节。这个motion我们就不要interpret（解释），just describe the statue quo as follow： International Womens Day is aimed at providing the opportunity to celebrate the progress made to advance equality,justice,peace and development. It is evidence that women in the urban area in china have achieved equal rights and enjoy their lives as men do.this indeed is worth celebrating.but what about the majority of women in rural area? They are still suffering from poverty. While their might be worried about food for their children,not to stay for themselves. We have to remember that more than 30 million people in china is under the poverty line, of which more than half are women. Ladies and gentlemen, having this in your mind, do you still want to celebrate international womens day? We are pleased to have this opportunity to address this problem that is faced by thousands of women. 相同的像：本院将废除独生子女制度。大家都明白就不用interpret。 An Semi-closed motion半封闭的motions 有相对更大范围用来定义，所以我们需要定义重要的概念（key term）或者缩小和界定重要概念的范围，使辩论的方向朝有利于government 的方向来定义。例如 the house would intervene in Syria 其中的intervention(干涉)到底干涉什么方面呢？我们可以理解为经济，军事，外交等等，这时就可以界定一个具体的范围来辩论，这也是prime minister 的重要策略。for example Firstly, we might focus on diplomatic intervention and interpret the motion as follows We are here to debate the motion, this house would intervene in syria, it is evident that this resolution is referring to the ongoing controversy in syria. That is the basis for todays debate. Our model is simple:requesting countries like russia to issue pressures on the assad administration (指叙利亚的阿萨德政府)to negotiate with protesters. Secondly,we might interpret the motion with regard to economic sanctions Ladies and gentlemen,thousands of civilians in syria are being killed or arrested simply because they have different opinion against Assad administration. We cannot act as onlookers any more. We are here to call for economic sanctions on the Assad administration to force them to stop the cruel treatment to the peoples proper appeals Thirdly,we might interpret the motion in terms of military intervention as what William Bernard Jones, the champion of WUDC,has done on the motion. He describe the problems in syria In 1982, at the climax of six-year islamic insurgency throughout syria, president hafez al-Assad ordered a scorched earth policy against the town of hama to quell an uprising. In 1982, the world did nothing and those with power that stood by are complicit in the deaths of those people. Thirty years later, the people of syria once again need our help.and if we stand by and do nothing, their blood will be on our hands. So what is my proposal? For the purposes of this debate, this house is turkey . I will say more about this later, but for the moment ,we think that realistically, turkey is the only state with the ability and political will to do this. We would like to work through the structures of NATO, which Turkey as a member is legally entitled to do,and we want to ask the UN security council for their stamp of approval. We think we will get it, because our cause is just, but if we dont ,were going in anyway, because the lives of syrians are more important than the blessing of the UN. Were not going to run away from this debate, so by intervene we mean a full scale invasion. 其实这是不太合适的把house定义成Turkey （土耳其），在这种情况下，我们通常说这个观点的典型的国家是土耳其（the agent of the proposal is turkey）或者（Turkey will act as the agent to implement the policy） An open motion这种 motion 几乎每个词都可以定义，范围非常广，比赛一般不用。（这里略过） Rules for interpreting a motion 1.定义和解释要清楚明白。 我们需要考虑到观众和反方的认知水平，使用最常见的词来做定义比正式和不常见的词好，新词可能对他们造成认知困难 2.定义和解释够重言式，同义反复。（tautology）（比如：所有的单身者是男人或不是男人）。 3定义和解释不能刻意缩小范围，使辩题没有辩论的空间，或者使motion直接成为真理或者被大家都认可的常识。(truism) 例如辩题“the house would believe the Olympic Games should not be commercialized”本院认为奥林匹克不应该商业化，首相把商业化定义成，make a profit, 同时把奥铃匹克运动会缩小范围成丢铅饼和扔铅球，他把丢铅饼和扔铅球定义成不能不能盈利的项目，因此，他的论述就变成了，不能盈利的比赛项目像丢铅饼和扔铅球，不应该被期待去盈利。这样留给反方非常小的空间去发挥，而且迫使反方反对定义。就想正方设想的，如果比赛没有盈利性，就不能够商业化了。 比如大家都认为把人当奴隶或者实行奴隶制是错的，所以没有人会认为奴隶制是对的。 4.解释和定义不能限定固定地点和时间 议会制辩论是在一种虚拟的理想条件下进行的，不能举具体的地点和时间。 Case A case refers to the argumentation that a debate team intends to build up in the debate. Case 包含3个要素：the case statement,argument, relevant evidence,and rebuttals 1.case statement Case statement 被认作是一种标准和立场和意义。（stance and position）比如 the house would pay companies to hire ex-convicts(政府将会补贴企业雇佣出狱人员），像一位优秀选手做的case statement 一样：to try and make sure that those individuals do not return to crime and join society as law-abiding productive and happy citizens,that is what our case is about today.这时反方就可以用，提更好的方案来反驳对方的观点，意思是政府的补贴企业雇佣出狱人员的方案并不能使出狱人员更好的重返社会，完成改造。The case youve heard today is well-meaning but ultimately counter- productive. Our stance in this debate is very simple:at best ,this policy is ineffective. At worst ,it makes life harder for the most vulnerable. As such, the core of our case today directly clashes(矛盾) with the second point of the opening speaker:this is not an effective way to rehabilitate. 或者，辩论者使用burden of proof(指辩论者有义务和责任证明你的提案是公平的或者有效的)。在首相案例中，这是他的责任去证明政府的的提案是正确的，有效的，能够解决当前问题的。 另外一个案例，the house believes that caging animals in zoos is immoral（把动物关在笼子里是不道德的），政府这方要做的是（burden of proof）是证明，认为把动物关在动物园的笼子是不道德的观点会给人类带来更多的好处，比起做status quo 是更有意义的。 Argument Argument是用来支持 case statement，它包含2个元素 the claim and the reason. Claim 是辩手的观点和立场。reason原因来解释观点和立场。（使用logic） Evidence 包含例子，证据（引用自权威），数据（不能造假，对方不用质疑你的数据真实性，使比赛变得没有意义） Integrating argument and evidence这里推荐5种 argument or reasoning: argument from example , reas