实验室安全简介英文版PPT课件.ppt

GoodpracticeinLab WuChunzhongEmail wucz AMP 1391 839 8418 1 CourseOverview Thiscourseisalinearseriesofpages organizedasshownbelow Ifyouworkinachemicallab youwillgetimportantEH Sinformationandkeepyouworkinlabsafelyandagoodhabitonworksafety TherearesomeCASESTUDYandQUIZinserted 2 Whenyoutakeajobinanewlaboratory oneofthefirstthingsyoushoulddoisaskyourdirectortoreviewwithyoutheemergencyresponseplansforthelab Makeparticularnoteofthelocationsof Emergencytelephonenumbers Eyewashfountainsandemergencyshowers Spillkits Emergencyexitsandevacuationroutes EmergencyResponse 3 FireHazard Fireisthemostpotentiallydevastatingemergencyinthelaboratory ItisimperativethatyouknowhowtopreventfiresandbepreparedtorespondshouldafireoccurPreventingfires Useofflammablesolventsisaprimarycauseoflabfires Alwaysfollowtheseprudentpractices Usethesmallestquantitiesofflammablesolventspracticable Storestockquantitiesinflammablesstoragecabinets Separateflammablesolventsfromsourcesofignition NeveruseaBunsenburnerinanyareawhereflammablesolventsarehandled 4 FireHazard Beingprepared Knowthefireemergencyresponseproceduresofyourlaboratory Keepthelabaislesandevacuationroutesfreeofequipmentandotherobjectsthatcouldobstructsafepassage Remember Safepassageisforyourbenefitandforthebenefitofemergencyresponders Periodicallypracticeemergencyresponseprocedures 5 LabbenchFireAflammableliquidhasjustspilledoutontothetopofbenchandcaughtafire 6 Casestudy LabbenchFire AlertpeopleinLabandactivatealarm 2 Smotherfireorusefireextinguisher 3 Aimextinguishatbaseoffire 4 Stayonexitsideoffire 5 Reporttheincidenttoyoudirector 7 Followtheseimmediateproceduresincaseofamajorlabfire Alertpeopletoevacuatethearea Activatenearestfirealarmorcallforemergencyresponse Closelabdoorstoconfinefire Haveapersonwhoisknowledgeableaboutthelabandtheincidentreadytoassistemergencypersonnel Emergencyprocedures Majorlabfire 8 Emergencyprocedures Medical Followtheseimmediateproceduresinamedicalemergency Remaincalm Initiatelifesavingmeasuresifrequired Callforemergencyresponse Donotmovethepersonunlessthereisdangeroffurtherharm Keeptheinjuredpersonwarm 9 Slipandfall Help Agradstudentfromanotherlabjusttookanastyfallinfrontoftheicemachine Shecomplainsthatshecannotfeelherfeet Whatisthefirstthingyoushoulddo 10 Liftherintoachair Liftherlegsandcheckifshecanholdthemupunaided Callforhelpimmediately Askifshecanwigglehertoes Remember Movingyourcolleague evenifjustherlegs couldcausefurtherinjury Youshouldcallforhelpimmediately Whichisbestanswer 11 Clothingfire Help Yourcolleaguejustdroppeda250mlbeakerofalcoholthatsplashedonthebenchtopandthefrontofhislabcoat AnearbyBunsenburnercausedthealcoholtoburstintoflame 12 1 Putoutthefire Dropandroll rollaroundonthefloortosmothertheflames 2 Chilltheburnwithcoolwater 3 Seekmedicalattention andreporttheincidenttoyourdirector Howtohandlethiskindofcase 13 14 Doyouknow Wheretofindinformationconcerningthehazardsofthechemicalspresentinyourworkarea Whentousealaboratorychemicalhood Howtoselectappropriateeyeprotection Whataboutgloves Whattodoincaseyouareinvolvedinafireorchemicalemergency Hazardcommunication Allofthisisinformationthatyouneedtoknowtohelpyoudoyourworkinthesafestmannerpossible ItisalsoinformationthatyouhavearighttoknowunderOSHAstandardsenactedtoprotectyourhealthandsafetythroughbettercommunication bettertraining andbetterworkpractices 15 KeyelementsoftheOSHAstandards Youmustreceiveadequatetraininginworkingwithhazardouschemicals 2 MaterialSafetyDataSheetsmustbemadeavailabletoyou 3 Youmustbeinformedofhazardouschemicalspresentinyourworkareaandofoperationsinwhichtheyareinvolved 4 Youshouldknowhowtodetectthepresenceorreleaseofahazardouschemical 5 Youmustbeprovidedpersonalprotectiveequipmentandengineeringcontrols 6 Youmustknowtheproperproceduresforrespondingtoemergencies 16 ChemicalHygienePlan YourhostinstitutionhasawrittenChemicalHygienePlan ThePlanconveysthehazardsofchemicalswhichmaybepresentinyourworkarea anddescribesappropriateworkpractices proceduresandcontrolswhichareinplacetoprotectyoufromthosehazards Youshouldbecomefamiliarwithyourhostinstitution sChemicalHygienePlanorotherlaboratorysafetydocuments Youmayrequestcopiesofthesematerialsfromyoursupervisororyourhostinstitution senvironmentalhealthandsafetyoffice 17 MaterialSafetyDataSheets AnotherimportantreferenceforhealthandsafetyinformationistheMaterialSafetyDataSheet orMSDS AMaterialSafetyDataSheetispreparedforeachchemicalbyitsmanufacturer Itdescribesthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesoftheproduct thehealthhazards andappropriateemergencyresponseprocedures And itcantellyouofacuteandchroniceffectsthatcanbecausedbyexposuretohazardouschemicals 18 Hazardoussubstances Carcinogens Substancesthatmaycausecancerinhumansandanimalsundercertainconditions Anexampleischromicacid Corrosives Substancesthatcausevisibledestructionorpermanentchangetoskintissueoncontact Anexampleishydrochloricacid Hepatotoxins Substancesthatmaycausedamagetotheliver Anexampleischloroform Mutagens Substancesthatmaycausechangesinthegeneticmaterialofcells Anexampleisethidiumbromide 溴乙啡啶 Nephrotoxins Substancesthatmaycausedamagetothekidneys Anexampleisacetonitrile 氰化甲烷Neurotoxins Substancesthatareharmfultothenervoussystem Anexampleisacrylamide 丙烯酰胺Teratogens Substancesthatmayaffectthedevelopmentofanembryoorfetus Anexampleisformamide甲酰胺 19 Consultingsafetydatasheets Let slookatatypicalMSDS usingapop upwindow Afterreadingthispage clickonthelinkbelowtoopenasecondwindowshowinganMSDSforchromicacid 1 ScrollthroughthewindowtofindSection3 HazardsIdentification andbrieflyreviewtheinformation 2 Now scrolltoSection11oftheMSDSandfindtheinformationonchroniceffects Lookatthisinformationcarefullybecauseitwillhelpyouanswerthequizquestiononthenextpage 20 Whichoneisbestanswer Maycausecancer MayaltergeneticmaterialMaydamagetheliverMaydamagethekidneysAlloftheabove Warning Repeatedexposuretochromicacidmaycauseseveralchroniceffectsincludingcancer alterationofgeneticmaterial anddamagetotheliverandkidneys Acuteexposurecanalsobeveryserious Chromicacidisextremelydestructivetomucousmembranes eyes andskin 21 Medicalconditionsandsymptoms YoushouldtalkwithyoursupervisorordoctorifyouareworkingwithhazardouschemicalsandYouaretakingmedication Youarepregnant Youhaveamedicalconditionsuchaschronicallergy And alwaysseeyourphysicianifyoudevelopsymptomsoranillnessthatcouldbeassociatedwithyourlaboratorywork 22 Containerlabels Labelsareanothergoodreferenceforinformationonchemicalhazards Labelsoncontainersofpurchasedchemicalsinclude Thecommonnameofthesubstance Anappropriatehazardwarning Otherlabelinformationmayincludeproceduresfor Properhandling Storage Emergencyresponse 23 Workingwithradioactivematerials Ifyouareworkinginalaboratorythatusesradioactivematerials youshould Recognizethewarningorcautionsignsindicatingthepresenceofradioactivematerialssuchashoseshownhere Betrainedinspecificsafeworkpracticesforyourlaboratoryorworkplace Knowandfollowmeticulouslythesafeworkpracticesofyourhostinstitution Ifyouhaveconcernaboutenteringalaboratorywhereradioactivematerialsarehandled talkwithyoursupervisor Chancesaretherewouldbenohazardousradiationexposuretoyou 24 25 Chemicalstorage Safestorageofchemicalsisanecessityineverylaboratory Itwill Provideforeffectivemanagementofchemicals Lessentheriskoffire Preventaccidentalmixingofincompatiblechemicalsinemergencies Minimizeexposuretocorrosiveandtoxicchemicals Safechemicalstoragemayseemtobeamatterofcommonsense Yetinfact itrequiresanawarenessofeachchemical spotentialhazards andalotofthought 26 Safestorage Haveanexperiencedco workeroryoursupervisorshowyouthedesignatedstorageareasandhelpyoubecomefamiliarwiththespecificstoragelocationsofeachchemical Payparticularattentiontohowacids flammables anddetergentsarestored Whenyouremoveachemicalfromstorage alwaysremembertoreturnittothesamespot Thisisbeingconsiderateofyourco workersaswellassafepractice Ifyouhaveaquestionconcerningtheproperstorageofahazardouschemical don tguess askyourdirectorforguidance 27 Rulesofthumbforsafestorage Donotstoremorechemicalsthanyouwillneedoverareasonableperiod Alwaysreadthechemical slabelandmarkitwiththedateofreceiptbeforestoring Neverstorehighlyreactivechemicalsforlongerthan6months Neverstoreachemicalwithanobscuredormissinglabel Separatechemicalsintocompatiblegroupsandstorealphabeticallywithinthegroups Designateseparatestorageareasforhighlytoxicchemicals 28 Rulesofthumbforsafestorage continued Storechemicalsthatcanigniteatroomtemperatureinaflammablescabinet Ifflammablechemicalsrequirecoldstorage storeonlyinrefrigeratorsapprovedforsuchuse Storageareasforcorrosive toxic flammable andhighlyreactivechemicalsshouldbenearalaboratorychemicalhoodtoencourageuseofthehoodwhentransferringchemicals 29 Storeonlycleaningmaterialsdirectlyunderthesink Neverstoreliquidhazardouschemicalsaboveeyelevel Storeheavychemicalcontainersonlowershelves notonthefloor Storechemicalsonshelveswithraisededges Rulesofthumbforsafestorage continued 30 QUIZ Yoursupervisorasksyoutocleanupyourworkareaandputawayallofthechemicalcontainersthatareout Asyoubegin youfindanunlabeledcontainerthatishalffullofacolorlessliquid Whatshouldyoudo Storeitnexttoachemicalcontainerthathasthesameshape Pouritdownthedrainbecauseit smostlikelyharmless Takethecontainertothewastedisposalpick uparea Askyoursupervisorforadviceaboutwhattodo Remember Alwaysbringaquestionlikethistotheattentionofyoursupervisor Youshouldnevertrytostore disposeof orsendoutfordisposalanunidentifiedchemical 31 PersonalPPE Youcandoalottoprotectyourselfwhileworkingwithdetergentsandhazardouschemicals Wearlongpants along sleevedshirt closed toeshoes alaboratorycoat eyeprotection andgloves Whenhandlingacidsweararubberizedapronforaddedprotection 32 Alwaysprotectyoureyes Safetyglasseswithsideeyeshields splashgoggles andfullfaceshieldsoffervaryingdegreesofprotectionagainstsplatteringchemicals Choosesafetyglasseswithsideeyeshieldswhenthereisasplashhazardwithasmallquantityofahazardouschemical forinstance whenopeningorclosingabottle 33 CASESTUDY EYESSPLASH Workingquickly youflickedopenanclosedtubeandseveraldropletsofphenolhityoueyes 1 Immediatelywasheyeballandinnersurfaceofeyelidfor15minutes 2 Forciblelyholdeyeopentoensureeffectivewashbehindeyelids 3 Obtainmedicalattention 4 Reporttheincidenttoyourdirector 34 GoggleandFaceGuard Weargoggleswhenyouarehandlingachemicalthatishighlycausticorinalargervolume perhapsaliterormore Wearafaceshieldwhenyouarehandlingaverylargevolumeofahazardouschemical orwhenyouneedtoprotectyourfaceandyoureyes Forexample wearafaceshieldwhenyouareremovingaclosedcontainerfromliquidnitrogen 35 Gloves Wearingglovesisasimpleandeffectivewaytoprotectyourselffromchemicalcontact buttheglovesmustberesistanttothespecificchemicalwithwhichyouareworking Noglovematerialisimpermeabletoallchemicals therefore themosteffectivepracticeinusingprotectiveglovesistochangethemfrequentlyandwhenevertheyarecontaminated 36 Choosethecorrectgloves 1 Youshouldknowthecharacteristicsofthedifferentglovetypesandunderstandthehazardsofthechemicalsinvolvedineachprocedure 2 Glovesthatallowgooddexteritywilloffernoorlittleresistancetochemicals 3 Specialglovesthatprovideahigherdegreeofresistanceshouldbeusedwhencontactwithhazardouschemicalsisunavoidable however contacttimeshouldbelimited 4 AskforguidancefromyoursafetyprogramwhenselectingaglovetypeforhandlingchemicalsthathavePELvalueswitha skin notation Thesechemicalscancauseadversehealtheffectsthroughskinabsorption 5 And alwayswashyourhandsthoroughlywithsoapandwaterwhenchangingintofreshgloves andafterworkingwithanyhazardoussubstances 37 2020 3 20 38 Casestudy CanIborrowyourchairforaminute Ineedtogetaboxoffthetopshelf 1 Sure butbecareful Itswivels 2 Whydon tIgiveyouaboosttothecountertop 3 Youshouldreallyusethatstepladderoverthere 4 Iusuallyopenthebottomdrawerandstandonit Remember Justasinyourlaboratory youshouldusethepropertoolforthejob 39 Casestudy ChemicalSpill Acolleaguehasjustspilledacidonhisclothes 1 Floodexposedareawithrunningwaterfromfaucetorsafetyshoweratleast15minutes 2 Removecontaminatedclothesatonceandmakesurechemicalhasnotaccumulatedinshoes 3 Obtainmedicalattention andreporttheincidenttoyourdirector 40 Practicingsafesciencewithchemicals Workingwithchemicalssafelymeansdoingallthethingsrequiredfordoinggoodscience Knowyourprotocol executeproceduresmeticulously Knowyourchemicals Usesmallerquantitiesofchemicals considersaferreplacementprotocols Wearsafetyglasses propergloves andalabcoatwhenhandlinghazardouschemicals avoidsplashhazards Usealaboratorychemicalhoodwhenhandlingstockquantitiesofvolatilehazardouschemicals Bealertforhazardoussituations useahealthydoseofcommonsense maintainconcentration 41 42 Laboratorychemicalhoods Thelaboratorychemicalhoodisaventilatedenclosurethatprotectsyoufrombeingexposedtochemicalfumes gases andaerosolsthataregeneratedwithintheenclosure Protectionisprovidedbyroomairthatisdrawnintothehoodandventedtotheatmosphere Thehoodventilationprovidesfurtherprotectionbydilutingtheconcentrationofflammablegasesbelowexplosionlimits Thehoodshouldalwaysbeon Notifythefacilitystafforthesafetyofficeimmediatelyifthehoodisofforyouobservecontaminantsescapingfromit 43 HowtheHoodworks Youcanplacedryiceintoahoodandseehowitactuallyworks Ifthesashisallthewayup thevaporspillsoutofthehoodeasily compromisingprotection Whenthesashispulleddowntothemarkedposition thereisbettercontrol Thedryicevaporsarecapturedreadily increasingprotection 44 Turbulencearoundthehood Theaerodynamicdesignofthehoodopening includingtheairfoilsill smoothestheairflowasitentersthehood lesseningturbulence Roomairdrafts rapidhandmovementsintoandoutofthehood andobstructionsattheairfoilsillcanaffectperformance Evenasmalldisturbancenearthehood likesomeoneclosingadoororwalkingby cancreatedraftsthatcausevaportoescapefromthehood Whenplanningtodoahazardousexperiment youshouldaskyourcolleaguestoreduceactivitiessuchaswalkingpastthehoodoropeningandclosingthelabdoorswhileyouareworking 45 Limittheopensasharea Themostimportantdecisionyouwillmakeincontrollinghoodperformanceisthesashheight Youhaveseenhowthehood sperformanceimprovesastheareaofthesashopeningdecreases Keepingthesashatorbelowthesafesash openingmarkerisgoodpractice Placingthesashatthelowestlevelforconvenientoperationwillprovidethebestprotection 46 Quiz Whatistheprincipalwaybywhichalaboratorychemicalhoodprotectstheworker Thehooddrawsairfromtheroomandventsittotheatmosphere Thesashofthehoodshieldstheworkerfromhazards Roomairdilutestheconcentrationofhazardousgases Thehoodprovidesadesignatedareainwhichtoconducthazardouswork Remember Theroomairthatisdrawnintothehoodcapturescontaminantsthathavebeengeneratedinsideofthehoodandventsthemoutside Thiskeepsthecontaminantsfromescapingfromthehoodintoyourworkenvironment Apartialphysicalbarrierlikethesash airdilution andadesignatedworkareawillnotbythemselvesprotectyouwhenyouarehandlinghazardouschemicals 47 Usinglaboratorychemicalhoods Planyourexperiment First assesstherisksofyourexperiment Ifalaboratorychemicalhoodisrequired placeeverythingyouneedinthehoodbeforestarting Lowerthesash Alwaysmakesurethesashispulleddowntothemarkedlevel Thebestprotectionisprovidedwhenthesashisbroughttothelowestlevelforconvenientoperation Watchyouractivity Useslowanddeliberatemotions Placesuppliessothattheydonotobstructtheairflowattheairfoilsillortheexhaustslotsatthebackofthehood Donotworkwithinfourinchesoftheairfoilsill 48 quiz Thebestwaytoprotectyourselfwhenworkingatalaboratorychemicalhoodisto Lowerthesashonlytothesash openingmarker Lowerthesashtothemostconvenientpointatorbelowthesafesash openingmarker Leavethesashintheexactpositionwhereyoufoundit Raisethesashwideopen Remember Placingthesashatthelowestlevelforconvenientoperationwillprovidethebestprotection Neverassumethatthepositionwhereyoufindthesashisthesafestpositionforyou Raisingthesashabovethesafesash openingmarkerwillincreaseyourriskofexposure 49 50 Researchemployeeinjuries1993 1997 Themostcommonseriousinjuries cutsduetocarelessuseofrazorblades Source HowardHughesMedicalInstitute OfficeofLaboratorySafety Allreportedinjuriesareshown withoutregardtoseverity 51 Laboratorysupportinjuries 1993 1997 Themostcommonseriousinjuries strainsandfracturesduetofallsandimproperliftingofheavyobjects Source HowardHughesMedicalInstitute OfficeofLaboratorySafety Allreportedinjuriesareshown withoutregardtoseverity 52 Administrativesupportinjuries 1993 1997 Themostcommonseriousinjuries strainsandfracturesduetofallsandimproperliftingofheavyobjects Source HowardHughesMedicalInstitute OfficeofLaboratorySafety Allreportedinjuriesareshown withoutregardtoseverity 53 54 Casestudy minorcutsandinjuries Whileremovinganoldlabelwithasharpblade you vegivenyourselfadeepcutonthefinger 1 Vigorouslywashinjurywithsoapandwaterforseveralminutes 2 Obtainmedicalattention 3 Minorcutsandinjuriesshouldbeseenbythehealthclinic evenifexposuretoahazardousmaterialisnotanissue 55 Physicalhazards Achemicallaboratory likeanyotherworkplace presentsavarietyofphysicalhazardsthatcanbeminimizedbyusinggoodlaboratorypracticeandcommonsense bystayingalert andbyalwaysthinkingaboutwherethehazardsare Keepfloorsdryandunclutteredtopreventslips trips andfalls Wheneverpossible openflamesshouldbereplacedbyelectricalheating 56 Physicalhazard Respectthedangersofhighvoltage ultravioletlight heatsources andcryogenicmaterials Whentransportinghazardoussubstances makecertainthatthecontainersaresealedandusesecondarycontainers Trynottotakeroutinemanipulationsforgranted especiallythoseinvolvingglass needles orsharps And ifyouaretiredordistracted takeabreak relaxandrefocus Ifyounoticeanyunsafeconditionsorhaveanaccidentorinjury talkwithyoursupervisor 57 Physicalhazard Highvoltageequipment Whenusinghighvoltageequipmentlikeinelectrophoresis besurethatthepowerisoffbeforeyoustartmakingconnections Handlepowerleadsoneatatime withonehandonly andneverifyourhandsarewetorsweaty Bewareoflooseconnectionsthatcouldallowsparksoranelectricalarc Keeptheequipmentawayfromasinkorwetarea And ifyoufeelatinglewhenyoutouchtheunit stopusingitimmediatelyuntilitisrepaired Microwaveovens Microwaveovenscanbedangerouspiecesofequipmentwhennotusedproperly