Dusseldorf 8页.doc

DsseldorfCountryGerman StateNorth Rhine-WestphaliaAdmin. regionDsseldorf DistrictUrban districtGovernmentLord MayorThomas Geisel(SPD)Governing partiesSPD/Greens/FDPAreaCity217km2(84sqmi)Population(2013-12-31)1City598,686Density2,800/km2(7,100/sqmi)Urban1,220,000Metro11,300,000 (Rhein-Ruhr)Time zoneCET/CEST(UTC+1/+2)Postal codes40210-40629Dialling codes0211, 0203 (Ortsnetz Duisburg), 02104 (Ortsnetz Mettmann)Vehicle registrationDDsseldorf(German:dsldf(listen),Low German:Dsseldrpdsldp) is the capital city of theGermanstate ofNorth Rhine-Westphaliaand center of theRhine-Ruhrmetropolitan region with a population of 11 million people.2Dsseldorf is an international business and financial centre and renowned for itsfashionand trade fairs.345Located within theBlue Banana, the city is headquarters to fiveFortune Global 500and severalDAXcompanies.Messe Dsseldorfclaims to organise nearly one fifth of all worlds premier trade shows.6Culturally, Dsseldorf is known for its academy of fine arts (Kunstakademie Dsseldorf, e.g.Joseph Beuys,Emanuel Leutze,August Macke,Gerhard Richter,Sigmar PolkeandAndreas Gursky), its pioneering influence on electronic/experimental music (Kraftwerk) and itsrelatively large Japanese community. As a city by the riverRhine, Dsseldorf is a stronghold forRhenish Carnivalcelebrations. Every year in July more than 4.5 million people visit the citysLargest Fair on the Rhine.7As theseventh most populous city in Germanyby population within city limits and a Larger Urban Zone population of 1.5 million,8Mercers 2012 Quality of Living surveyranked Dsseldorf sixth city in the world.910History When theRoman Empirewas strengthening its position throughout Europe, a fewGermanic tribesclung inmarshyterritory off the eastern banks of theRhine River.11In the 7th and 8th centuries, the oddfarmingorfishingsettlement could be found at the point where the small riverDsselflows into the Rhine. It was from such settlements that the city of Dsseldorf grew.The first written mention of Dsseldorf (then calledDusseldorpin the localLow Rhenishdialect) dates back to 1135. UnderEmperor Friedrich Barbarossathe small town ofKaiserswerthto the north of Dsseldorf became a well-fortified outpost, where soldiers kept a watchful eye on every movement on the Rhine. Kaiserswerth eventually became a suburb of Dsseldorf in 1929.In 1186, Dsseldorf came under the rule of the Counts ofBerg. 14 August 1288 is one of the most important dates in the history of Dsseldorf. On this day the sovereign CountAdolf VIII of Berggranted the village on the banks of the Dsseltown privileges. Before this, a bloody struggle for power had taken place between theArchbishop of Cologneand the count ofBerg, culminating in theBattle of Worringen.citation neededThe Archbishop of Colognes forces were wiped out by the forces of the count ofBergwho were supported by citizens and farmers of Cologne and Dsseldorf, paving the way for Dsseldorfs elevation to city status, which is commemorated today by a monument on the Burgplatz. The custom of turning cartwheels is credited to the children of Dsseldorf. There are variations of the origin12of the cartwheeling children. Today the symbol (Der Radschlger)12represents the story and every year the Dsseldorfers celebrate by having a cartwheeling contest. After this battle the relationship between the four cities deteriorated, because they were commercial rivals. It is often said that there is a kind of hostility between the citizens of Cologne and Dsseldorf. Today, it finds its expression mainly in a humorous form (especially during the RhinelandKarneval) and in sports.citation neededAmarket squaresprang up on the banks of the Rhine and the square was protected bycity wallson all four sides. In 1380, the dukes of Berg moved their seat to the town and Dsseldorf was made regional capital of the Duchy of Berg. During the following centuries several famous landmarks were built, including theCollegiate Church of St Lambertus. In 1609, the ducal line of theUnited Duchies of Jlich-Cleves-Bergdied out, and after a virulent struggle over succession, Jlich and Berg fell to theWittelsbachCounts ofPalatinate-Neuburg, who made Dsseldorf their main domicile, even after they inherited theElectorate of the Palatinate, in 1685, becoming nowPrince-electorsas Electors Palatine.citation neededUnder the art lovingJohann Wilhelm II(r. 16901716), a vastart gallerywith a huge selection of paintings and sculptures, were housed in theStadtschloss(city castle). After his death, the city fell on hard times again, especially after ElectorCharles Theodoreinherited Bavaria and moved the electoral court toMunich. With him he took theart collection, which became part of what is now theAlte Pinakothekin Munich. Destruction and poverty struck Dsseldorf after theNapoleonic Wars.Napoleonmade Berg aGrand Duchyand Dsseldorf its capital.Johann Devaranne, a leader ofSolingens resistance to Napoleons conscription decrees, was executed here in 1813. After Napoleons defeat, the wholeRhinelandincluding Berg was given to theKingdom of Prussiain 1815. TheRhine Provinces parliament was established in Dsseldorf.when?By the mid-19th century, Dsseldorf enjoyed a revival thanks to theIndustrial Revolutionas the city boasted 100,000 inhabitants by 1882; the figure doubled in 1892. In 1920, Dsseldorf became the centre of the General Strike. On 15 April 1920, 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by theFreikorps.13The city was a target ofstrategic bombing during World War II, particularly during theRAF bombing campaign against the Ruhr industry in 1943when over 700 bombers were used in a single night. Raids continued late into the war. As part ofthe campaign against German oil facilities, the RAF raid of 2021 February on the Rhenania Ossag refinery in the Reisholz district of the city halted oil production there. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Dsseldorf in mid-April 1945. TheUnited States 97th Infantry Divisioneasily captured the city on 18 April 1945.14In 1946, Dsseldorf was made capital of the newfederal stateofNorth Rhine-Westphalia. The citys reconstruction proceeded at a frantic pace and the economic transformation guided Dsseldorfs economic growth.citation neededGeographyPhysical geographyDsseldorf lies at the centre of theLower Rhinebasin, where the delta of the RiverDsselflows into the Rhine. The city lies on the east side of the Rhine, exceptDistrict 4(Oberkassel,Niederkassel,HeerdtandLrick). Across the Rhine, the city ofNeussstands on the delta of theErftriver. Dsseldorf lies southwest of theRuhrurban area, and in the middle of theRhine-Ruhrmetropolitan region.Dsseldorf is built entirely onalluvium, mud, sand, clay and occasionally gravel. The highest point in Dsseldorf is the top of Sandberg in the far eastern part of the city (Hubbelrathborough) at 165 metres (541ft). The lowest point is at the far northern end inWittlaerborough where the Schwarzbach enters the Rhine, with an average elevation of 28 metres (92ft).Adjacent cities and districtsThe following districts and cities border Dsseldorf (clockwise starting from the north): theCity of Duisburg, theDistrict of Mettmann(Ratingen,Mettmann,Erkrath,Hilden,Langenfeld, andMonheim), and theDistrict of Neuss(Dormagen, Neuss, andMeerbusch).ClimateLike the rest of the lowerRhineland, Dsseldorf experiences moderate winters with little snowfall and mild to warm summers. The average annual temperature is 10.6C (51F) with an average yearly precipitation of 797 millimetres (31in). The dominant wind direction is from the west with velocities in the range of 3 to 4m/s (79mph), with gusts of 3.5 4.8m/s (810.7mph). The wind is calm (defined as being under 2m/s or 4.5mph) about 35% of the time, more frequently at night and in the winter.1516hideClimate data for Dsseldorf (1981-2010)MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearAverage high C (F)5.6(42.1)6.6(43.9)10.7(51.3)14.8(58.6)19.2(66.6)21.9(71.4)24.3(75.7)23.8(74.8)19.8(67.6)15.1(59.2)9.6(49.3)6.1(43)14.79(58.63)Average low C (F)0.2(32.4)0.3(32.5)2.9(37.2)5.1(41.2)9.0(48.2)11.6(52.9)14.1(57.4)13.7(56.7)11.0(51.8)7.7(45.9)3.9(39)1.2(34.2)6.73(44.12)Average rainfall mm (inches)67.3(2.65)53.2(2.094)65.0(2.559)51.8(2.039)68.7(2.705)75.2(2.961)75.0(2.953)70.6(2.78)64.2(2.528)67.2(2.646)68.1(2.681)71.3(2.807)797.6(31.403)Mean monthlysunshine hours55.776.2112.2165.0198.8194.0207.6190.7140.1110.459.045.21,554.9Source:MtoclimatDemographicsTen largest groups of foreign residents17NationalityPopulation (2013)Turkey13,807Greece9,755Poland7,831Italy6,674Serbia(incl.Montenegro)6,586Japan5,209Morocco4,610Russia3,912Republic of Macedonia3,680Spain3,239With a population of 593,682 within city-limits (31 December 2012),18Dsseldorf isGermanys seventh largest city. Its population number surpassed the threshold of 100,000 inhabitants during the height of industrialisation in 1882, and peaked with just over 705,000 in 1962. Since then, the city lost residents mainly moving into neighbouring municipalities, but since the late 1990s, the citys population is again slowly rising.A total of 109,88317of Dsseldorfs population are foreigners (31 December 2008), the majority of whom come from withinEurope(81,742). The largestnational minoritiesareTurks,Greeks, andPoles. Dsseldorf and its surroundings have the third-largestJapanese communityin Europe and the largest in Germany (about 11,000 people).1920Dsseldorf has the third-largestJewish communityin Germany, with about 7,600 members.citation neededGovernmentMayors Districts Since 1975, Dsseldorf is divided into ten administrative districts. Each district (Bezirk) has its own elected district council (Bezirksvertretung) and its own district mayor (Bezirksvorsteher). The district councils are advisory only. Each district is further subdivided into boroughs. There are 50 boroughs in Dsseldorf.21District 1(Stadtbezirk 1)Altstadt,Carlstadt,Derendorf,Golzheim,Pempelfort,StadtmitteDistrict 2(Stadtbezirk 2)Dsseltal,Flingern-Nord,Flingern-SdDistrict 3(Stadtbezirk 3)Bilk,Flehe,Friedrichstadt,Hafen,Hamm,Oberbilk,Unterbilk,VolmerswerthDistrict 4(Stadtbezirk 4)Heerdt,Lrick,Niederkassel,OberkasselDistrict 5(Stadtbezirk 5)Angermund,Kaiserswerth,Kalkum,Lohausen,Stockum,WittlaerDistrict 6(Stadtbezirk 6)Lichtenbroich,Mrsenbroich,Rath,UnterrathDistrict 7(Stadtbezirk 7)Gerresheim,Grafenberg,Hubbelrath,Ludenberg,KnittkuhlDistrict 8(Stadtbezirk 8)Eller,Lierenfeld,Unterbach,VennhausenDistrict 9(Stadtbezirk 9)Benrath,Hassels,Himmelgeist,Holthausen,Itter,Reisholz,Urdenbach,WerstenDistrict 10(Stadtbezirk 10)Garath,HellerhofEconomy Dsseldorf has become one of the toptelecommunicationscentres in Germany. With two of the four big German providers of mobile frequencies,D2 VodafoneandE-Plus, Dsseldorf leads the Germanmobile phonemarket. There are many foreign trading centres in Dsseldorf such asNTT,Ericsson,Sandvik,Nokia, and GTS.citation needed. There are 18internet service providerslocated in the capital of North-Rhine Westphalia.Eurowingsand formerly independentLTU International, are two airlines, with headquarters in the city.22Many of the internet companies in Dsseldorf have their roots in the world of advertising: there are 400advertising agenciesin Dsseldorf, among them three of the largest in Germany:BBDO GroupandPublicis. A number of affiliates of foreign agencies deserve mention as well, such asOgilvy & Mather,Dentsu,Hakuhodo, andDDB. There are also about 200publishing housesin Dsseldorf. There are around 170 national andinternational financial institutions, and about 130 insurance agencies, and one of the biggest Germanstock exchanges. Several other major companies have their headquarters in the city:Peek & Cloppenburg(fashion),LOralGermany (Cosmetics and Beauty);HenkelAG & Co. KGaA (Branded Consumer Goods and Industrial technologies);E.ON(energy);ThyssenKrupp(metallurgy);Metro(wholesale, retail); Ergo (insurance);LTU(air transport),Esprit Holdings(fashion, headquarters in Ratingen near Dsseldorf),Cognis(chemicals, headquarter in Monheim near Dsseldorf, but production mainly in Dsseldorf).citation neededDaimler AGbuilds theMercedes-Benz SprinterandVolkswagen Crafterlight commercial vehicles in Dsseldorf. Since the 1960s, there has been a strong relationship between the city andJapan. Many Japanese banks and corporations have their European headquarters in Dsseldorf so many that Dsseldorf has the third largest Japanese community in Europe, afterLondonandParis.1920The K, which stands forKnigsallee(Kings Avenue), is a popular shopping destination. Some of the most reputed jewellery shops, designer labels, and galleries have their stores here. The K has among the highest rents for retail and office space in Germany.23MediaImportant newspapers and journals such asHandelsblatt,Rheinische Post,Wirtschaftswoche,Deutsches WirtschaftsblattandVDI-Nachrichtenare published in Dsseldorf. Almost all of these papers are available online on the Internet. Renowned filmmaking companies, such as Germanys biggest cinema enterprise, the Riech-Group, and TV channels such asWDRandQVCare located in Dsseldorf. The foundationFilm- und Medienstiftung NRWis supporting the production of film and new media.citation neededTransport Dsseldorf International Airport, also referred to as Rhein-Ruhr Airport, is located eight kilometres (5.0 miles) from the city centre and can easily be reached by train or theS-Bahnurban railway. There is along-distance train stationserved by regional and national services, which is linked to the airport by theSkyTrain, an automaticpeople mover. Another station situated under the terminal building carries the S-Bahn line (S11) toDsseldorf Central Station, and toCologneas well as a few selected night services.After Frankfurt and Munich, Dsseldorf International is Germanys third largestcommercial airport, with 18.6 million passengers annually. The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents, and is served by 70 airlines. The airport buildings were partly destroyed by a devastating fire caused by welding works in 1996, killing 17 people. It was completely rebuilt and the Skytrain installed.The city is a major hub in theDeutsche Bahn(DB) railway network. More than 1,000 trains stop in Dsseldorf daily.Dsseldorf Central Stationat Konrad-Adenauer-Platz is located inDsseldorf-Stadtmitte. SeveralRhein-Ruhr S-Bahnlines connect Dsseldorf to other cities ofRhine-Ruhr. LocalDsseldorf Straenbahnandlight railDsseldorf Stadtbahntraffic, as well as local bus traffic, is carried out by the city-ownedRheinbahnwhich operates within theVRRpublic transportsystem. The light rail system also serves neighbouring cities and is partially operated underground.The Central Station and the Airport Station (Flughafen-Bahnhof) are connected to the national andEuropean high-speed systems(Intercity/Eurocity, IC/EC andInterCityExpress).North Rhine-Westphalia has the densest network ofautobahnsin Germany and Dsseldorf is directly accessible via theA3,A44,A46,A52,A57,A59andA524.TaxisIn Dsseldorf there are 1320 officially licensed Taxis. According to the regulations, the cars are always in ivory colour. On the back window you always find a black number on a yellow patch. The Drivers have to pass an exam to prove knowledge of streets and places. The cab license has to be revised every five years after a medical test and an data check to the official car driver license office in Flensburg, known as Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) as well a check to the federal criminal register, known as Bundes-Zentralregister (BZR).Correct management of the taxi company, paying all duties to the tax office, regarding all safety regulations, no entries in the federal criminal register BZR Bundes-Zentralregister and a check to the federal car driver registry office in Flensburg, the KBA Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt are obligatory. The technical examination of a taxi is every year, instead of two for private cars. The taxameter is measured by an official authority every year. In the taxi you also find an identity card of the driver, the taxi enterprise and information about the tariff. Taxi drivers are not allowed to refuse a short ride. It is obligatory to carry out journeys to destinations in the city and directly neighbouring cities.Culture and recreationElectorJan Wellemand his wifeAnna Maria Luisa de Mediciof Tuscany, were patrons of Dsseldorfs first significant cultural activities in the 17th and 18th centuries.Heinrich Heine, whose 200th birthday was celebrated in 1997 and who originally had a proposedmemorialin the city dedicated to him; Clara andRobert Schumann; and asFelix Mendelssohn, are the most prominent artists related to the city, which is home to a distinguishedAcademy of Fine Arts.The Dsseldorf cultural scene comprises traditional andavant-garde, classical and glamorous. The world famous state art collection of North Rhine-Westphalia, the highly acclaimedDeutsche Oper am Rhein(opera), and theDsseldorfer Schauspielhaus(theatre), artistic home ofGustaf G